CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

2023-08-14T19:21:22Z

Removed empty portal template using script

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:51, 15 August 2023
Line 71:		Line 71:

	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|Spaceflight}}~~
	*[[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment II\|SRE-2]]		*[[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment II\|SRE-2]]
	*[[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment\|CARE]]		*[[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment\|CARE]]

Bot: robot, dating maintenance tag modified: {{Use Indian English}}

2023-06-30T11:20:03Z

robot, dating maintenance tag modified: {{Use Indian English}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:50, 30 June 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Indian spacecraft}}		{{Short description\|Indian spacecraft}}
	{{Use Indian English}}		{{Use Indian English\|date= June 2023}}
	{{Infobox spaceflight		{{Infobox spaceflight
	\| name = SRE-1		\| name = SRE-1

Aryan Chaturvedi: Created an inspiring work.

2022-01-23T11:19:32Z

Created an inspiring work.

New page

{{Short description|Indian spacecraft}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = SRE-1
| image = ISRO-SCRE-1-Spacecraft-1.jpg
| image_caption = The SRE-1 spacecraft on public display at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in April 2007
| insignia =

| mission_type = Technology
| operator = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| website =
| COSPAR_ID = 2007-001C
| SATCAT = 29711
| mission_duration = 12 days

| spacecraft_type =
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass = {{convert|550|kg}}
| dimensions =
| power =

| launch_date = {{start-date|10 January 2007, 03:54|timezone=yes}} UTC
| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] C7
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan]] [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|FLP]]
| launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| entered_service =

| landing_date = {{end-date|22 January 2007, 04:16|timezone=yes}} UTC
| landing_site = [[Bay of Bengal]]

| orbit_epoch =
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
| orbit_periapsis =
| orbit_apoapsis =
| orbit_inclination =
| orbit_semimajor =
| orbit_eccentricity =
| orbit_period =
| apsis = gee
}}

The '''Space Capsule Recovery Experiment''' ('''SCRE''' or more commonly '''SRE''' or '''SRE-1''') is an Indian experimental [[spacecraft]] which was launched at 03:53 [[UTC]] on January 10, 2007, from [[Sriharikota]] by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). The launch was conducted using the C7 launch of the [[PSLV]] rocket, along with three other satellites. It remained in orbit for 12 days before re-entering the Earth's atmosphere and splashing down into the [[Bay of Bengal]] at 04:16 [[UTC]] on January 22.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070104225230/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/22/stories/2006122206711300.htm PSLV to put recoverable satellite into orbit], ''The Hindu'' December 22, 2006</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070121042504/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/11/stories/2007011104750100.htm The Hindu: PSLV-C7 launch a success] January 11, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/ISRO_Ready_For_Launch_Of_Multi_Mission_PSLV_999.html ISRO Ready For Launch Of Multi-Mission PSLV] January 05, 2007</ref>

==Overview==
SRE-1 was designed to demonstrate the capability to recover an orbiting space capsule, and the technology of an orbiting platform for performing experiments in [[microgravity]] conditions. It was also intended to test reusable [[Thermal Protection System]], navigation, guidance and control, hypersonic aero-thermodynamics, management of communication blackout, deceleration and flotation system and recovery operations.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/22/content_5638117.htm China View: India's first space capsule returns to earth] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502160720/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/22/content_5638117.htm }} January 22, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Jan22_2007.htm ISRO Press Release] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514090034/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Jan22_2007.htm }} January 22, 2007</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070212181929/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070123/asp/nation/story_7297989.asp 46-minute splash into elite space club] [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] January 22, 2007</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aprsaf.org/data/aprsaf14_data/day1/SEU10_SRE%20slides%20for%20web.pdf|title=Space Capsule Recovery Experiment(SRE)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103000/http://www.aprsaf.org/data/aprsaf14_data/day1/SEU10_SRE%20slides%20for%20web.pdf|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> The information obtained from this technology and experiment is being applied to the design of India's ''[[Gaganyaan]]'' crewed orbital capsule.

==Design==
SRE-1 is a 555 kg capsule. It comprises aero-thermo structure, internal structure, Mission Management Unit, Altitude sensors and Inertial measurement unit, S-band transponder with unique belt array antenna embedded to ATS, power and electronics packages to support deceleration and flotation system. It also houses two microgravity payloads. It has a sphere-cone-flare configuration with a spherical nose of about 0.5 m radius, base diameter of 2 m and 1.6 m height. The [[parachute]], [[Pyrotechnics|pyro]] devices, [[avionics]] packages of triggering unit and sequencer, [[telemetry]] and tracking system and sensors for measurement of system performance parameters are placed inside the SRE-1 capsule. Parachutes for SRE capsule were provided by [[Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment|ADRDE]].<ref>[http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2402/stories/20070209005312600.htm ''Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment, Agra, provided the parachutes''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222014802/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2402/stories/20070209005312600.htm }}</ref>

To withstand the heat of re-entry, the [[Atmospheric reentry#Sphere-cone|cone-shaped]] SRE-1 has a [[Thermal protection system]] composed of 264 silica tiles of 14 different types over conical surface,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.isampe.org/artinew1.htm|title=Welcome to ISAMPE|website=www.isampe.org|access-date=2018-03-06}}</ref> and an ablative nose cap of carbon-phenolic composite. Scaled replica of SRE with this thermal protection system was validated in Plasma [[Wind tunnel|Wind Tunnel]] facility of [[Italian Aerospace Research Centre|CIRA]], Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Testata con successo nella galleria al plasma del CIRA la nuova capsula spaziale indiana|url=http://www.capuaonline.it/eventi/cira/comstampa031006.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213220734/http://www.capuaonline.it/eventi/cira/comstampa031006.html|archive-date=13 December 2020|access-date=2020-12-13|website=www.capuaonline.it}}</ref> ISRO is also working on technology to manufacture [[Reinforced carbon-carbon|carbon-carbon composite]] TPS, which, along with the silica tiles tested with the SRE-1, could find use in future reusable spacecraft such as ISRO's planned [[Reusable launch vehicle|Reusable Launch Vehicle]].

==Re-entry==

SRE-1 was traveling around the earth in a circular polar orbit at an altitude of 637 kilometers. In preparation for its reentry, SRE-1 was put into an elliptical orbit with a [[perigee]] of 485 kilometers and an [[apogee]] of 639 kilometers by issuing commands from the spacecraft control centre of [[Indian Space Research Organisation Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network|ISTRAC]] at [[Bangalore]] on January 19, 2007. The critical de-boost operations were executed from SCC, [[Bangalore]] supported by a network of ground stations at Bangalore, [[Lucknow]], [[Sriharikota]], [[Mauritius]], [[Biak]] in [[Indonesia]], [[Saskatoon]] in Canada, [[Svalbard]] in Norway besides shipborne and airborne terminals.

On January 22, 2007, the re-orientation of SRE-1 capsule for de-boost operations commenced at 08:42 am [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. The de-boost started at 09:00 am with the firing of on-board rocket motors and the operations were completed at 09:10 am. At 09:17 am, SRE-1 capsule was reoriented for its re-entry into the dense atmosphere. The capsule made its re-entry at 09:37 am at an altitude of 100 kilometers with a velocity of 8 km/s (ca. 29,000 km/h). During its reentry, the capsule was protected from the intense heat by carbon phenolic [[Ablative heat shield|ablative material]] and silica tiles on its outer surface.

By the time SRE-1 descended to an altitude of 5 km, [[Atmospheric reentry|aerodynamic braking]] had considerably reduced its velocity to 101 m/s (364 km/h). Pilot and [[drogue parachute]] deployments helped in further reducing its velocity to 47 m/s (169 km/h).

===Splashdown and recovery===
The main [[parachute]] was deployed at about 2 km altitude. SRE-1 splashed down in the [[Bay of Bengal]] with a velocity of 12 m/s (43 km/h) at 09:46 am IST (04:16 am [[UTC]]). The flotation system, which was immediately triggered, kept the capsule afloat. Recovery operations were supported and carried out by the [[Indian Coast Guard]] and [[Indian Navy]] using ships, aircraft and helicopters.

==Experiments and results==
During its stay in orbit, the following two experiments on board SRE-1 were successfully conducted under microgravity conditions.
*One of the experiments studied metal melting and crystallisation under microgravity conditions. This experiment, jointly designed by the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], was performed in an isothermal heating furnace.
*The second experiment, jointly designed by National Metallurgical Laboratory, [[Jamshedpur]] and [[ISRO Satellite Centre]] [[Bangalore]], studied the synthesis of nano-crystals under microgravity conditions. This was an experiment in designing biomaterials that better replicate natural biological products. The experimental results have yet to be analysed.

Performance of Silica TPS tiles in conical region of capsule was satisfactory and tile surfaces were found intact with some minor handling related damage during recovery operations. The spacecraft remained afloat for approximately 2 hours in seawater before recovery, causing minor cracks and seawater deposits on tile surfaces.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
*[[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment II|SRE-2]]
*[[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment|CARE]]
*[[List of Indian satellites]]
*[[Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator]] (ARD was a suborbital reentry test vehicle built by [[Aérospatiale]] of France for the European Space Agency and flown on the third Ariane 5 flight on October 21, 1998)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103000/http://www.aprsaf.org/data/aprsaf14_data/day1/SEU10_SRE%20slides%20for%20web.pdf ISRO Presentation on Day 1 of the 14th annual meeting of the Asia Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum]

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2007}}

[[Category:Satellites of India]]
[[Category:2007 in India]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2007]]
[[Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 2007]]
[[Category:Test spaceflights]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by PSLV rockets]]

Space Capsule Recovery Experiment - Revision history

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

Bot: robot, dating maintenance tag modified: {{Use Indian English}}

Aryan Chaturvedi: Created an inspiring work.