Sophagasenus - Revision history

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	{{Infobox royalty		{{Infobox royalty
	\| reign = 3rd century BC		\| reign = 3rd century BC
	}}		}}
	'''Sophagasenos''' also spelt '''Sophagasenus''' or '''Sophagasenas'''<ref name="Garg, Gaṅgā Rām 1992 510">{{cite book \| author= Garg, Gaṅgā Rām \|title= Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 2 \|publisher= Concept Publishing Company \|year=1992 \|page=510 \|isbn= 9788170223757}}</ref> was a local ~~ruler of [[~~Kabul]] and [[Kingdom of Kapisa\|Kapisa]] valley ([[~~Paropamisade~~]] of the classical writings) during the last ~~decade~~ of 3rd century BCE. Sophagasenus finds reference only in "The Histories" of [[Polybius]].		'''Sophagasenos''', also spelt '''Sophagasenus''' or '''Sophagasenas'''<ref name="Garg, Gaṅgā Rām 1992 510">{{cite book \| author= Garg, Gaṅgā Rām \|title= Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 2 \|publisher= Concept Publishing Company \|year=1992 \|page=510 \|isbn= 9788170223757}}</ref> ([[Sanskrit]]: '''Subhagasena'''), was a local Indian king ruling in Kabul and [[Kingdom of Kapisa\|Kapisa]] valley ([[Paropamisadae]] of the classical writings) during the last decades of 3rd century BCE. Sophagasenus finds reference only in "The Histories" of [[Polybius]].

	==Names ~~and identity~~==		==Names==
	Sophagasenus is probably derived from the name Shubhagasena.{{sfn\|Kosmin\|2014\|p=36}}		Sophagasenus is probably derived from the name Shubhagasena.{{sfn\|Kosmin\|2014\|p=36}}

	According to Wilhem Von Pochhammer, [[Antiochus III]], 6th successor of Seleucus, was resisted not by Mauryas but by a local ruler named Subhagasena.<ref>A political History of the Subcontinent, 1993, p 156, Wilhelm Von Pochhammer</ref>

	According to the Cambridge History of India, Indian history knows no ruler of corresponding name, and it has therefore been conjectured that Sophagasenus was some local ruler who had taken advantage of the decay of the Maurya empire to establish his own in the country west of Indus.<ref> Cambridge History of India, 1962, p 397, Editor E. J. Rapson</ref> Historian John Ma calls Sophagasenos a local dynast, otherwise unknown from any of Indian sources. <ref> Antiochos III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor. 2002, pp 6, 64, John Ma</ref>

	~~Historian Dr Romila Thapar is strongly against the view that Subhagasena was a Maurya king.~~

	==Polybius on Sophagasenus==		==Polybius on Sophagasenus==
	[[Polybius]] ({{circa\|204\|122 BCE}}), the Greek historian, makes reference to Sophagasenus in context with [[Antiochus III]]’s expedition across the Caucasus Indicus ([[Hindu Kush]]) in around 206 BCE. Having crossed the Caucasus Mountains, Antiochus moved up to Kabul and met Sophagasenus the king with whom he renewed league and friendship he had made previously.<ref>Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 322, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee</ref> and received more elephants until he had one hundred and fifty of them all together. He then returned home via Arachosia, Drangiana and Karmania.<ref>Ref: Polybius, XI.34.11-12</ref>{{#tag:ref\|Read actual Trans of Polybius 11.34: ''"He (Antiochus) crossed the Caucasus Indicus (Paropamisus) and descended into India; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty all together; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him.{{sfn\|Kosmin\|2014\|pp=~~35-36~~}} Having traversed Arachosia and crossed the river Enymanthus, he came through Drangene to Carmania; and as it was now winter, he put his men into winter quarters there."<ref>The Histories of Polybius, Book 11, 1889, p 78, by Friedrich Otto Hultsch, [[Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh]]</ref>\|group=Note}} No other source except Polybius makes any reference to Sophagasenus.		[[Polybius]] ({{circa\|204\|122 BCE}}), the Greek historian, makes reference to Sophagasenus in context with [[Antiochus III]]'s expedition across the Caucasus Indicus ([[Hindu Kush]]) in around 206 BCE. Having crossed the Caucasus Mountains, Antiochus moved up to Kabul and met Sophagasenus the Indian king with whom he renewed league and friendship he had made previously.<ref>Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 322, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee</ref> and received more elephants until he had one hundred and fifty of them all together. He then returned home via Arachosia, Drangiana and Karmania.<ref>Ref: Polybius, XI.34.11-12</ref>{{#tag:ref\|Read actual Trans of Polybius 11.34: ''"He (Antiochus) crossed the Caucasus Indicus (Paropamisus) and descended into India; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty all together; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him.{{sfn\|Kosmin\|2014\|pp=35–36}} Having traversed Arachosia and crossed the river Enymanthus, he came through Drangene to Carmania; and as it was now winter, he put his men into winter quarters there."''<ref>The Histories of Polybius, Book 11, 1889, p 78, by Friedrich Otto Hultsch, [[Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh]]</ref>\|group=Note}} No other source except Polybius makes any reference to Sophagasenus.




	==See also==		==See also==
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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist~~\|24em~~}}		{{reflist}}

	==Sources==		==Sources==
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	[[Category:Indian warriors]]		[[Category:Indian warriors]]
	[[Category:3rd-century BC Indian monarchs]]		[[Category:3rd-century BC Indian monarchs]]
	[[Category:~~History of Pakistan~~]]		[[Category:Afghan monarchs]]

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← Older revision		Revision as of 13:55, 29 May 2022
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	\| reign = 3rd century BC		\| reign = 3rd century BC
	}}		}}
	'''Sophagasenos''' also spelt '''Sophagasenus''' or '''Sophagasenas'''<ref name="Garg, Gaṅgā Rām 1992 510">{{cite book \| author= Garg, Gaṅgā Rām \|title= Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 2 \|publisher= Concept Publishing Company \|year=1992 \|page=510 \|isbn= 9788170223757}}</ref> ~~([[Sanskrit]]: '''Subhagasena''')~~ was a local ~~Indian king ruling in~~ [[Kabul]] and [[Kingdom of Kapisa\|Kapisa]] valley ([[Paropamisade]] of the classical writings) during the last decade of 3rd century BCE. Sophagasenus finds reference only in "The Histories" of [[Polybius]].		'''Sophagasenos''' also spelt '''Sophagasenus''' or '''Sophagasenas'''<ref name="Garg, Gaṅgā Rām 1992 510">{{cite book \| author= Garg, Gaṅgā Rām \|title= Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 2 \|publisher= Concept Publishing Company \|year=1992 \|page=510 \|isbn= 9788170223757}}</ref> was a local ruler of [[Kabul]] and [[Kingdom of Kapisa\|Kapisa]] valley ([[Paropamisade]] of the classical writings) during the last decade of 3rd century BCE. Sophagasenus finds reference only in "The Histories" of [[Polybius]].

	==Names==		==Names and identity==
	Sophagasenus is probably derived from the name Shubhagasena.{{sfn\|Kosmin\|2014\|p=36}}		Sophagasenus is probably derived from the name Shubhagasena.{{sfn\|Kosmin\|2014\|p=36}}

			According to Wilhem Von Pochhammer, [[Antiochus III]], 6th successor of Seleucus, was resisted not by Mauryas but by a local ruler named Subhagasena.<ref>A political History of the Subcontinent, 1993, p 156, Wilhelm Von Pochhammer</ref>

			According to the Cambridge History of India, Indian history knows no ruler of corresponding name, and it has therefore been conjectured that Sophagasenus was some local ruler who had taken advantage of the decay of the Maurya empire to establish his own in the country west of Indus.<ref> Cambridge History of India, 1962, p 397, Editor E. J. Rapson</ref> Historian John Ma calls Sophagasenos a local dynast, otherwise unknown from any of Indian sources. <ref> Antiochos III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor. 2002, pp 6, 64, John Ma</ref>

			Historian Dr Romila Thapar is strongly against the view that Subhagasena was a Maurya king.

	==Polybius on Sophagasenus==		==Polybius on Sophagasenus==
	[[Polybius]] ({{circa\|204\|122 BCE}}), the Greek historian, makes reference to Sophagasenus in context with [[Antiochus III]]’s expedition across the Caucasus Indicus ([[Hindu Kush]]) in around 206 BCE. Having crossed the Caucasus Mountains, Antiochus moved up to Kabul and met Sophagasenus the ~~Indian~~ king with whom he renewed league and friendship he had made previously.<ref>Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 322, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee</ref> and received more elephants until he had one hundred and fifty of them all together. He then returned home via Arachosia, Drangiana and Karmania.<ref>Ref: Polybius, XI.34.11-12</ref>{{#tag:ref\|Read actual Trans of Polybius 11.34: ''"He (Antiochus) crossed the Caucasus Indicus (Paropamisus) and descended into India; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty all together; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him.{{sfn\|Kosmin\|2014\|pp=35-36}} Having traversed Arachosia and crossed the river Enymanthus, he came through Drangene to Carmania; and as it was now winter, he put his men into winter quarters there."<ref>The Histories of Polybius, Book 11, 1889, p 78, by Friedrich Otto Hultsch, [[Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh]]</ref>\|group=Note}} No other source except Polybius makes any reference to Sophagasenus.		[[Polybius]] ({{circa\|204\|122 BCE}}), the Greek historian, makes reference to Sophagasenus in context with [[Antiochus III]]’s expedition across the Caucasus Indicus ([[Hindu Kush]]) in around 206 BCE. Having crossed the Caucasus Mountains, Antiochus moved up to Kabul and met Sophagasenus the king with whom he renewed league and friendship he had made previously.<ref>Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 322, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee</ref> and received more elephants until he had one hundred and fifty of them all together. He then returned home via Arachosia, Drangiana and Karmania.<ref>Ref: Polybius, XI.34.11-12</ref>{{#tag:ref\|Read actual Trans of Polybius 11.34: ''"He (Antiochus) crossed the Caucasus Indicus (Paropamisus) and descended into India; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty all together; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him.{{sfn\|Kosmin\|2014\|pp=35-36}} Having traversed Arachosia and crossed the river Enymanthus, he came through Drangene to Carmania; and as it was now winter, he put his men into winter quarters there."<ref>The Histories of Polybius, Book 11, 1889, p 78, by Friedrich Otto Hultsch, [[Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh]]</ref>\|group=Note}} No other source except Polybius makes any reference to Sophagasenus.




	==See also==		==See also==

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| reign = 3rd century BC
}}
'''Sophagasenos''' also spelt '''Sophagasenus''' or '''Sophagasenas'''<ref name="Garg, Gaṅgā Rām 1992 510">{{cite book | author= Garg, Gaṅgā Rām |title= Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 2 |publisher= Concept Publishing Company |year=1992 |page=510 |isbn= 9788170223757}}</ref> ([[Sanskrit]]: '''Subhagasena''') was a local Indian king ruling in [[Kabul]] and [[Kingdom of Kapisa|Kapisa]] valley ([[Paropamisade]] of the classical writings) during the last decade of 3rd century BCE. Sophagasenus finds reference only in "The Histories" of [[Polybius]].

==Names==
Sophagasenus is probably derived from the name Shubhagasena.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=36}}

==Polybius on Sophagasenus==
[[Polybius]] ({{circa|204|122 BCE}}), the Greek historian, makes reference to Sophagasenus in context with [[Antiochus III]]’s expedition across the Caucasus Indicus ([[Hindu Kush]]) in around 206 BCE. Having crossed the Caucasus Mountains, Antiochus moved up to Kabul and met Sophagasenus the Indian king with whom he renewed league and friendship he had made previously.<ref>Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 322, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee</ref> and received more elephants until he had one hundred and fifty of them all together. He then returned home via Arachosia, Drangiana and Karmania.<ref>Ref: Polybius, XI.34.11-12</ref>{{#tag:ref|Read actual Trans of Polybius 11.34: ''"He (Antiochus) crossed the Caucasus Indicus (Paropamisus) and descended into India; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty all together; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|pp=35-36}} Having traversed Arachosia and crossed the river Enymanthus, he came through Drangene to Carmania; and as it was now winter, he put his men into winter quarters there."<ref>The Histories of Polybius, Book 11, 1889, p 78, by Friedrich Otto Hultsch, [[Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh]]</ref>|group=Note}} No other source except Polybius makes any reference to Sophagasenus.

==See also==
* [[Kamboja Kingdom]]
*[[Apraca|Apraca dynasty]]
*[[Bajaur casket]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{reflist|24em}}

==Sources==
* {{citation |last=Kosmin |first=Paul J. |authorlink=Paul J. Kosmin |title=The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-674-72882-0 }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan]]