South Asian Stone Age - Revision history

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			{{Short description\|Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods in South Asia}}
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	{{Lacking ISBN\|date=September 2016}}<!-- Some books cited do not have their ISBNs specified, some dates also missing. -->		{{Lacking ISBN\|date=September 2016}}<!-- Some books cited do not have their ISBNs specified, some dates also missing. -->
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	{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}		{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
	The '''South Asian Stone Age''' covers the [[Palaeolithic]], [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]] periods in [[South Asia]]. Evidence for the most ancient ~~anatomically modern~~ ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' in South Asia has been found in the cave sites of [[Cudappah]] of [[India]], [[Batadombalena]] and [[Belilena]] in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Kennedy \|first1=K. A. R. \|author-link=Kenneth A. R. Kennedy \|last2=Deraniyagala \|first2=S. U. \|last3=Roertgen \|first3=W. J. \|last4=Chiment \|first4=J. \|last5=Disotell \|first5=T. \|date=April 1987 \|title=Upper Pleistocene Fossil Hominids From Sri Lanka \|journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]] \|volume=72 \|issue=4 \|pages=441–461 \|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330720405 \|pmid=3111269}}</ref> In [[Mehrgarh]], in what is today western [[Pakistan]], the Neolithic began c. 7000 BCE and lasted until 3300 BCE and the first beginnings of the [[Early Harappan\|Bronze Age]]. In South India, the Mesolithic lasted until 3000 BCE, and the Neolithic until 1400 BCE, followed by a [[Megalithic]] transitional period mostly skipping the Bronze Age. The [[Iron Age]] began roughly simultaneously in North and South India, around c. 1200 to 1000 BCE ([[Painted Grey Ware culture]], [[Hallur]], [[Paiyampalli]]).		The '''South Asian Stone Age''' covers the [[Palaeolithic]], [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]] periods in [[South Asia]]. Evidence for the most ancient ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' in South Asia has been found in the cave sites of [[Cudappah]] of [[India]], [[Batadombalena]] and [[Belilena]] in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Kennedy \|first1=K. A. R. \|author-link=Kenneth A. R. Kennedy \|last2=Deraniyagala \|first2=S. U. \|last3=Roertgen \|first3=W. J. \|last4=Chiment \|first4=J. \|last5=Disotell \|first5=T. \|date=April 1987 \|title=Upper Pleistocene Fossil Hominids From Sri Lanka \|journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]] \|volume=72 \|issue=4 \|pages=441–461 \|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330720405 \|pmid=3111269}}</ref> In [[Mehrgarh]], in what is today western [[Pakistan]], the Neolithic began c. 7000 BCE and lasted until 3300 BCE and the first beginnings of the [[Early Harappan\|Bronze Age]]. In South India, the Mesolithic lasted until 3000 BCE, and the Neolithic until 1400 BCE, followed by a [[Megalithic]] transitional period mostly skipping the Bronze Age. The [[Iron Age]] began roughly simultaneously in North and South India, around c. 1200 to 1000 BCE ([[Painted Grey Ware culture]], [[Hallur]], [[Paiyampalli]]).
	[[File:Pre Historic Mid Krishna-Tungabhadra Valley sites.jpg\|thumb\|255px\|Pre Historic Sites of Middle Krishna-[[Tungabhadra]] River Valley of [[South India]] are probably the efficient paleolithic cultural area's as per the evidences found over the valley]]		[[File:Pre Historic Mid Krishna-Tungabhadra Valley sites.jpg\|thumb\|255px\|Pre Historic Sites of Middle Krishna-[[Tungabhadra]] River Valley of [[South India]] are probably the efficient paleolithic cultural area's as per the evidences found over the valley]]
	[[File:Panchmukhi rock 1.jpg\|thumb\|[[Belan River\|Belan]] Valley Cave Paintings at [[Churk\|Panchmukhi Hill]] in [[Sonbhadra]]]]		[[File:Panchmukhi rock 1.jpg\|thumb\|[[Belan River\|Belan]] Valley Cave Paintings at [[Churk\|Panchmukhi Hill]] in [[Sonbhadra]]]]

	==''Homo erectus''==		==''Homo erectus''==
	{{further\|~~Acheulian~~\|Soanian\|Riwat}}		{{further\|Acheulean\|Soanian\|Riwat}}
	''[[Homo erectus]]'' lived on the [[Pothohar Plateau]], in upper [[Punjab (Pakistan)\|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]] along the [[Soan River]] (nearby modern-day [[Rawalpindi]]) during the [[Pleistocene Epoch]]. Soanian sites are found in the [[Sivalik Hills\|Sivalik region]] across what are now India, Pakistan and Nepal.<ref>Parth R. Chauhan. [http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104171240/http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html \|date=2012-01-04 }}. ''An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian – A Theoretical Perspective''.</ref> Biface handaxes and cleaver traditions may have originated in the middle [[Pleistocene]].<!--Please give a date range for Middle Pleistocene as the Pleistocene article does not give such a period.-->{{sfn\|Kennedy\|2000\|p=136}} The beginning of the use of [[Acheulian]] and chopping tools of the lower Paleolithic may also be dated to approximately the middle Pleistocene.{{sfn\|Kennedy\|2000\|p=160}}		''[[Homo erectus]]'' lived on the [[Pothohar Plateau]], in upper [[Punjab (Pakistan)\|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]] along the [[Soan River]] (nearby modern-day [[Rawalpindi]]) during the [[Pleistocene Epoch]]. Soanian sites are found in the [[Sivalik Hills\|Sivalik region]] across what are now India, Pakistan and Nepal.<ref>Parth R. Chauhan. [http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104171240/http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html \|date=2012-01-04 }}. ''An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian – A Theoretical Perspective''.</ref> Biface handaxes and cleaver traditions may have originated in the middle [[Pleistocene]].<!--Please give a date range for Middle Pleistocene as the Pleistocene article does not give such a period.-->{{sfn\|Kennedy\|2000\|p=136}} The beginning of the use of [[Acheulian]] and chopping tools of the lower Paleolithic may also be dated to approximately the middle Pleistocene.{{sfn\|Kennedy\|2000\|p=160}}

	[[South Asian Stone Age#Neolithic\|Neolithic Stone Age of Indian subcontinent]] (7000 BCE - 5500 BCE) finds were excavated from [[Pinjore#Lower Paleolithic Pinjore finds\|Pinjore]] in Haryana on the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River\|banks of the stream]] (paleochannel of [[Saraswati river]]) flowing through HMT complex,<ref>Manmohan Kumar : Archaeology of Ambala and Kurukshetra Districts, Haryana, 1978, Mss, pp.240-241.</ref><ref name=harsamvad1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf Haryana Samvad], Oct 2018, p38-40.</ref> by [[Guy Ellcock Pilgrim]] who was a British geologist and [[palaeontology\|palaeontologist]], who discovered 1.5 million years (15 lakhs) old [[Archaic humans\|prehistoric human]] teeth and part of a jaw denoting that the [[Peopling of India#Early hominins of Acheulean period\|ancient people]], who were intelligent [[Hominini\|hominins]] dating as far back as 1,500,000 [[Before Present\|ybp]] [[Acheulean]] period,<ref name="sciencemag.org">[~~http~~://www.~~sciencemag~~.org/~~content~~/~~331~~/~~6024~~/~~1596~~.~~abstract~~ Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India]</ref> lived in Pinjore region near [[Chandigarh]].<ref>Pilgrim, Guy, E. 'New Shivalik Primates and their Bearing on the Question, of the Evolution of Man and the Anthropoides, Records of the Geological Survey of India, 1915, Vol.XIV, pp. 2-61.</ref> [[Quartzite]] tools of [[lower Paleolithic]] period were excavated in this region extending from Pinjore in Haryana to [[Nalagarh]] ([[Solan district]]) in Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=hargazc1>[http://revenueharyana.gov.in/Portals/0/hr-gaz-ch-5.pdf Haryana Gazateer], Revennue Dept of Haryana, Capter-V.</ref>		[[South Asian Stone Age#Neolithic\|Neolithic Stone Age of Indian subcontinent]] (7000 BCE - 5500 BCE) finds were excavated from [[Pinjore#Lower Paleolithic Pinjore finds\|Pinjore]] in Haryana on the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River\|banks of the stream]] (paleochannel of [[Saraswati river]]) flowing through HMT complex,<ref>Manmohan Kumar : Archaeology of Ambala and Kurukshetra Districts, Haryana, 1978, Mss, pp.240-241.</ref><ref name=harsamvad1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf Haryana Samvad], Oct 2018, p38-40.</ref> by [[Guy Ellcock Pilgrim]] who was a British geologist and [[palaeontology\|palaeontologist]], who discovered 1.5 million years (15 lakhs) old [[Archaic humans\|prehistoric human]] teeth and part of a jaw denoting that the [[Peopling of India#Early hominins of Acheulean period\|ancient people]], who were intelligent [[Hominini\|hominins]] dating as far back as 1,500,000 [[Before Present\|ybp]] [[Acheulean]] period,<ref name="sciencemag.org">[https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1200183 Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India]</ref> lived in Pinjore region near [[Chandigarh]].<ref>Pilgrim, Guy, E. 'New Shivalik Primates and their Bearing on the Question, of the Evolution of Man and the Anthropoides, Records of the Geological Survey of India, 1915, Vol.XIV, pp. 2-61.</ref> [[Quartzite]] tools of [[lower Paleolithic]] period were excavated in this region extending from Pinjore in Haryana to [[Nalagarh]] ([[Solan district]]) in Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=hargazc1>[http://revenueharyana.gov.in/Portals/0/hr-gaz-ch-5.pdf Haryana Gazateer], Revennue Dept of Haryana, Capter-V.</ref>

	==The coming of ''Homo sapiens''==		==The coming of ''Homo sapiens''==
	{{main\|Peopling of India}}		{{main\|Peopling of India}}
	Analysis of [[mitochondrial DNA]] dates the [[~~early~~ human ~~migration~~\|immigration of ''Homo sapiens'']] to South Asia to 75,000 to 50,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Alice Roberts\|date=2010\|title=The Incredible Human Journey\|publisher=A&C Black\|page=90}}</ref>{{sfn\|James\|Petraglia\|2005\|loc=S6}} An analysis of [[Y chromosome]] [[haplogroups]] found one man in a village west of [[Madurai]] to be a direct descendant of these migrators.<ref>Spencer Wells, The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey. Random House, {{ISBN\|0-8129-7146-9}}</ref>{{page needed\|date=June 2020\|reason=I can't find anything about this in there}} Cave sites in [[Sri Lanka]] have yielded the earliest non-mitochondrial record of ~~modern~~ ''Homo sapiens'' in South Asia. They were dated to 34,000 years ago. (Kennedy 2000: 180). For finds from the Belan in southern [[Uttar Pradesh]], India radiocarbon data have indicated an age of 18,000-17,000 years.		Analysis of [[mitochondrial DNA]] dates the [[Early human migrations\|immigration of ''Homo sapiens'']] to South Asia to 75,000 to 50,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Alice Roberts\|date=2010\|title=The Incredible Human Journey\|publisher=A&C Black\|page=90}}</ref>{{sfn\|James\|Petraglia\|2005\|loc=S6}} Cave sites in [[Sri Lanka]] have yielded the earliest non-mitochondrial record of ''Homo sapiens'' in South Asia. They were dated to 34,000 years ago. (Kennedy 2000: 180). For finds from the Belan in southern [[Uttar Pradesh]], India radiocarbon data have indicated an age of 18,000-17,000 years.

	[[File:Bhimbetka.JPG\|thumb\|255px\|[[Bhimbetka rock shelters\|Bhimbetka rock painting]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].]]		[[File:Bhimbetka.JPG\|thumb\|255px\|[[Bhimbetka rock shelters\|Bhimbetka rock painting]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].]]

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{{multiple issues|
{{Lacking ISBN|date=September 2016}}
{{more footnotes|date=September 2016}}
}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
The '''South Asian Stone Age''' covers the [[Palaeolithic]], [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]] periods in [[South Asia]]. Evidence for the most ancient anatomically modern ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' in South Asia has been found in the cave sites of [[Cudappah]] of [[India]], [[Batadombalena]] and [[Belilena]] in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=K. A. R. |author-link=Kenneth A. R. Kennedy |last2=Deraniyagala |first2=S. U. |last3=Roertgen |first3=W. J. |last4=Chiment |first4=J. |last5=Disotell |first5=T. |date=April 1987 |title=Upper Pleistocene Fossil Hominids From Sri Lanka |journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]] |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=441–461 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330720405 |pmid=3111269}}</ref> In [[Mehrgarh]], in what is today western [[Pakistan]], the Neolithic began c. 7000 BCE and lasted until 3300 BCE and the first beginnings of the [[Early Harappan|Bronze Age]]. In South India, the Mesolithic lasted until 3000 BCE, and the Neolithic until 1400 BCE, followed by a [[Megalithic]] transitional period mostly skipping the Bronze Age. The [[Iron Age]] began roughly simultaneously in North and South India, around c. 1200 to 1000 BCE ([[Painted Grey Ware culture]], [[Hallur]], [[Paiyampalli]]).
[[File:Pre Historic Mid Krishna-Tungabhadra Valley sites.jpg|thumb|255px|Pre Historic Sites of Middle Krishna-[[Tungabhadra]] River Valley of [[South India]] are probably the efficient paleolithic cultural area's as per the evidences found over the valley]]
[[File:Panchmukhi rock 1.jpg|thumb|[[Belan River|Belan]] Valley Cave Paintings at [[Churk|Panchmukhi Hill]] in [[Sonbhadra]]]]

==''Homo erectus''==
{{further|Acheulian|Soanian|Riwat}}
''[[Homo erectus]]'' lived on the [[Pothohar Plateau]], in upper [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]] along the [[Soan River]] (nearby modern-day [[Rawalpindi]]) during the [[Pleistocene Epoch]]. Soanian sites are found in the [[Sivalik Hills|Sivalik region]] across what are now India, Pakistan and Nepal.<ref>Parth R. Chauhan. [http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104171240/http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html |date=2012-01-04 }}. ''An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian – A Theoretical Perspective''.</ref> Biface handaxes and cleaver traditions may have originated in the middle [[Pleistocene]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2000|p=136}} The beginning of the use of [[Acheulian]] and chopping tools of the lower Paleolithic may also be dated to approximately the middle Pleistocene.{{sfn|Kennedy|2000|p=160}}

[[South Asian Stone Age#Neolithic|Neolithic Stone Age of Indian subcontinent]] (7000 BCE - 5500 BCE) finds were excavated from [[Pinjore#Lower Paleolithic Pinjore finds|Pinjore]] in Haryana on the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|banks of the stream]] (paleochannel of [[Saraswati river]]) flowing through HMT complex,<ref>Manmohan Kumar : Archaeology of Ambala and Kurukshetra Districts, Haryana, 1978, Mss, pp.240-241.</ref><ref name=harsamvad1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf Haryana Samvad], Oct 2018, p38-40.</ref> by [[Guy Ellcock Pilgrim]] who was a British geologist and [[palaeontology|palaeontologist]], who discovered 1.5 million years (15 lakhs) old [[Archaic humans|prehistoric human]] teeth and part of a jaw denoting that the [[Peopling of India#Early hominins of Acheulean period|ancient people]], who were intelligent [[Hominini|hominins]] dating as far back as 1,500,000 [[Before Present|ybp]] [[Acheulean]] period,<ref name="sciencemag.org">[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6024/1596.abstract Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India]</ref> lived in Pinjore region near [[Chandigarh]].<ref>Pilgrim, Guy, E. 'New Shivalik Primates and their Bearing on the Question, of the Evolution of Man and the Anthropoides, Records of the Geological Survey of India, 1915, Vol.XIV, pp. 2-61.</ref> [[Quartzite]] tools of [[lower Paleolithic]] period were excavated in this region extending from Pinjore in Haryana to [[Nalagarh]] ([[Solan district]]) in Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=hargazc1>[http://revenueharyana.gov.in/Portals/0/hr-gaz-ch-5.pdf Haryana Gazateer], Revennue Dept of Haryana, Capter-V.</ref>

==The coming of ''Homo sapiens''==
{{main|Peopling of India}}
Analysis of [[mitochondrial DNA]] dates the [[early human migration|immigration of ''Homo sapiens'']] to South Asia to 75,000 to 50,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alice Roberts|date=2010|title=The Incredible Human Journey|publisher=A&C Black|page=90}}</ref>{{sfn|James|Petraglia|2005|loc=S6}} An analysis of [[Y chromosome]] [[haplogroups]] found one man in a village west of [[Madurai]] to be a direct descendant of these migrators.<ref>Spencer Wells, The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey. Random House, {{ISBN|0-8129-7146-9}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2020|reason=I can't find anything about this in there}} Cave sites in [[Sri Lanka]] have yielded the earliest non-mitochondrial record of modern ''Homo sapiens'' in South Asia. They were dated to 34,000 years ago. (Kennedy 2000: 180). For finds from the Belan in southern [[Uttar Pradesh]], India radiocarbon data have indicated an age of 18,000-17,000 years.

[[File:Bhimbetka.JPG|thumb|255px|[[Bhimbetka rock shelters|Bhimbetka rock painting]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].]]

At the [[Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka]] humans lived throughout the Upper Paleolithic (10th to 8th millennia BCE), revealing cave paintings dating to c. 30,000 BCE,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Hindus: An Alternative History|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC|author=Wendy Doniger|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199593347|date=2010-09-30|author-link=Wendy Doniger}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Architecture of First Societies: A Global Perspective|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuevAwAAQBAJ|author=Mark M. Jarzombek|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118421055|date=2014-05-27}}</ref> and there are small cup like depressions at the end of the Auditorium Rock Shelter, which is dated to nearly 100,000 years;<ref>{{cite web|last=Archaeological Survey of India|first=Government of India|title=World Heritage Sites - Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_rockart_bhimbetka.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> the [[Sivaliks]] and the [[Potwar]] (Pakistan) region also exhibit many vertebrate fossil remains and paleolithic tools. [[Chert]], [[jasper]] and [[quartzite]] were often used by humans during this period.

==Neolithic==
[[File:EdakkalCaveCarving.jpg|thumb|255px|[[Stone Age]] writing of [[Edakkal Caves]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]] (6,000 BCE)]]

{{further|Bhirrana|Mehrgarh|Neolithic Tamil Nadu}}
The aceramic Neolithic (Mehrgarh I, Baluchistan, Pakistan, also dubbed "Early Food Producing Era") lasts c. 7000 - 5500 BCE. The ceramic Neolithic lasts up to 3300 BCE, blending into the [[Early Harappan]] (Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age) period. One of the earliest Neolithic sites in [[India]] is [[Lahuradewa]] in the Middle [[Ganges]] region and [[Jhusi]] near the confluence of [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]] rivers, both dating to around the 7th millennium BCE.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fuller |first=Dorian |date=2006 |title=Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia: A Working Synthesis |url=http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~tcrndfu/articles/JWP20.pdf |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=20 |page=42 |doi=10.1007/s10963-006-9006-8|s2cid=189952275 }}</ref><ref>Tewari, Rakesh et al. 2006. "Second Preliminary Report of the excavations at Lahuradewa, District Sant Kabir Nagar, UP 2002-2003-2004 & 2005-06" in Pragdhara No. 16 [http://www.uparchaeology.org/pragdhara%20No-16.pdf "Electronic Version p.28"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128194547/http://www.uparchaeology.org/pragdhara%20No-16.pdf |date=2007-11-28 }}</ref> Recently another site along the ancient [[Sarasvati River|Saraswati]] riverine system in the present day state of [[Haryana]] in India called [[Bhirrana]] has been discovered yielding a dating of around 7600 BCE for its Neolithic levels.<ref name="oldest">{{cite news | title=Haryana's Bhirrana oldest Harappan site, Rakhigarhi Asia's largest: ASI | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Haryanas-Bhirrana-oldest-Harappan-site-Rakhigarhi-Asias-largest-ASI/articleshow/46926693.cms |newspaper=Times of India |date=15 April 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Ketavaram rock paintings.JPG|thumb|255px|Ketavaram rock paintings, [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (6000 B.C.)]]

In South India the Neolithic began by 3000 BCE and lasted until around 1400 BCE. South Indian Neolithic is characterized by Ashmounds since 2500 BCE in the [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]]-[[Karnataka]] region that expanded later into [[Tamil Nadu]]. Comparative excavations carried out in [[Adichanallur]] in the [[Thirunelveli District]] and in Northern India have provided evidence of a southward migration of the [[Megalithic]] culture.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta |last=Sastri |title=A History of South India |year=1976 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=49–51 |isbn=978-0-19-560686-7}}</ref> The earliest clear evidence of the presence of the megalithic urn burials are those dating from around 1000 BCE, which have been discovered at various places in Tamil Nadu, notably at Adichanallur, 24 kilometers from [[Tirunelveli]], where archaeologists from the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] unearthed 12 urns containing human skulls, skeletons and bones, husks, grains of charred rice and [[Neolithic]] [[Celt (tool)|celts]], confirming the presence of the Neolithic period 2800 years ago. Archaeologists have made plans to return to Adhichanallur as a source of new knowledge in the future.<ref>{{cite news |last=Subramanian |first=T. S. |date=2004-05-26 |title=Skeletons, script found at ancient burial site in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/26/stories/2004052602871200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040701084804/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/26/stories/2004052602871200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-07-01 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2007-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |quote=The most interesting pre-historic remains in Tamil India were discovered at Adichanallur. There is a series of urn burials. seem to be related to the megalithic complex. |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil A. |title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature |pages=21–22 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1992 |isbn=978-90-04-09365-2}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[History of Afghanistan]]
* [[History of Bangladesh]]
* [[History of Bhutan]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[History of Maldives]]
* [[History of Nepal]]
* [[History of Pakistan]]
* [[History of Sri Lanka]]
* [[Prehistoric Asia]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first=Kenneth Adrian Raine |last=Kennedy |author-link=Kenneth A. R. Kennedy |year=2000 |title=God-Apes and Fossil Men: Palaeoanthropology of South Asia |location=[[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] |publisher=University of Michigan Press| isbn= 978-0472110131 }}
* {{cite journal |first1=Hannah V. A. |last1=James |last2=Petraglia |first2=Michael D. |date=December 2005 |title=Modern Human Origins and the Evolution of Behavior in the Later Pleistocene Record of South Asia |url=http://www.human-evol.cam.ac.uk/Members/Petraglia/pubs/JamesPetraglia(CA2005).pdf |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=46 |issue=Supplement |doi=10.1086/444365 |pages=S3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819143802/http://www.human-evol.cam.ac.uk/Members/Petraglia/pubs/JamesPetraglia(CA2005).pdf |archive-date=19 August 2006 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002B-0DBC-F |s2cid=12529822 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last=Misra |first=V. N. |author-link=V. N. Misra |date=November 2001 |title=Prehistoric human colonization of India |journal=Journal of Biosciences |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=491–531 |doi=10.1007/BF02704749 |pmid=11779962|citeseerx=10.1.1.628.6715 |s2cid=26248907 }}
*Biagi P, Kazi M M e Negrino F. 1996. An Acheulian workshop at Ziarat Pir Shaban on the Rohri Hills (Sindh - Pakistan). South Asian Studies, 12: 49–62. Cambridge.
*Biagi P, Kazi M.M, Madella M e Ottomano C. 1998-2000 - Excavations at the Late Palaeolithic site of ZPS2 in the Rohri Hills, Sindh, Pakistan. Origini, XXII: 111–133. Roma.
*Biagi P. 2003-2004 - The Mesolithic Settlement of Sindh (Pakistan): A Preliminary Assessment. Praehistoria, 4-5: 195–220. Miskolc.
*Biagi P. 2011 - Late (Upper) Palaeolithic Sites at Jhimpir in Lower Sindh (Pakistan). In Taskiran H., Kartal M., Özcelik K., Kösem M.B. and Kartal G. (eds.) Iş?n Yalç?nkaya'ya Armagan. Ankara University, Ankara: 67–84.
*Biagi P. and Nisbet R. 2011 - The Palaeolithic sites at Ongar in Sindh, Pakistan: a precious archaeological resource in danger. Antiquity Project Gallery. Antiquity 85 (329): 1–6. August 2011. http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/biagi329/. Cambridge.
*P. Biagi and E. Starnini 2014 - The Levallois Mousterian assemblages of Sindh (Pakistan) and their relations with the Middle Palaeolithic in the Indian Subcontinent. [[Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia]], 42 (1): 18-32 (Elsevier English edition). Doi: 10.1016/j.aeae.2014.10.002.
*P. Biagi 2015 - Modeling the Past: The Paleoethnological Evidence. In W. Henke, I Tattersall (eds) Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg (2nd revised Edition): 817-843 Doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-27800-6_24-3.
*P. Biagi 2017 - [https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/why-so-many-stones.pdf Why so many different stones? The Late (Upper) Palaeolithic of Sindh reconsidered.] Journal of Asian Civilizations, 40 (1): 1-40.
*P. Biagi and E. Starnini E. 2018 - Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the Indus Valley? The Middle and Late (Upper) Palaeolithic Settlement of Sindh, a Forgotten Region of the Indian Subcontinent. In: Nishiaki Y. and Akazawa T. (eds.) The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archeology of the Levant and Beyond. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Springer, Singapore: 175–197. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6826-3_12.

{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/11/051107080321.htm Modern Humans Arrival In South Asia May Have Led To Demise Of Indigenous Populations] (ScienceDaily 2005)

{{Prehistoric Asia}}

[[Category:Stone Age Asia]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Pakistan]]
[[Category:Prehistoric India]]