MarylinBrantley: quick enhance article as per guidelines additionally for consistency

2026-01-05T11:52:10Z

quick enhance article as per guidelines additionally for consistency

imported>BD2412: /* Demographics */Typo fixing for Wikipedia:Typo Team/moss, replaced: ,T → , T, ,t → , t, inline, title → inline,title

2021-08-07T06:59:53Z

Demographics: Typo fixing for Wikipedia:Typo Team/moss, replaced: ,T → , T, ,t → , t, inline, title → inline,title

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = South Canara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[districts of British India|district of British India]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = South Canara
| image_map = Map of South Canara district in 1956. Self work..png
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.00|N|75.40|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| subdivision_name2 = 
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = 
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8441
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,005,897
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 356.1
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="poptn">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |title=Census GIS India |publisher=Census of India |access-date=2008-03-26}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Administrative
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Malayalam]] (in [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod Taluk]])
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken languages
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Beary bashe|Beary]], [[Arebashe]]
[[Kundagannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|]]
| registration_plate = KA-19, KA-20, KA-21, KA-62, KL-14
| blank1_name_sec1 = Largest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mangalore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[IUCN protected area categories|IUCN category]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''South Canara''' was a district of the [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British India]], located at {{Coord|13.00|N|75.40|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd}}.<ref>Patsy Lozupone, Bruce M. Beehler, Sidney Dillon Ripley.(2004).[https://books.google.com/books?client=safari&cd=1&num=100&id=-jdHAAAAYAAJ&dq=South+Canara+coordinates&q=South+Kanara+ ''Ornithological gazetteer of the Indian subcontinent'', p. 82].Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International. {{ISBN|1-881173-85-2}}.</ref> It covered the areas of the present-day [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi District|Udupi]] districts of [[Karnataka]], and the [[Kasaragod District]] of [[Kerala]], with the capital in [[Mangalore]]. South Canara was one of the most heterogeneous areas of [[Madras Presidency]], with [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], Arebashe, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], & [[Beary bashe|Beary]] languages being spoken side by side. It was succeeded by the [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-spoken region of [[Dakshina Kannada]],<ref>{{cite book
| author = K. Balasubramanyam | year=1965
| title= 1961 Census Handbook- South Kanara District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Mysore
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6118/1/22745_1961_SOU.pdf
}}</ref> and the [[Malayalam]]-spoken regions of [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]<ref>{{cite book
| author = M. K. Devassy | year=1965
| title= 1961 Census Handbook- Cannanore District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5668/1/22055_1961_CAN.pdf
}}</ref> and [[Amindivi]] islands<ref name="clt">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook -Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands (1971) - Village Directory|last=P. M. Nair|publisher=Administrator and Ex-Officio Director of Census Operations, Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Island|year=1979|location=Kavaratti& Government Printing Press, Kozhikode|pages=2|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7315/1/26141_1971_LAC.pdf}}</ref> in the year 1956.<ref>{{cite book
| author = M. K. Devassy | year=1967
| title= Census of India - 1961 (Kerala) | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5639/1/23950_1961_CEN.pdf
}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| author = J. I. Arputhanathan | year=1955
| title= South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6447/1/50056_1951_SOU.pdf
}}</ref><ref name="census1951"/>

==Geography==
[[Mangalore]] was the administrative headquarters of the district. The district covered an area of {{convert|4021|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}.

South Canara District was bordered by [[Uttara Kannada|North Canara]] to north, the princely state of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] to east, [[Coorg]] state to southeast, [[Malabar District]] to south, and [[Arabian Sea]] to west. South Canara was one of the two districts on the western coast ([[Malabar coast]]) of [[Madras Presidency]] along with [[Malabar District]] (otherwise known as ''Malayalam District'').<ref>{{cite book
| author = J. Sturrock | year=1894
| title= Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author = Harold A. Stuart | year=1895
| title= Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281736/mode/2up
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author = Government of Madras | year=1905
| title= Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177471/page/n1/mode/2up
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author = Government of Madras | year=1915
| title= Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16591/page/n5/mode/2up
}}</ref>

==History==
South Canara was annexed by the [[British East India Company]] following the defeat of [[Tipu Sultan]] in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|Fourth Mysore War 1799]] and along with [[North Kanara]] formed the district of [[Kanara]] in the Madras Presidency. In 1859, Kanara was split into two districts, North and South. North Kanara was transferred to the [[Bombay Presidency]], and South was retained by Madras.

== Taluks ==
[[File:SouthCanara1861.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Map of South Kanara district in 1861. The taluk of Coondapoor was then in North Kanara but was transferred to South Kanara district when North Kanara was transferred to [[Bombay Presidency]] in 1862]]
The district was divided into six [[taluk]]s:

* [[Amindivi Islands]] ([[Laccadives]]) (Area:{{convert|3|sqmi|km2|order=flip}})
* [[Kundapura taluk|Coondapoor]] (Area:{{convert|619|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Coondapoor)
* [[Kasaragod taluk|Kasaragod]] (Area:{{convert|762|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Kasaragod)
* [[Mangalore taluk|Mangalore]] (Area:{{convert|679|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Mangalore)
* [[Udupi taluk|Udupi]] (Area:{{convert|719|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Udupi)
* [[Puttur taluk|Uppinangady]] (Area:{{convert|1239|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Puttur)

== Administration ==
The district was administered by a [[District Collector]]. For purpose of convenience, the district was divided into three sub-divisions:

* Coondapoor sub-division: Coondapoor and Udupi taluks
* Mangalore sub-division: Mangalore, and the Amindivi islands
* Puttur sub-division: Uppinangady and Kasaragod taluks.

The district had two municipalities, those of Mangalore and Udupi.
{{clear}}

== Demographics ==
[[File:South Kanara.jpg|left|thumbnail|South Canara in 1909]]
{{Historical populations|type=
|1871 |918362
|1881 |959514
|1891 |1056081
|1901 |1134713
|1941 |1522016
|1951 |1748991
|footnote=Sources: ''Imperial Gazetter of India'', Volume 14,<ref name="Imperial1908"/> and 1951 Census Handbook of South Canara<ref name="census1951"/>
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = '''Religion in South Canara''' (1951)<ref name="census1951"/>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 76.58
|color1 = Orange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 14.31
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 8.85
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = Other
|value4 = 0.26
|color4 = Black
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = '''Language in South Canara''' (1951)<ref name="census1951"/>
|label1 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
|value1 = 39.94
|color1 = Orange
|label2 = [[Malayalam]]
|value2 = 24.19
|color2 = Red
|label3 = [[Kannada]]
|value3 = 17.20
|color3 = Green
|label4 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
|value4 = 13.59
|color4 = DodgerBlue
|label5 = [[Languages of India|Other]]
|value5 = 5.08
|color5 = Black
}}
[[File:TempleStambha1913.jpg|thumb|200px|Temple ''stambha'', South Canara]]
South Kanara had a total population of 1,748,991 in 1951, of whom 76.58% were Hindus, 14.31% Muslim and 8.85% Christian.<ref name="census1951"/> The most widely spoken language was Tulu which was the mother tongue of 40 percent of the population, followed by Malayalam which formed the mother tongue of 24 percent each of the population. Around 17 percent of the total population spoke Kannada. Around 13 percent of the population speaks [[Konkani language|Konkani]] as their mother tongue. In 1901, South Kanara had a density of {{convert|282|PD/sqmi|order=flip}}.

The 1908 ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'' lists South Canara, along with the [[Thanjavur District|Thanjavur]] and [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] districts, as the three districts of the [[Madras Presidency]] where [[Brahmins]] are most numerous.<ref name="Imperial1908">{{cite book|title=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|volume=14|year=1908|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]}}</ref>

The majority of the people were [[Billava]]s and [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]]s. There were more [[Brahmins]] (12% of the population) in South Kanara than any other district of the Madras Presidency making South Kanara, along with [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore]] and Ganjam as one of the three districts of the province where Brahmins were most numerous.<ref name="Imperial1908"/>

The original [[indigenous people]] of the region are [[Tuluvas]] ([[Bunt (community)|Bunts]], [[Billava]]s, [[Mogaveera]]s, Tulu gowda, [[Kulala]]s, [[Devadiga]]s, [[Beary]]s, [[Jogi (caste)|Jogi]]s) and [[Malayali]]s in the [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod Taluk]] ([[Nambudiri]]s, [[Nair]]s, [[Thiyyar history|Thiyyas]], [[Mappila]]s etc). The Brahmins who settled first belonged chiefly to the [[Sthanika Brahmins|Sthanika]] and thus they were called as Tulu Brahmins. Others were [[Shivalli Brahmins|Shivalli]], [[Saraswat Brahmins|Saraswat]], [[Havyaka Brahmin|Havyaka]], Kotaha sub-sections, Mahars, the hill-tribes (''[[Koraga people|Koragas]]'').<ref name="SilvaAndFuchs">{{cite journal|last1=Silva|first1=Severine|last2= Fuchs|first2=Stephan|publisher=[[Nanzan University]]|title=The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India|journal=[[Asian Folklore Studies]]|year=1965|number=2|pages=2–3|volume=24}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+[[Native Language]]s of South Canara District (1951)<ref name="census1951">{{cite book
| author = Government of Madras | year=1953
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press |page=147
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf
}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" bgcolor="DodgerBlue" |[[Languages of India|'''Language''']]
| bgcolor="DodgerBlue" |[[River|'''Number of Speakers''']]
| bgcolor="DodgerBlue" |[[River|'''Percent to total population''']]
|-
! 1
| '''[[Tulu language|Tulu]]'''
| 698,532
| '''39.94%'''
|-
! 2
| '''[[Malayalam]]'''
| 423,037
| '''24.19%'''
|-
! 3
| '''[[Kannada]]'''
| 300,829
| '''17.20%'''
|-
! 4
| '''[[Konkani language|Konkani]]'''
| 237,772
| '''13.59%'''
|-
! 5
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| 49,991
| '''2.86%'''
|-
! 6
| [[Urdu]]
| 17,043
| '''0.97%'''
|-
! 7
| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| 13,672
| '''0.78%'''
|-
! 8
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| 2,933
| '''0.17%'''
|-
! 9
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| 2,382
| '''0.14%'''
|-
! 10
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| 1,063
| '''0.06%'''
|-
! 11
| Others
| 1,737
| '''0.10%'''
|}

==See also==
* [[Dakshina Kannada]]
* [[Kasaragod district]]
* [[Mangalore]]
* [[Udupi]]
* [[Kasargod]]
* [[Amindivi]]
* [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Citation
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
|isbn= 9789839154801}}
* {{Citation
| author = J. Sturrock | year=1894
| title= Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Harold A. Stuart | year=1895
| title= Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281736/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1905
| title= Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177471/page/n1/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1915
| title= Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16591/page/n5/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1953
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = J. I. Arputhanathan | year=1955
| title= South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6447/1/50056_1951_SOU.pdf
}}
* {{Citation |title=Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951)|last=Rajabhushanam|first=D. S.|publisher=Director of Statistics, Government of Madras|year=1963|location=Madras (Chennai)|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6454/1/9111_1951_STA.pdf}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/karavali/south_canara.htm South Canara] by Vikas Kamat from ''Kamat.com''
{{Historical districts of India}}
{{Wiktionary|South Canara}}

[[Category:Regions of Karnataka]]
[[Category:History of Mangalore]]
[[Category:Districts of the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:South Kanara District]]
[[Category:Regions of Kerala]]

South Canara - Revision history

MarylinBrantley: quick enhance article as per guidelines additionally for consistency

imported>BD2412: /* Demographics */Typo fixing for Wikipedia:Typo Team/moss, replaced: ,T → , T, ,t → , t, inline, title → inline,title