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{{short description|Activities related to manufacturing components that go into Earth's orbit or beyond}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{About||entrepreneurial space ventures and colonization|NewSpace}}
{{distinguish|Space-based economy}}
[[File:Starlink Mission (47926144123).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A batch of 60 [[Starlink]] satellites in space, which is launched and made by [[SpaceX]]]]

'''Space industry''' refers to economic activities related to [[manufacturing]] components that go into [[outer space]] (Earth's orbit or beyond), delivering them to those regions, and related services.<ref name="Bromberg2000-1">{{cite book|author=Joan Lisa Bromberg|title=NASA and the Space Industry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UebVg1YqsoC&pg=PA1|access-date=10 June 2011|date=October 2000|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6532-9|page=1}}</ref><ref name="Schrogl2010">{{cite book|author=Kai-Uwe Schrogl|title=Yearbook on Space Policy 2008/2009: Setting New Trends|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcZwzmPnqxkC&pg=PA49|access-date=10 June 2011|date=2 August 2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-7091-0317-3|page=49}}</ref> Owing to the prominence of the satellite-related activities, some sources use the term '''satellite industry''' interchangeably with the term '''space industry'''.<ref name="JollyRazi2007-48"/> The term '''space business''' has also been used.<ref name="Bromberg2000">{{cite book|author=Joan Lisa Bromberg|title=NASA and the Space Industry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UebVg1YqsoC&pg=PA13|access-date=10 June 2011|date=October 2000|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6532-9|page=13}}</ref> A narrow definition encompasses only hardware providers (primarily related to launch vehicles and [[satellite]]s).<ref name="Schrogl2010"/> This definition does not exclude certain activities, such as [[space tourism]].<ref name="BuhalisCosta2006"/> Thus more broadly, space industry can be described as the companies involved in the [[space economy]], and providing goods and services related to space.<ref name="Schrogl2010"/> Space economy has been defined as "all public and private actors involved in developing and providing space-enabled products and services. It comprises a long [[value-added]] chaining, starting with [[research and development]] actors and manufacturers of [[space technology|space hardware]] and ending with the providers of space-enabled products and services to final users."<ref name="JollyRazi2007-13">{{cite book|author1=Claire Jolly|author2=Gohar Razi|author3=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=The space economy at a glance: 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeF_aGJ1GlIC&pg=PA13|access-date=10 June 2011|year=2007|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-03109-8|page=13}}</ref>

==Segments and revenues==
The three major sectors of the space industry are: [[satellite]] manufacturing, support ground equipment manufacturing, and the launch industry. The satellite manufacturing sector is composed of satellite and their subsystems manufacturers. The ground equipment sector is composed of manufacturing items like mobile terminals, gateways, control stations, [[Very small aperture terminal|VSATs]], [[direct broadcast satellite]] dishes, and other specialized equipment. The launch sector is composed of launch services, vehicle manufacturing and subsystem manufacturing.<ref name="JollyRazi2007-48">{{cite book|author1=Claire Jolly|author2=Gohar Razi|author3=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=The space economy at a glance: 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeF_aGJ1GlIC&pg=PA48|access-date=9 June 2011|year=2007|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-03109-8|page=48}}</ref> Every euro spent in the space industry returns around six euros to the economy, according to the [[European Space Agency]]. This makes it a critical sector for [[economic development]], competitiveness, and high-tech jobs.<ref name=":30">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/activity-report-2021 |title=EIB Activity Report 2021 |date=2022-01-27 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5108-8 |language=EN |access-date=25 June 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011094531/https://www.eib.org/en/publications/activity-report-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CREATING VALUE FOR EUROPE |url=https://space-economy.esa.int/download/space-economy-brochure.pdf |access-date=25 June 2023 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525225036/https://space-economy.esa.int/download/space-economy-brochure.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

With regards to the worldwide satellite industry revenues, in the period 2002 to 2005 those remained at the 35–36 billion USD level.<ref name="JollyRazi2007-48"/> In that, majority of revenue was generated by the ground equipment sector, with the least amount by the launch sector.<ref name="JollyRazi2007-49">{{cite book|author1=Claire Jolly|author2=Gohar Razi|author3=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=The space economy at a glance: 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeF_aGJ1GlIC&pg=PA48|access-date=9 June 2011|year=2007|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-03109-8|page=49}}</ref> Space-related services are estimated at about US$100 billion.<ref name="JollyRazi2007-15">{{cite book|author1=Claire Jolly|author2=Gohar Razi|author3=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=The space economy at a glance: 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeF_aGJ1GlIC&pg=PA15|access-date=10 June 2011|year=2007|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-03109-8|page=15}}</ref> The industry and related sectors employ about 120,000 people in the [[OECD]] countries,<ref name="JollyRazi2007-15"/> while the [[space industry of Russia]] employs around 250,000 people.<ref name="mdb">{{cite journal|last=Ionin|first=Andrey|title=Russia’s Space Program in 2006: Some Progress but No Clear Direction|journal=[[Moscow Defense Brief]]|publisher=[[Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies]]|issue=2(#8)|url=http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/2-2007/item1/item3/|access-date=10 June 2011|archive-date=27 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827204307/http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/2-2007/item1/item3/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Capital stocks estimated the worth of 937 satellites in Earth's orbit in 2005 at around 170 to US$230 billion.<ref name="JollyRazi2007-15"/> In 2005, OECD countries budgeted around US$45 billion for space-related activities; income from space-derived products and services has been estimated at US$110–120 billion in 2006 (worldwide).<ref name="JollyRazi2007-14">{{cite book|author1=Claire Jolly|author2=Gohar Razi|author3=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=The space economy at a glance: 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeF_aGJ1GlIC&pg=PA14|access-date=10 June 2011|year=2007|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-03109-8|page=14}}</ref>

==History and trends==
The space industry began to develop after [[World War II]], as rockets and then satellites entered into military arsenals, and later found civilian applications.<ref name="Bromberg2000-1"/>
It retains significant ties to the government. In particular, the launch industry features a significant government involvement, with some launch platforms (like the [[Space Shuttle]]) being operated by governments.<ref name="JollyRazi2007-48"/><ref name="Bromberg2000-4">{{cite book|author=Joan Lisa Bromberg|title=NASA and the Space Industry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UebVg1YqsoC&pg=PA4|access-date=10 June 2011|date=October 2000|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6532-9|page=4}}</ref><ref name="Hammond1999">{{cite book|author=Walter Edward Hammond|title=Space transportation: a systems approach to analysis and design|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWbO9JJoAogC&pg=PA157|access-date=10 June 2011|year=1999|publisher=AIAA|isbn=978-1-56347-032-5|page=157}}</ref> In recent years, however, [[private spaceflight]] is becoming realistic, and even major government agencies, such as [[NASA]], have begun relying on privately operated launch services.<ref name="DubbsPaat-Dahlstrom2011-192">{{cite book|author1=Chris Dubbs|author2=Emeline Paat-Dahlstrom|author3=Charles D. Walker|title=Realizing Tomorrow: The Path to Private Spaceflight|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-4agkc8_IAC&pg=PA192|access-date=10 June 2011|date=1 June 2011|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1610-5|page=192}}</ref><ref name="DubbsPaat-Dahlstrom2011-249">{{cite book|author1=Chris Dubbs|author2=Emeline Paat-Dahlstrom|author3=Charles D. Walker|title=Realizing Tomorrow: The Path to Private Spaceflight|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-4agkc8_IAC&pg=PA249|access-date=10 June 2011|date=1 June 2011|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1610-5|page=249}}</ref> Some future developments of the space industry that are increasingly being considered include new services such as [[space tourism]].<ref name="BuhalisCosta2006">{{cite book|author1=Dimitrios Buhalis|author2=Carlos Costa|title=Tourism business frontiers: consumers, products and industry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EuL1qQn_xxoC&pg=PA160|access-date=10 June 2011|year=2006|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|isbn=978-0-7506-6377-9|page=160}}</ref>

From 2004–2013, total orbital launches by country/region were: Russia: 270, US: 181, China: 108, Europe: 59, Japan: 24, India: 19 and Brazil: 1.<ref name="wsj20150917">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-rocket-supplier-looks-to-break-short-leash-1437339519|title=U.S. Rocket Supplier Looks to Break 'Short Leash'|date=17 September 2015|work=Wall Street Journal|quote=''Mr. Musk’s closely held company has changed the equation, partly by pressuring its rival by charging about a quarter of United Launch’s average price of $220 million per launch. In May, the U.S. Air Force formally cleared SpaceX to vie for national-security launches.''|last1=Pasztor|first1=Andy|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016131431/http://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-rocket-supplier-looks-to-break-short-leash-1437339519|url-status=live}}</ref>

Relevant trends in the 2008–2009 for the space industry have been described as:
*the appearance of new satellite operators;
*a growing demand for [[Fixed Service Satellite]]s and developing market for [[Mobile-satellite service|Mobile Satellite Services]];
*a steady amount of commercial satellite orders;
*steady performance of the launch sector;
*resilience to the financial crisis;
*maturing markets for services like [[Ka-band]] and [[remote sensing]].<ref name="Schrogl2010"/>

[https://www.spacefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SpaceFoundation_2019_Report.pdf The 2019 Space Report] estimates that in 2018 total global space activity was $414.75 Billion. Of that, the report estimates that 21%, or $87.09 Billion, was from U.S. Government Space Budgets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spacefoundation.org/sites/default/files/downloads/The_Space_Report_2015_Overview_TOC_Exhibits.pdf|title=The Space Report 2015|access-date=11 May 2016|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322052108/http://www.spacefoundation.org/sites/default/files/downloads/The_Space_Report_2015_Overview_TOC_Exhibits.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

A report discussing global space spending in 2021 estimated global spending at approximately $92 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/01/report-finds-that-us-accounts-for-more-than-half-of-global-space-spending/|title=Report finds that US accounts for more than half of global space spending|first=Eric|last=Berger|work=arstechnica.com|date=January 6, 2022|accessdate=January 6, 2022|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430074740/https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/01/report-finds-that-us-accounts-for-more-than-half-of-global-space-spending/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Commercialization of space]]
** [[Space-based economy]]
*** [[Space trade]]
*** [[Space manufacturing]]
*** [[Lunar resources]]
*** [[Asteroid mining]]
* Space industry per country
** [[Space industry of Russia]]
** [[Space industry of India]]
** [[Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom]]
** [[Commercial Spaceflight Federation]] (US)
* [[Space law]]
** [[Outer Space Treaty]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Space industry}}
*[http://nanosats.eu CubeSat Database & Nanosatellites]
*[http://newspace.im NewSpace Index]

{{Industries}}
{{Politics of outer space}}

[[Category:Space industry| ]]
[[Category:Industries (economics)]]

Space industry - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article