AlvaJustice117 at 23:21, 15 March 2026

2026-03-15T23:21:43Z

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{{Short description|Rajput Muslim dynasty in Sindh}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = {{Lang-sd|{{Naskh|سومرن جو خاندان}}|soomran jo Khaandan}}
| conventional_long_name = Soomra dynasty
| common_name = Sindh, Balochistan, Gujarat
| status =
| year_start = 1026
| year_end = 1356 (Continued in exile until 1440 in [[Umerkot]])
| date_start =
| date_end =
| event_start = Soomra dynasty begins
| event_end = Soomra dynasty ends
| p1 = Habbari dynasty
| flag_p1 = Map_of_the_Habbarid_Emirate.png
| p2 =
| flag_p2 =
| s1 = Samma dynasty
| flag_s1 = Sindh EU4.jpg
| s2 =
| flag_s2 =
| image_flag =
| image_map = {{South Asia in 1175|center||{{Annotation|44|75|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|45px]]}}}}
| image_map_caption =
| religion = [[Shia]] [[Ismaili]]
| capital = Thari (in present-day [[Badin District]] in [[Sindh]])
| common_languages = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] (native language)<br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]] (liturgical language)
| government_type = Monarchy
| title_leader =
| leader1 =
| year_leader1 = 1026–1030
| leader2 =
| year_leader2 = 1333–1351<br>1351–1355 in exile
| footnotes =
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| today = [[Sindh]]
}}
{{History of Pakistan}}
The '''Soomra dynasty''' was a late medieval dynasty of [[Sindh]] ruled by the [[Soomro]] [[clan]] of [[Sindh]], and at times adjacent regions, located in what is now [[Pakistan]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=The Arab Conquest |journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |date=2007 |volume=36 |issue=1 |page=91 |quote=The Soomras are believed to be Parmar Rajputs found even today in Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Kutch and Sindh. The Cambridge History of India refers to the Soomras as "a Rajput dynasty the later members of which accepted Islam" (p. 54 ).}}</ref>

== Sources ==
The only extant source is the ''Diwan-i Farruhi'', a Persian chronicle by Abul-Hasan Ali describing [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]'s invasion (1025 AD) of [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansura]], the erstwhile capital of Sindh.<ref name=":1" /> Contemporary coinage from Sindh is scarce and of poor quality with offset flans — while some of them can be read to contain the name of [[Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah]] and [[Al-Mustansir Billah]], the Fatimid Caliphs from 1021 until 1094, then, they lack in the name of the issuer and cannot evidence the dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fishman |first=A. M. |title=The silver damma : on the mashas, daniqs, qanhari dirhams and other diminutive coins of India, 600-1100 CE |last2=Todd |first2=I. J. |publisher=IIRNS Publications |year=2018 |isbn=978-81-938291-0-3 |location=Mumbai, India |pages=176-184 |language=en |chapter=Uncertain Late Habbarid and Soomra Sindh ca. 1000-50 CE |oclc=1097788735}}</ref>

== History ==
===Establishment===
The early history of Soomras is sketchy. Ali describes the flight and eventual death by drowning of Hafif (var. Khafif), then-ruler of Sindh, during the faceoff with Mahmud but does not specify whether he was the last Habbarid or first Soomra.<ref name=":1" />{{efn|C. 1105, Isma'ilis of Multan had sought refuge in Masura during Ghazni's invasion of the city and reasons for his campaign(s) against Hafif are noted to be the flourishing river trade of Isma'ilis and his (Hafif's) alliance with Jats.}} Later chroniclers like [[Ali ibn al-Athir]] (c. late 12th c.) and [[Ibn Khaldun]] (c. late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument of Hafif being the last Habbarid.<ref name=":1" /> The Soomras appear to have established themselves as a regional power in this vacuum.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Collinet|first=Annabelle|title=Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=|isbn=978-0-19-547503-6|editor-last=Boivin|editor-first=Michel|location=Karachi|pages=9, 11, 113 (note 43)|language=en|chapter=Chronology of Sehwan Sharif through Ceramics (The Islamic Period)}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Boivin|first=Michel|title=Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=|isbn=978-0-19-547503-6|editor-last=Boivin|editor-first=Michel|location=Karachi|pages=30|language=en|chapter=Shivaite Cults And Sufi Centres: A Reappraisal Of The Medieval Legacy In Sindh}}</ref>

They have been retrospectively claimed to be [[Parmar|Parmar Rajputs]] but without proof.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_xtAAAAMAAJ&q=soomra+dynasty |title=History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages |date=2007 |publisher=Sang-e Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-2020-0 |pages=218 |language=en |quote=But as many kings of the dynasty bore Hindu names, it is almost certain that the Soomras were of local origin. Sometimes they are connected with Paramara Rajputs, but of this there is no definite proof.}}</ref> Some of them were adherents of [[Isma'ilism]] — Arab travelers held them to be [[Qarmatians]], and correspondence with the Fatimid caliph, [[Al-Mustansir Billah]] has been located.<ref name=":2" />

=== Territory ===
The [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]] and [[Ghaznavids]] continued to rule parts of Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth century, alongside Soomras.<ref name=":1" /> The precise delineations have yet to be discovered, but the Soomras were probably centered in lower Sindh.<ref name=":1" /> One of their kings Shimuddin Chamisar had submitted to [[Iltutmish]], the [[Sultan of Delhi]], and was allowed to continue as a vassal.<ref name="Ray2019">{{cite book |author=Aniruddha Ray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNSNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43 |title=The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture |date=4 March 2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-00-000729-9 |pages=43–}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Monarchs of Sindh]]
* [[Soomro]]
* [[Dodo Chanesar]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{History of Sindh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History of Sindh]]
[[Category:Medieval India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Pakistan|Sindh]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]]

Soomra dynasty - Revision history

AlvaJustice117 at 23:21, 15 March 2026

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article