Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet - Revision history

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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	~~{{Portal\|India\|Rocketry}}~~
	* [[Astra (missile)]]		* [[Astra (missile)]]
	* [[K-100 (missile)]]		* [[K-100 (missile)]]

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	{{short description\|Indian missile propulsion system}}		{{short description\|Indian missile propulsion system}}
	{{use dmy dates\|date=October ~~2022~~}}		{{use dmy dates\|date=October 2019}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2022}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2022}}
	{{Infobox weapon		{{Infobox weapon

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	\| origin = India		\| origin = India
	<!-- Type selection -->		<!-- Type selection -->
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	\| clearance =		\| clearance =
	\| fuel_capacity =		\| fuel_capacity =
	\| vehicle_range =		\| vehicle_range = 350 km
	\| speed =		\| speed = Mach 4.5
	\| guidance =		\| guidance =
	\| steering =		\| steering =
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	\| ceiling =		\| ceiling =
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	'''Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet''' ('''SFDR''') is a [[missile]] [[Propulsion\|propulsion system]] currently being developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] of India. The project aims to develop critical technologies required in the propulsion systems of future Indian [[Beyond-visual-range missile\|long range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/india/sfdr-missile-propulsion-system-successfully-tested/amp_articleshow/81350920.cms</ref>		'''Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet''' ('''SFDR''') is a [[missile]] [[Propulsion\|propulsion system]] currently being developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] of India. The project aims to develop critical technologies required in the propulsion systems of future Indian [[Beyond-visual-range missile\|long range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/sfdr-missile-propulsion-system-successfully-tested/amp_articleshow/81350920.cms\|title = SFDR missile propulsion system successfully tested \| India News - Times of India}}</ref>

	== Description ==		== Description ==
	The Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet is a missile [[Propulsion\|propulsion system]] that includes a thrust modulated [[Air-augmented rocket\|ducted rocket]] with a reduced smoke [[nozzle]]-less missile [[Booster (rocketry)\|booster]].<ref name=drdo>{{Cite journal\|date=2017\|title=DRDO Annual Report 2017\|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/ebooks/drdo-annual-report-2017/mobile/index.html#p=91\|journal=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]\|pages=79}}</ref> The thrust modulation in the system is achieved using a hot gas flow controller.<ref name="drdo" /> The system utilises a [[Solid-propellant rocket\|solid fuelled]] air-breathing [[ramjet]] engine.<ref name="pib2" /><ref name="thbl" /><ref name="et" /> ~~As of 2017, the~~ missile ~~system has~~ a range of ~~about 120 kilometres at an altitude of 8 kilometres, with a speed of 2~~.3-2.~~5 [[Mach number~~\|~~Mach]].~~<ref ~~name=drdo /~~> As per [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS), this kind of propulsion system drastically enhances the range with higher average speed. The missiles which use such system are also able to carry larger payload due to absence of an [[oxidiser]]. Unlike [[solid-propellant rocket]], the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Sarkar\|first=Shankhyaneel\|date=2021-03-05\|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology in a bid to develop long-range missiles\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-successfully-tests-sfdr-technology-in-a-bid-to-develop-long-range-missiles-101614947414299.html\|url-status=live\|access-date=2021-03-05\|website=Hindustan Times\|language=en}}</ref><ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/\|title=DRDO's Project SFDR proves that solid propellants are here to stay\|website=FORCE India\|language=en-US\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529050829/http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/\|archive-date=29 May 2018\|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref>		The Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet is a missile [[Propulsion\|propulsion system]] that includes a thrust modulated [[Air-augmented rocket\|ducted rocket]] with a reduced smoke [[nozzle]]-less missile [[Booster (rocketry)\|booster]].<ref name=drdo>{{Cite journal\|date=2017\|title=DRDO Annual Report 2017\|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/ebooks/drdo-annual-report-2017/mobile/index.html#p=91\|journal=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]\|pages=79}}</ref> The thrust modulation in the system is achieved using a hot gas flow controller.<ref name="drdo" /> The system utilises a [[Solid-propellant rocket\|solid fuelled]] air-breathing [[ramjet]] engine.<ref name="pib2" /><ref name="thbl" /><ref name="et" /> It is an extremely long-range missile with a projected range of 350 km.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Shukla\|first=Ajai\|date=2021-03-05\|title=DRDO joins exclusive club after long-range air-to-air missile test\|work=Business Standard India\|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/drdo-joins-exclusive-club-after-long-range-air-to-air-missile-test-121030501399_1.html\|access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref> As per [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS), this kind of propulsion system drastically enhances the range with higher average speed. The missiles which use such system are also able to carry larger payload due to absence of an [[oxidiser]]. Unlike [[solid-propellant rocket]], the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Sarkar\|first=Shankhyaneel\|date=2021-03-05\|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology in a bid to develop long-range missiles\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-successfully-tests-sfdr-technology-in-a-bid-to-develop-long-range-missiles-101614947414299.html\|url-status=live\|access-date=2021-03-05\|website=Hindustan Times\|language=en}}</ref><ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/\|title=DRDO's Project SFDR proves that solid propellants are here to stay\|website=FORCE India\|language=en-US\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529050829/http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/\|archive-date=29 May 2018\|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref>

	Officially, the technology is being developed to power future Indian [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="pib2" /> However, the technology can also be applied to [[surface-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="et" />		Officially, the technology is being developed to power future Indian [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="pib2" /> However, the technology can also be applied to [[surface-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="et" />

	In its current form, the SFDR-based missile first requires to be boosted into a high-altitude trajectory to simulate aircraft-launch conditions. Subsequently, the nozzle-less booster fires up and guides the missile through its desired trajectory.<ref name="pib2" />		In its current form, the SFDR-based missile first requires to be boosted into a high-altitude trajectory to simulate aircraft-launch conditions. Subsequently, the nozzle-less booster fires up and guides the missile through its desired trajectory.<ref name="pib2" />

	== Development ==		== Development ==
	The development of the SFDR started in 2013 and envisaged a five-year deadline to begin actual demonstrations.<ref name=thbl>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/india-successfully-tests-solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-propelled-missile/article26230574.ece\|title=India successfully tests Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet propelled missile\|last=Somasekhar\|first=M.\|date=10 February 2019\|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]\|language=en\|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> The missile is being developed primarily by the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) and [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI) in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="thbl" /> [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory\|High Energy Material Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) developed the nozzle-less booster while the ramjet engine is being developed with Russian assistance.<ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Kulkarni\|first=Sushant\|date=2021-03-05\|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology for missiles\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/drdo-successfully-tests-ramjet-technology-to-help-develop-long-range-missiles-7215607/\|url-status=live\|access-date=2021-03-05\|website=The Indian Express\|language=en}}</ref> Ground-based testing of the missile started in 2017.<ref name="drdo" />		The development of the SFDR started in 2013 and envisaged a five-year deadline to begin actual demonstrations.<ref name=thbl>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/india-successfully-tests-solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-propelled-missile/article26230574.ece\|title=India successfully tests Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet propelled missile\|last=Somasekhar\|first=M.\|date=10 February 2019\|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]\|language=en\|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> The missile is being developed primarily by the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) and [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI) in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="thbl" /> [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory\|High Energy Material Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) developed the nozzle-less booster while the ramjet engine is being developed with Russian assistance.<ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Kulkarni\|first=Sushant\|date=2021-03-05\|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology for missiles\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/drdo-successfully-tests-ramjet-technology-to-help-develop-long-range-missiles-7215607/\|url-status=live\|access-date=2021-03-05\|website=The Indian Express\|language=en}}</ref> Ground-based testing of the missile started in 2017.<ref name="drdo" />

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{{short description|Indian missile propulsion system}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet
| image = File:Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) missile being tested on 8 February 2019.jpg
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption = SFDR based missile during its second flight
| type = Missile Propulsion System
| origin = India

| is_ranged =
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| is_missile = yes
| is_UK =

| service =
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| wars =

| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organization]]
| design_date =
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| ref = <ref name=pib2 /><ref name=drdo />
}}

'''Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet''' ('''SFDR''') is a [[missile]] [[Propulsion|propulsion system]] currently being developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] of India. The project aims to develop critical technologies required in the propulsion systems of future Indian [[Beyond-visual-range missile|long range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/india/sfdr-missile-propulsion-system-successfully-tested/amp_articleshow/81350920.cms</ref>

== Description ==
The Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet is a missile [[Propulsion|propulsion system]] that includes a thrust modulated [[Air-augmented rocket|ducted rocket]] with a reduced smoke [[nozzle]]-less missile [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]].<ref name=drdo>{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=DRDO Annual Report 2017|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/ebooks/drdo-annual-report-2017/mobile/index.html#p=91|journal=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|pages=79}}</ref> The thrust modulation in the system is achieved using a hot gas flow controller.<ref name="drdo" /> The system utilises a [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid fuelled]] air-breathing [[ramjet]] engine.<ref name="pib2" /><ref name="thbl" /><ref name="et" /> As of 2017, the missile system has a range of about 120 kilometres at an altitude of 8 kilometres, with a speed of 2.3-2.5 [[Mach number|Mach]].<ref name=drdo /> As per [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS), this kind of propulsion system drastically enhances the range with higher average speed. The missiles which use such system are also able to carry larger payload due to absence of an [[oxidiser]]. Unlike [[solid-propellant rocket]], the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Shankhyaneel|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology in a bid to develop long-range missiles|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-successfully-tests-sfdr-technology-in-a-bid-to-develop-long-range-missiles-101614947414299.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|title=DRDO's Project SFDR proves that solid propellants are here to stay|website=FORCE India|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529050829/http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|archive-date=29 May 2018|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref>

Officially, the technology is being developed to power future Indian [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="pib2" /> However, the technology can also be applied to [[surface-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="et" />

In its current form, the SFDR-based missile first requires to be boosted into a high-altitude trajectory to simulate aircraft-launch conditions. Subsequently, the nozzle-less booster fires up and guides the missile through its desired trajectory.<ref name="pib2" />

== Development ==
The development of the SFDR started in 2013 and envisaged a five-year deadline to begin actual demonstrations.<ref name=thbl>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/india-successfully-tests-solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-propelled-missile/article26230574.ece|title=India successfully tests Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet propelled missile|last=Somasekhar|first=M.|date=10 February 2019|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|language=en|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> The missile is being developed primarily by the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) and [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI) in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="thbl" /> [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory|High Energy Material Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) developed the nozzle-less booster while the ramjet engine is being developed with Russian assistance.<ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kulkarni|first=Sushant|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology for missiles|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/drdo-successfully-tests-ramjet-technology-to-help-develop-long-range-missiles-7215607/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Ground-based testing of the missile started in 2017.<ref name="drdo" />

=== Testing ===

* SFDR was tested for the first time on 30 May 2018. This test demonstrated a nozzle-less booster for the first time in India.<ref name=pib1>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179682|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=31 May 2018|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> ''[[The Economic Times]]'' reported that the missile had failed to activate the second [[ramjet]] engine stage during the test.<ref name="et">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-tastes-only-partial-success-in-ramjet-test/articleshow/64423073.cms|title=India tastes only partial success in Ramjet test|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2018-06-02|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref>
*The second test of the missile occurred on 8 February 2019, where its ramjet engine was successfully tested. The missile finally touched the ground after achieving the desired [[Mach number]].<ref name=pib2>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=188278|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=8 February 2019|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref>
* DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology in Odisha's Chandipur on 5 March 2021. "All subsystems, including the ground booster motor, performed as per our expectations," DRDO officials said.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/drdo-conducts-successful-flight-test-of-solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-technology-in-odisha-chandipur/728485|title=DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology in Odisha's Chandipur|date=5 March 2021|website=[[Times Now]]|access-date=2021-03-05}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Astra (missile)]]
* [[K-100 (missile)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|DRDO Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet}}

[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Air-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Guided missiles of India]]