Social justice - Revision history

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	* Michael J. Thompson, ''[https://www.academia.edu/214008/The_Limits_of_Liberalism_A_Republican_Theory_of_Social_Justice The Limits of Liberalism: A Republican Theory of Social Justice]'' (International Journal of Ethics: vol. 7, no. 3 (2011)		* Michael J. Thompson, ''[https://www.academia.edu/214008/The_Limits_of_Liberalism_A_Republican_Theory_of_Social_Justice The Limits of Liberalism: A Republican Theory of Social Justice]'' (International Journal of Ethics: vol. 7, no. 3 (2011)

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	{{short description\|Concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society}}		{{short description\|Concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society}}
	{{for2\|the early-20th-century periodical\|[[Social Justice (periodical)]]\|the academic journal established in 1974\|[[Social Justice (journal)]]}}		{{for2\|the early-20th-century periodical\|[[Social Justice (periodical)]]\|the academic journal established in 1974\|[[Social Justice (journal)]]}}
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	{{for2\|the early-20th-century periodical\|[[Social Justice (periodical)]]\|the academic journal established in 1974\|[[Social Justice (journal)]]}}		{{for2\|the early-20th-century periodical\|[[Social Justice (periodical)]]\|the academic journal established in 1974\|[[Social Justice (journal)]]}}
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	'''Social justice''' is the relation of balance between [[individual]]s and [[society]] measured by comparing [[distribution of wealth]] differences, from [[Liberty\|personal liberties]] to [[Privilege (social inequality)\|fair privilege]] [[Equal opportunity\|opportunities]]. In [[Western Civilization\|Western]] as well as in older [[Culture of Asia\|Asian cultures]], the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their [[Role theory\|societal roles]] and receive what was their due from society.<ref>[[Aristotle]], ''[[The Politics]]'' (ca 350 BC)</ref><ref name="Augustine">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8djVCRFoyQTZYS0k \|title = "Augustine on Justice," a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice \|publisher = Lexington Books \|author = Clark, Mary T. \|year = 2015 \|pages = 3–10 \|isbn = 978-1-4985-0918-3 }}</ref><ref name="Global Dynamics">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8eXZMWHU3ckpQVUk \|title = Social Justice, Global Dynamics : Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives \|publisher = Taylor and Francis \|author1 = Banai, Ayelet \|author2 = Ronzoni, Miriam \|author3 = Schemmel, Christian \|year = 2011 \|location = Florence \|isbn = 978-0-203-81929-6 }}</ref> In the current global [[grassroots]] movements for social justice, the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for [[social mobility]], the creation of [[Social safety net\|safety nets]] and [[Economic inequality\|economic justice]].<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8V3hpa0V1ekFQZms \|title = Seeking Social Justice Through Globalization Escaping a Nationalist Perspective \|publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press \|author = Kitching, G. N. \|year = 2001 \|location = University Park, Pa \|pages = 3–10 \|isbn = 978-0-271-02377-9 }}</ref><ref name="Globalization and Social Justice">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8R2tWbXFmelhzVDA \|title = Globalization and Social Justice \|author = Hillman, Arye L. \|journal = The Singapore Economic Review \|year = 2008 \|volume = 53 \|issue = 2 \|pages = 173–189 \|doi=10.1142/s0217590808002896}}</ref><ref name="The Question of Social Justice">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8Qm8zcHRRQ0xFN2c \|title = Globalization and the Question of Social Justice \|author = Agartan, Kaan \|journal = Sociology Compass \|year = 2014 \|volume = 8 \|issue = 6 \|pages = 903–915 \|doi = 10.1111/soc4.12162 }}</ref><ref name="A propositional political approach">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MTk1Qkp2b0ZaNDg \|title = Globalization Development and Social Justice : A propositional political approach \|publisher = Taylor and Francis \|author = El Khoury, Ann \|year = 2015 \|location = Florence \|pages = 1–20 \|isbn = 978-1-317-50480-1 }}</ref><ref name="Movements in Time">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MWpSSGRWUllXTEE \|title = Movements in Time Revolution, Social Justice, and Times of Change \|publisher = Cambridge Scholars Pub \|author1 = Lawrence, Cecile \|author2 = Natalie Churn \|name-list-style = amp \|year = 2012 \|location = Newcastle upon Tyne, UK \|pages = xi–xv \|isbn = 978-1-4438-4552-6 }}</ref> Social justice assigns rights and duties in the [[institution]]s of society, which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation. The relevant institutions often include [[taxation]], [[social insurance]], [[public health]], [[State school\|public school]], [[public services]], [[labor law]] and [[regulation]] of [[Market (economics)\|markets]], to ensure [[Fairness (disambiguation)\|fair]] [[distribution of wealth]], and [[equal opportunity]].<ref>John Rawls, ''A Theory of Justice'' (1971) 4, "the principles of social justice: they provide a way of assigning rights and duties in the basic institutions of society and they define the appropriate distribution of benefits and burdens of social co-operation."</ref>		'''Social justice''' is the relation of balance between [[individual]]s and [[society]] measured by comparing [[distribution of wealth]] differences, from [[Liberty\|personal liberties]] to [[Privilege (social inequality)\|fair privilege]] [[Equal opportunity\|opportunities]]. In [[Western Civilization\|Western]] as well as in older [[Culture of Asia\|Asian cultures]], the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their [[Role theory\|societal roles]] and receive what was their due from society.<ref>[[Aristotle]], ''[[The Politics]]'' (ca 350 BC)</ref><ref name="Augustine">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8djVCRFoyQTZYS0k \|title = "Augustine on Justice," a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice \|publisher = Lexington Books \|author = Clark, Mary T. \|year = 2015 \|pages = 3–10 \|isbn = 978-1-4985-0918-3 }}</ref><ref name="Global Dynamics">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8eXZMWHU3ckpQVUk \|title = Social Justice, Global Dynamics : Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives \|publisher = Taylor and Francis \|author1 = Banai, Ayelet \|author2 = Ronzoni, Miriam \|author3 = Schemmel, Christian \|year = 2011 \|location = Florence \|isbn = 978-0-203-81929-6 }}</ref> In the current global [[grassroots]] movements for social justice, the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for [[social mobility]], the creation of [[Social safety net\|safety nets]] and [[Economic inequality\|economic justice]].<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8V3hpa0V1ekFQZms \|title = Seeking Social Justice Through Globalization Escaping a Nationalist Perspective \|publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press \|author = Kitching, G. N. \|year = 2001 \|location = University Park, Pa \|pages = 3–10 \|isbn = 978-0-271-02377-9 }}</ref><ref name="Globalization and Social Justice">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8R2tWbXFmelhzVDA \|title = Globalization and Social Justice \|author = Hillman, Arye L. \|journal = The Singapore Economic Review \|year = 2008 \|volume = 53 \|issue = 2 \|pages = 173–189 \|doi=10.1142/s0217590808002896}}</ref><ref name="The Question of Social Justice">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8Qm8zcHRRQ0xFN2c \|title = Globalization and the Question of Social Justice \|author = Agartan, Kaan \|journal = Sociology Compass \|year = 2014 \|volume = 8 \|issue = 6 \|pages = 903–915 \|doi = 10.1111/soc4.12162 }}</ref><ref name="A propositional political approach">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MTk1Qkp2b0ZaNDg \|title = Globalization Development and Social Justice : A propositional political approach \|publisher = Taylor and Francis \|author = El Khoury, Ann \|year = 2015 \|location = Florence \|pages = 1–20 \|isbn = 978-1-317-50480-1 }}</ref><ref name="Movements in Time">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MWpSSGRWUllXTEE \|title = Movements in Time Revolution, Social Justice, and Times of Change \|publisher = Cambridge Scholars Pub \|author1 = Lawrence, Cecile \|author2 = Natalie Churn \|name-list-style = amp \|year = 2012 \|location = Newcastle upon Tyne, UK \|pages = xi–xv \|isbn = 978-1-4438-4552-6 }}</ref> Social justice assigns rights and duties in the [[institution]]s of society, which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation. The relevant institutions often include [[taxation]], [[social insurance]], [[public health]], [[State school\|public school]], [[public services]], [[labor law]] and [[regulation]] of [[Market (economics)\|markets]], to ensure [[Fairness (disambiguation)\|fair]] [[distribution of wealth]], and [[equal opportunity]].<ref>John Rawls, ''A Theory of Justice'' (1971) 4, "the principles of social justice: they provide a way of assigning rights and duties in the basic institutions of society and they define the appropriate distribution of benefits and burdens of social co-operation."</ref>

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	'''Social justice''' is the relation of balance between [[~~Individual\|individuals~~]] and [[society]] measured by comparing [[distribution of wealth]] differences, from [[Liberty\|personal liberties]] to [[Privilege (social inequality)\|fair privilege]] [[Equal opportunity\|opportunities]]. In [[Western Civilization\|Western]] as well as in older [[Culture of Asia\|Asian cultures]], the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their [[Role theory\|societal roles]] and receive what was their due from society.<ref>[[Aristotle]], ''[[The Politics]]'' (ca 350 BC)</ref><ref name="Augustine">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8djVCRFoyQTZYS0k \|title = "Augustine on Justice," a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice \|publisher = Lexington Books \|author = Clark, Mary T. \|year = 2015 \|pages = 3–10 \|isbn = 978-1-4985-0918-3 }}</ref><ref name="Global Dynamics">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8eXZMWHU3ckpQVUk \|title = Social Justice, Global Dynamics : Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives \|publisher = Taylor and Francis \|author1 = Banai, Ayelet \|author2 = Ronzoni, Miriam \|author3 = Schemmel, Christian \|year = 2011 \|location = Florence \|isbn = 978-0-203-81929-6 }}</ref> In the current global [[grassroots]] movements for social justice, the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for [[social mobility]], the creation of [[Social safety net\|safety nets]] and [[Economic inequality\|economic justice]].<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8V3hpa0V1ekFQZms \|title = Seeking Social Justice Through Globalization Escaping a Nationalist Perspective \|publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press \|author = Kitching, G. N. \|year = 2001 \|location = University Park, Pa \|pages = 3–10 \|isbn = 978-0-271-02377-9 }}</ref><ref name="Globalization and Social Justice">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8R2tWbXFmelhzVDA \|title = Globalization and Social Justice \|author = Hillman, Arye L. \|journal = The Singapore Economic Review \|year = 2008 \|volume = 53 \|issue = 2 \|pages = 173–189 \|doi=10.1142/s0217590808002896}}</ref><ref name="The Question of Social Justice">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8Qm8zcHRRQ0xFN2c \|title = Globalization and the Question of Social Justice \|author = Agartan, Kaan \|journal = Sociology Compass \|year = 2014 \|volume = 8 \|issue = 6 \|pages = 903–915 \|doi = 10.1111/soc4.12162 }}</ref><ref name="A propositional political approach">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MTk1Qkp2b0ZaNDg \|title = Globalization Development and Social Justice : A propositional political approach \|publisher = Taylor and Francis \|author = El Khoury, Ann \|year = 2015 \|location = Florence \|pages = 1–20 \|isbn = 978-1-317-50480-1 }}</ref><ref name="Movements in Time">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MWpSSGRWUllXTEE \|title = Movements in Time Revolution, Social Justice, and Times of Change \|publisher = Cambridge Scholars Pub \|author1 = Lawrence, Cecile \|author2 = Natalie Churn \|name-list-style = amp \|year = 2012 \|location = Newcastle upon Tyne, UK \|pages = xi–xv \|isbn = 978-1-4438-4552-6 }}</ref> Social justice assigns rights and duties in the [[institution]]s of society, which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation. The relevant institutions often include [[taxation]], [[social insurance]], [[public health]], [[State school\|public school]], [[public services]], [[labor law]] and [[regulation]] of [[Market (economics)\|markets]], to ensure [[Fairness (disambiguation)\|fair]] [[distribution of wealth]], and [[equal opportunity]].<ref>John Rawls, ''A Theory of Justice'' (1971) 4, "the principles of social justice: they provide a way of assigning rights and duties in the basic institutions of society and they define the appropriate distribution of benefits and burdens of social co-operation."</ref>		'''Social justice''' is the relation of balance between [[individual]]s and [[society]] measured by comparing [[distribution of wealth]] differences, from [[Liberty\|personal liberties]] to [[Privilege (social inequality)\|fair privilege]] [[Equal opportunity\|opportunities]]. In [[Western Civilization\|Western]] as well as in older [[Culture of Asia\|Asian cultures]], the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their [[Role theory\|societal roles]] and receive what was their due from society.<ref>[[Aristotle]], ''[[The Politics]]'' (ca 350 BC)</ref><ref name="Augustine">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8djVCRFoyQTZYS0k \|title = "Augustine on Justice," a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice \|publisher = Lexington Books \|author = Clark, Mary T. \|year = 2015 \|pages = 3–10 \|isbn = 978-1-4985-0918-3 }}</ref><ref name="Global Dynamics">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8eXZMWHU3ckpQVUk \|title = Social Justice, Global Dynamics : Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives \|publisher = Taylor and Francis \|author1 = Banai, Ayelet \|author2 = Ronzoni, Miriam \|author3 = Schemmel, Christian \|year = 2011 \|location = Florence \|isbn = 978-0-203-81929-6 }}</ref> In the current global [[grassroots]] movements for social justice, the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for [[social mobility]], the creation of [[Social safety net\|safety nets]] and [[Economic inequality\|economic justice]].<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8V3hpa0V1ekFQZms \|title = Seeking Social Justice Through Globalization Escaping a Nationalist Perspective \|publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press \|author = Kitching, G. N. \|year = 2001 \|location = University Park, Pa \|pages = 3–10 \|isbn = 978-0-271-02377-9 }}</ref><ref name="Globalization and Social Justice">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8R2tWbXFmelhzVDA \|title = Globalization and Social Justice \|author = Hillman, Arye L. \|journal = The Singapore Economic Review \|year = 2008 \|volume = 53 \|issue = 2 \|pages = 173–189 \|doi=10.1142/s0217590808002896}}</ref><ref name="The Question of Social Justice">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8Qm8zcHRRQ0xFN2c \|title = Globalization and the Question of Social Justice \|author = Agartan, Kaan \|journal = Sociology Compass \|year = 2014 \|volume = 8 \|issue = 6 \|pages = 903–915 \|doi = 10.1111/soc4.12162 }}</ref><ref name="A propositional political approach">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MTk1Qkp2b0ZaNDg \|title = Globalization Development and Social Justice : A propositional political approach \|publisher = Taylor and Francis \|author = El Khoury, Ann \|year = 2015 \|location = Florence \|pages = 1–20 \|isbn = 978-1-317-50480-1 }}</ref><ref name="Movements in Time">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MWpSSGRWUllXTEE \|title = Movements in Time Revolution, Social Justice, and Times of Change \|publisher = Cambridge Scholars Pub \|author1 = Lawrence, Cecile \|author2 = Natalie Churn \|name-list-style = amp \|year = 2012 \|location = Newcastle upon Tyne, UK \|pages = xi–xv \|isbn = 978-1-4438-4552-6 }}</ref> Social justice assigns rights and duties in the [[institution]]s of society, which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation. The relevant institutions often include [[taxation]], [[social insurance]], [[public health]], [[State school\|public school]], [[public services]], [[labor law]] and [[regulation]] of [[Market (economics)\|markets]], to ensure [[Fairness (disambiguation)\|fair]] [[distribution of wealth]], and [[equal opportunity]].<ref>John Rawls, ''A Theory of Justice'' (1971) 4, "the principles of social justice: they provide a way of assigning rights and duties in the basic institutions of society and they define the appropriate distribution of benefits and burdens of social co-operation."</ref>

	Interpretations that relate justice to a [[Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)\|reciprocal relationship]] to society are mediated by differences in cultural traditions, some of which emphasize the individual responsibility toward society and others the equilibrium between access to power and its responsible use.<ref>{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8cTlPd2dzZ3d3TG8 \|title = The Antecedents of Help Giving in Chinese Culture: Attribution, Judgment of Responsibility, Expectation Change and the Reaction of Affect \|author1 = Aiqing Zhang \|author2 = Feifei Xia \|author3 = Chengwei Li \|journal = Social Behavior and Personality \|year = 2007 \|volume = 35 \|issue = 1 \|pages = 135–142 \|doi=10.2224/sbp.2007.35.1.135}}</ref> Hence, social justice is invoked today while reinterpreting historical figures such as [[Bartolomé de las Casas]], in philosophical debates about differences among human beings, in efforts for gender, ethnic, and [[social equality]], for advocating justice for [[Emigration\|migrants]], prisoners, the [[environmental justice\|environment]], and the physically and developmentally [[Disability\|disabled]].<ref name="Human Nature">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MWRYV0xVUzNlRlU \|title = Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference : Race in Early Modern Philosophy \|publisher = Princeton University Press \|author = Smith, Justin E. H. \|year = 2015 \|page = 17 \|isbn = 978-1-4008-6631-1 }}</ref><ref name="Migration, Gender and Social Justice">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8RGJGb0RiZEc0NzA \|title = Migration, Gender and Social Justice: Perspectives on Human Insecurity \|publisher = Springer \|author = Trương, Thanh-Đạm \|year = 2013 \|pages = 3–26 \|isbn = 978-3-642-28012-2 }}</ref><ref name="We Cannot Clap">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8bERZaWVUVGRPLTA \|title = We Cannot Clap with One Hand: Global Socio–Political Differences in Social Support for People with Visual Impairment \|author = Teklu, Abebe Abay \|journal = International Journal of Ethiopian Studies \|year = 2010 \|volume = 5 \|issue = 1 \|pages = 93–105 }}</ref>		Interpretations that relate justice to a [[Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)\|reciprocal relationship]] to society are mediated by differences in cultural traditions, some of which emphasize the individual responsibility toward society and others the equilibrium between access to power and its responsible use.<ref>{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8cTlPd2dzZ3d3TG8 \|title = The Antecedents of Help Giving in Chinese Culture: Attribution, Judgment of Responsibility, Expectation Change and the Reaction of Affect \|author1 = Aiqing Zhang \|author2 = Feifei Xia \|author3 = Chengwei Li \|journal = Social Behavior and Personality \|year = 2007 \|volume = 35 \|issue = 1 \|pages = 135–142 \|doi=10.2224/sbp.2007.35.1.135}}</ref> Hence, social justice is invoked today while reinterpreting historical figures such as [[Bartolomé de las Casas]], in philosophical debates about differences among human beings, in efforts for gender, ethnic, and [[social equality]], for advocating justice for [[Emigration\|migrants]], prisoners, the [[environmental justice\|environment]], and the physically and developmentally [[Disability\|disabled]].<ref name="Human Nature">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MWRYV0xVUzNlRlU \|title = Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference : Race in Early Modern Philosophy \|publisher = Princeton University Press \|author = Smith, Justin E. H. \|year = 2015 \|page = 17 \|isbn = 978-1-4008-6631-1 }}</ref><ref name="Migration, Gender and Social Justice">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8RGJGb0RiZEc0NzA \|title = Migration, Gender and Social Justice: Perspectives on Human Insecurity \|publisher = Springer \|author = Trương, Thanh-Đạm \|year = 2013 \|pages = 3–26 \|isbn = 978-3-642-28012-2 }}</ref><ref name="We Cannot Clap">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8bERZaWVUVGRPLTA \|title = We Cannot Clap with One Hand: Global Socio–Political Differences in Social Support for People with Visual Impairment \|author = Teklu, Abebe Abay \|journal = International Journal of Ethiopian Studies \|year = 2010 \|volume = 5 \|issue = 1 \|pages = 93–105 }}</ref>

	While concepts of social justice can be found in classical and Christian philosophical sources, from Plato and Aristotle to Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas, the term “social justice” finds its earliest uses in the late ~~18<sup>th</sup>~~ century—albeit with unclear theoretical or practical meanings.<ref>J. Zajda, S. Majhanovich, V. Rust, ''Education and Social Justice'', 2006, [[ISBN (identifier)\|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/1-4020-4721-5\|1-4020-4721-5]]</ref><ref>Clark, Mary T. (2015). ''"Augustine on Justice," a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice''. Lexington Books. pp. 3–10. [[ISBN (identifier)\|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-0918-3\|<bdi>978-1-4985-0918-3</bdi>]].</ref><ref>Paine, Thomas. ''Agrarian Justice''. Printed by R. Folwell, for Benjamin Franklin Bache.</ref> Thus the use of the term was early on subject to accusations of redundancy—are not all claims of justice “social”? – and of rhetorical flourish, perhaps, but not necessarily, related to amplifying one view of distributive justice.<ref name=":1">Behr, Thomas. ''Social Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought'' (Washington DC: Catholic University of American Press, December 2019).</ref> In the coining and definition of the term in the natural law social scientific treatise of Luigi Taparelli, SJ, in the early 1840’s,<ref>Luigi Taparelli, SJ, ''Saggio teoretico di dritto naturale appogiato sul fatto'' (Palermo: Antonio Muratori, 1840-43), Sections 341-364.</ref> Taparelli established the natural law principle that corresponded to the evangelical principle of brotherly love—i.e. social justice reflects the duty one has to one’s other self in the interdependent abstract unity of the human person in society.<ref>Behr, Thomas. ''Social Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought''(Washington DC: Catholic University of American Press, December 2019), pp. 149-154.</ref> After the Revolutions of 1848 the term was popularized generically through the writings of Antonio Rosmini-Serbati. <ref>Rosmini-Serbati, ''The Constitution under Social Justice.'' trans. A. Mingardi (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007).</ref><ref>Pérez-Garzón, Carlos Andrés (14 January 2018). "Unveiling the Meaning of Social Justice in Colombia". ''Mexican Law Review''. '''10''' (2): 27–66. [[ISSN (identifier)\|ISSN]] 2448-5306. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</ref>		While concepts of social justice can be found in classical and Christian philosophical sources, from Plato and Aristotle to Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas, the term “social justice” finds its earliest uses in the late 18th century—albeit with unclear theoretical or practical meanings.<ref>J. Zajda, S. Majhanovich, V. Rust, ''Education and Social Justice'', 2006, [[ISBN (identifier)\|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/1-4020-4721-5\|1-4020-4721-5]]</ref><ref>Clark, Mary T. (2015). ''"Augustine on Justice," a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice''. Lexington Books. pp. 3–10. [[ISBN (identifier)\|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-0918-3\|<bdi>978-1-4985-0918-3</bdi>]].</ref><ref>Paine, Thomas. ''Agrarian Justice''. Printed by R. Folwell, for Benjamin Franklin Bache.</ref> Thus the use of the term was early on subject to accusations of redundancy—are not all claims of justice “social”? – and of rhetorical flourish, perhaps, but not necessarily, related to amplifying one view of distributive justice.<ref name=":1">Behr, Thomas. ''Social Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought'' (Washington DC: Catholic University of American Press, December 2019).</ref> In the coining and definition of the term in the natural law social scientific treatise of Luigi Taparelli, SJ, in the early 1840’s,<ref>Luigi Taparelli, SJ, ''Saggio teoretico di dritto naturale appogiato sul fatto'' (Palermo: Antonio Muratori, 1840-43), Sections 341-364.</ref> Taparelli established the natural law principle that corresponded to the evangelical principle of brotherly love—i.e. social justice reflects the duty one has to one’s other self in the interdependent abstract unity of the human person in society.<ref>Behr, Thomas. ''Social Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought''(Washington DC: Catholic University of American Press, December 2019), pp. 149-154.</ref> After the Revolutions of 1848 the term was popularized generically through the writings of Antonio Rosmini-Serbati.<ref>Rosmini-Serbati, ''The Constitution under Social Justice.'' trans. A. Mingardi (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007).</ref><ref>Pérez-Garzón, Carlos Andrés (14 January 2018). "Unveiling the Meaning of Social Justice in Colombia". ''Mexican Law Review''. '''10''' (2): 27–66. [[ISSN (identifier)\|ISSN]] 2448-5306. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</ref>

	In the late industrial revolution, [[Progressive era\|progressive]] American legal scholars began to use the term more, particularly [[Louis Brandeis]] and [[Roscoe Pound]]. From the early 20th century it was also embedded in [[international law]] and institutions; the preamble to establish the [[International Labour Organization]] recalled that "universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice." In the later 20th century, social justice was made central to the philosophy of the [[social contract]], primarily by [[John Rawls]] in ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' (1971). In 1993, the [[Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action]] treats social justice as a purpose of [[human rights education]].<ref>[[s:Constitution of the International Labour Organization\|The Preamble of ILO Constitution]]</ref><ref>Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Part II, D.</ref>		In the late industrial revolution, [[Progressive era\|progressive]] American legal scholars began to use the term more, particularly [[Louis Brandeis]] and [[Roscoe Pound]]. From the early 20th century it was also embedded in [[international law]] and institutions; the preamble to establish the [[International Labour Organization]] recalled that "universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice." In the later 20th century, social justice was made central to the philosophy of the [[social contract]], primarily by [[John Rawls]] in ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' (1971). In 1993, the [[Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action]] treats social justice as a purpose of [[human rights education]].<ref>[[s:Constitution of the International Labour Organization\|The Preamble of ILO Constitution]]</ref><ref>Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Part II, D.</ref>

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	{{short description\|Concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society}}		{{short description\|Concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society}}
	{{for2\|the early-20th-century periodical\|[[Social Justice (periodical)]]\|the academic journal established in 1974\|[[Social Justice (journal)]]}}		{{for2\|the early-20th-century periodical\|[[Social Justice (periodical)]]\|the academic journal established in 1974\|[[Social Justice (journal)]]}}
	~~{{pp-pc1}}~~
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2021}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2021}}
	{{use American English\|date=April 2021}}		{{use American English\|date=April 2021}}

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	{{for2\|the early-20th-century periodical\|[[Social Justice (periodical)]]\|the academic journal established in 1974\|[[Social Justice (journal)]]}}		{{for2\|the early-20th-century periodical\|[[Social Justice (periodical)]]\|the academic journal established in 1974\|[[Social Justice (journal)]]}}
	{{pp-pc1}}		{{pp-pc1}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=~~November 2020~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2021}}
	{{use American English\|date=~~November 2017~~}}		{{use American English\|date=April 2021}}
	'''Social justice''' is the relation of balance between [[individual]]s and [[society]] measured by comparing [[distribution of wealth]] differences, from [[Liberty\|personal liberties]] to [[Privilege (social inequality)\|fair privilege]] [[Equal opportunity\|opportunities]]. In [[Western Civilization\|Western]] as well as in older [[Culture of Asia\|Asian cultures]], the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their [[Role theory\|societal roles]] and receive what was their due from society.<ref>[[Aristotle]], ''[[The Politics]]'' (ca 350 BC)</ref><ref name="Augustine">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8djVCRFoyQTZYS0k \|title = "Augustine on Justice," a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice \|publisher = Lexington Books \|author = Clark, Mary T. \|year = 2015 \|pages = 3–10 \|isbn = 978-1-4985-0918-3 }}</ref><ref name="Global Dynamics">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8eXZMWHU3ckpQVUk \|title = Social Justice, Global Dynamics : Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives \|publisher = Taylor and Francis \|author1 = Banai, Ayelet \|author2 = Ronzoni, Miriam \|author3 = Schemmel, Christian \|year = 2011 \|location = Florence \|isbn = 978-0-203-81929-6 }}</ref> In the current global [[grassroots]] movements for social justice, the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for [[social mobility]], the creation of [[Social safety net\|safety nets]] and [[Economic inequality\|economic justice]].<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8V3hpa0V1ekFQZms \|title = Seeking Social Justice Through Globalization Escaping a Nationalist Perspective \|publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press \|author = Kitching, G. N. \|year = 2001 \|location = University Park, Pa \|pages = 3–10 \|isbn = 978-0-271-02377-9 }}</ref><ref name="Globalization and Social Justice">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8R2tWbXFmelhzVDA \|title = Globalization and Social Justice \|author = Hillman, Arye L. \|journal = The Singapore Economic Review \|year = 2008 \|volume = 53 \|issue = 2 \|pages = 173–189 \|doi=10.1142/s0217590808002896}}</ref><ref name="The Question of Social Justice">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8Qm8zcHRRQ0xFN2c \|title = Globalization and the Question of Social Justice \|author = Agartan, Kaan \|journal = Sociology Compass \|year = 2014 \|volume = 8 \|issue = 6 \|pages = 903–915 \|doi = 10.1111/soc4.12162 }}</ref><ref name="A propositional political approach">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MTk1Qkp2b0ZaNDg \|title = Globalization Development and Social Justice : A propositional political approach \|publisher = Taylor and Francis \|author = El Khoury, Ann \|year = 2015 \|location = Florence \|pages = 1–20 \|isbn = 978-1-317-50480-1 }}</ref><ref name="Movements in Time">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MWpSSGRWUllXTEE \|title = Movements in Time Revolution, Social Justice, and Times of Change \|publisher = Cambridge Scholars Pub \|author1 = Lawrence, Cecile \|author2 = Natalie Churn \|name-list-style = amp \|year = 2012 \|location = Newcastle upon Tyne, UK \|pages = xi–xv \|isbn = 978-1-4438-4552-6 }}</ref> Social justice assigns rights and duties in the [[institution]]s of society, which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation. The relevant institutions often include [[taxation]], [[social insurance]], [[public health]], [[State school\|public school]], [[public services]], [[labor law]] and [[regulation]] of [[Market (economics)\|markets]], to ensure [[Fairness (disambiguation)\|fair]] [[distribution of wealth]], and [[equal opportunity]].<ref>John Rawls, ''A Theory of Justice'' (1971) 4, "the principles of social justice: they provide a way of assigning rights and duties in the basic institutions of society and they define the appropriate distribution of benefits and burdens of social co-operation."</ref>		'''Social justice''' is the relation of balance between [[individual]]s and [[society]] measured by comparing [[distribution of wealth]] differences, from [[Liberty\|personal liberties]] to [[Privilege (social inequality)\|fair privilege]] [[Equal opportunity\|opportunities]]. In [[Western Civilization\|Western]] as well as in older [[Culture of Asia\|Asian cultures]], the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their [[Role theory\|societal roles]] and receive what was their due from society.<ref>[[Aristotle]], ''[[The Politics]]'' (ca 350 BC)</ref><ref name="Augustine">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8djVCRFoyQTZYS0k \|title = "Augustine on Justice," a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice \|publisher = Lexington Books \|author = Clark, Mary T. \|year = 2015 \|pages = 3–10 \|isbn = 978-1-4985-0918-3 }}</ref><ref name="Global Dynamics">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8eXZMWHU3ckpQVUk \|title = Social Justice, Global Dynamics : Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives \|publisher = Taylor and Francis \|author1 = Banai, Ayelet \|author2 = Ronzoni, Miriam \|author3 = Schemmel, Christian \|year = 2011 \|location = Florence \|isbn = 978-0-203-81929-6 }}</ref> In the current global [[grassroots]] movements for social justice, the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for [[social mobility]], the creation of [[Social safety net\|safety nets]] and [[Economic inequality\|economic justice]].<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8V3hpa0V1ekFQZms \|title = Seeking Social Justice Through Globalization Escaping a Nationalist Perspective \|publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press \|author = Kitching, G. N. \|year = 2001 \|location = University Park, Pa \|pages = 3–10 \|isbn = 978-0-271-02377-9 }}</ref><ref name="Globalization and Social Justice">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8R2tWbXFmelhzVDA \|title = Globalization and Social Justice \|author = Hillman, Arye L. \|journal = The Singapore Economic Review \|year = 2008 \|volume = 53 \|issue = 2 \|pages = 173–189 \|doi=10.1142/s0217590808002896}}</ref><ref name="The Question of Social Justice">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8Qm8zcHRRQ0xFN2c \|title = Globalization and the Question of Social Justice \|author = Agartan, Kaan \|journal = Sociology Compass \|year = 2014 \|volume = 8 \|issue = 6 \|pages = 903–915 \|doi = 10.1111/soc4.12162 }}</ref><ref name="A propositional political approach">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MTk1Qkp2b0ZaNDg \|title = Globalization Development and Social Justice : A propositional political approach \|publisher = Taylor and Francis \|author = El Khoury, Ann \|year = 2015 \|location = Florence \|pages = 1–20 \|isbn = 978-1-317-50480-1 }}</ref><ref name="Movements in Time">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MWpSSGRWUllXTEE \|title = Movements in Time Revolution, Social Justice, and Times of Change \|publisher = Cambridge Scholars Pub \|author1 = Lawrence, Cecile \|author2 = Natalie Churn \|name-list-style = amp \|year = 2012 \|location = Newcastle upon Tyne, UK \|pages = xi–xv \|isbn = 978-1-4438-4552-6 }}</ref> Social justice assigns rights and duties in the [[institution]]s of society, which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation. The relevant institutions often include [[taxation]], [[social insurance]], [[public health]], [[State school\|public school]], [[public services]], [[labor law]] and [[regulation]] of [[Market (economics)\|markets]], to ensure [[Fairness (disambiguation)\|fair]] [[distribution of wealth]], and [[equal opportunity]].<ref>John Rawls, ''A Theory of Justice'' (1971) 4, "the principles of social justice: they provide a way of assigning rights and duties in the basic institutions of society and they define the appropriate distribution of benefits and burdens of social co-operation."</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:06, 12 April 2021
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2020}}
	{{use American English\|date=November 2017}}		{{use American English\|date=November 2017}}
	'''Social justice''' is the relation of balance between [[~~Individual\|individuals~~]] and [[society]] measured by comparing [[distribution of wealth]] differences, from [[Liberty\|personal liberties]] to [[Privilege (social inequality)\|fair privilege]] [[Equal opportunity\|opportunities]]. In [[Western Civilization\|Western]] as well as in older [[Culture of Asia\|Asian cultures]], the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their [[Role theory\|societal roles]] and receive what was their due from society.<ref>[[Aristotle]], ''[[The Politics]]'' (ca 350 BC)</ref><ref name="Augustine">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8djVCRFoyQTZYS0k \|title = "Augustine on Justice," a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice \|publisher = Lexington Books \|author = Clark, Mary T. \|year = 2015 \|pages = 3–10 \|isbn = 978-1-4985-0918-3 }}</ref><ref name="Global Dynamics">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8eXZMWHU3ckpQVUk \|title = Social Justice, Global Dynamics : Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives \|publisher = Taylor and Francis \|author1 = Banai, Ayelet \|author2 = Ronzoni, Miriam \|author3 = Schemmel, Christian \|year = 2011 \|location = Florence \|isbn = 978-0-203-81929-6 }}</ref> In the current global [[grassroots]] movements for social justice, the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for [[social mobility]], the creation of [[Social safety net\|safety nets]] and [[Economic inequality\|economic justice]].<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8V3hpa0V1ekFQZms \|title = Seeking Social Justice Through Globalization Escaping a Nationalist Perspective \|publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press \|author = Kitching, G. N. \|year = 2001 \|location = University Park, Pa \|pages = 3–10 \|isbn = 978-0-271-02377-9 }}</ref><ref name="Globalization and Social Justice">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8R2tWbXFmelhzVDA \|title = Globalization and Social Justice \|author = Hillman, Arye L. \|journal = The Singapore Economic Review \|year = 2008 \|volume = 53 \|issue = 2 \|pages = 173–189 \|doi=10.1142/s0217590808002896}}</ref><ref name="The Question of Social Justice">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8Qm8zcHRRQ0xFN2c \|title = Globalization and the Question of Social Justice \|author = Agartan, Kaan \|journal = Sociology Compass \|year = 2014 \|volume = 8 \|issue = 6 \|pages = 903–915 \|doi = 10.1111/soc4.12162 }}</ref><ref name="A propositional political approach">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MTk1Qkp2b0ZaNDg \|title = Globalization Development and Social Justice : A propositional political approach \|publisher = Taylor and Francis \|author = El Khoury, Ann \|year = 2015 \|location = Florence \|pages = 1–20 \|isbn = 978-1-317-50480-1 }}</ref><ref name="Movements in Time">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MWpSSGRWUllXTEE \|title = Movements in Time Revolution, Social Justice, and Times of Change \|publisher = Cambridge Scholars Pub \|author1 = Lawrence, Cecile \|author2 = Natalie Churn \|name-list-style = amp \|year = 2012 \|location = Newcastle upon Tyne, UK \|pages = xi–xv \|isbn = 978-1-4438-4552-6 }}</ref> Social justice assigns rights and duties in the [[institution]]s of society, which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation. The relevant institutions often include [[taxation]], [[social insurance]], [[public health]], [[State school\|public school]], [[public services]], [[labor law]] and [[regulation]] of [[Market (economics)\|markets]], to ensure [[Fairness (disambiguation)\|fair]] [[distribution of wealth]], and [[equal opportunity]].<ref>John Rawls, ''A Theory of Justice'' (1971) 4, "the principles of social justice: they provide a way of assigning rights and duties in the basic institutions of society and they define the appropriate distribution of benefits and burdens of social co-operation."</ref>		'''Social justice''' is the relation of balance between [[individual]]s and [[society]] measured by comparing [[distribution of wealth]] differences, from [[Liberty\|personal liberties]] to [[Privilege (social inequality)\|fair privilege]] [[Equal opportunity\|opportunities]]. In [[Western Civilization\|Western]] as well as in older [[Culture of Asia\|Asian cultures]], the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their [[Role theory\|societal roles]] and receive what was their due from society.<ref>[[Aristotle]], ''[[The Politics]]'' (ca 350 BC)</ref><ref name="Augustine">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8djVCRFoyQTZYS0k \|title = "Augustine on Justice," a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice \|publisher = Lexington Books \|author = Clark, Mary T. \|year = 2015 \|pages = 3–10 \|isbn = 978-1-4985-0918-3 }}</ref><ref name="Global Dynamics">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8eXZMWHU3ckpQVUk \|title = Social Justice, Global Dynamics : Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives \|publisher = Taylor and Francis \|author1 = Banai, Ayelet \|author2 = Ronzoni, Miriam \|author3 = Schemmel, Christian \|year = 2011 \|location = Florence \|isbn = 978-0-203-81929-6 }}</ref> In the current global [[grassroots]] movements for social justice, the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for [[social mobility]], the creation of [[Social safety net\|safety nets]] and [[Economic inequality\|economic justice]].<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8V3hpa0V1ekFQZms \|title = Seeking Social Justice Through Globalization Escaping a Nationalist Perspective \|publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press \|author = Kitching, G. N. \|year = 2001 \|location = University Park, Pa \|pages = 3–10 \|isbn = 978-0-271-02377-9 }}</ref><ref name="Globalization and Social Justice">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8R2tWbXFmelhzVDA \|title = Globalization and Social Justice \|author = Hillman, Arye L. \|journal = The Singapore Economic Review \|year = 2008 \|volume = 53 \|issue = 2 \|pages = 173–189 \|doi=10.1142/s0217590808002896}}</ref><ref name="The Question of Social Justice">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8Qm8zcHRRQ0xFN2c \|title = Globalization and the Question of Social Justice \|author = Agartan, Kaan \|journal = Sociology Compass \|year = 2014 \|volume = 8 \|issue = 6 \|pages = 903–915 \|doi = 10.1111/soc4.12162 }}</ref><ref name="A propositional political approach">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MTk1Qkp2b0ZaNDg \|title = Globalization Development and Social Justice : A propositional political approach \|publisher = Taylor and Francis \|author = El Khoury, Ann \|year = 2015 \|location = Florence \|pages = 1–20 \|isbn = 978-1-317-50480-1 }}</ref><ref name="Movements in Time">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MWpSSGRWUllXTEE \|title = Movements in Time Revolution, Social Justice, and Times of Change \|publisher = Cambridge Scholars Pub \|author1 = Lawrence, Cecile \|author2 = Natalie Churn \|name-list-style = amp \|year = 2012 \|location = Newcastle upon Tyne, UK \|pages = xi–xv \|isbn = 978-1-4438-4552-6 }}</ref> Social justice assigns rights and duties in the [[institution]]s of society, which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation. The relevant institutions often include [[taxation]], [[social insurance]], [[public health]], [[State school\|public school]], [[public services]], [[labor law]] and [[regulation]] of [[Market (economics)\|markets]], to ensure [[Fairness (disambiguation)\|fair]] [[distribution of wealth]], and [[equal opportunity]].<ref>John Rawls, ''A Theory of Justice'' (1971) 4, "the principles of social justice: they provide a way of assigning rights and duties in the basic institutions of society and they define the appropriate distribution of benefits and burdens of social co-operation."</ref>

	Interpretations that relate justice to a [[Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)\|reciprocal relationship]] to society are mediated by differences in cultural traditions, some of which emphasize the individual responsibility toward society and others the equilibrium between access to power and its responsible use.<ref>{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8cTlPd2dzZ3d3TG8 \|title = The Antecedents of Help Giving in Chinese Culture: Attribution, Judgment of Responsibility, Expectation Change and the Reaction of Affect \|author1 = Aiqing Zhang \|author2 = Feifei Xia \|author3 = Chengwei Li \|journal = Social Behavior and Personality \|year = 2007 \|volume = 35 \|issue = 1 \|pages = 135–142 \|doi=10.2224/sbp.2007.35.1.135}}</ref> Hence, social justice is invoked today while reinterpreting historical figures such as [[Bartolomé de las Casas]], in philosophical debates about differences among human beings, in efforts for gender, ethnic, and [[social equality]], for advocating justice for [[Emigration\|migrants]], prisoners, the [[environmental justice\|environment]], and the physically and developmentally [[Disability\|disabled]].<ref name="Human Nature">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MWRYV0xVUzNlRlU \|title = Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference : Race in Early Modern Philosophy \|publisher = Princeton University Press \|author = Smith, Justin E. H. \|year = 2015 \|page = 17 \|isbn = 978-1-4008-6631-1 }}</ref><ref name="Migration, Gender and Social Justice">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8RGJGb0RiZEc0NzA \|title = Migration, Gender and Social Justice: Perspectives on Human Insecurity \|publisher = Springer \|author = Trương, Thanh-Đạm \|year = 2013 \|pages = 3–26 \|isbn = 978-3-642-28012-2 }}</ref><ref name="We Cannot Clap">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8bERZaWVUVGRPLTA \|title = We Cannot Clap with One Hand: Global Socio–Political Differences in Social Support for People with Visual Impairment \|author = Teklu, Abebe Abay \|journal = International Journal of Ethiopian Studies \|year = 2010 \|volume = 5 \|issue = 1 \|pages = 93–105 }}</ref>		Interpretations that relate justice to a [[Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)\|reciprocal relationship]] to society are mediated by differences in cultural traditions, some of which emphasize the individual responsibility toward society and others the equilibrium between access to power and its responsible use.<ref>{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8cTlPd2dzZ3d3TG8 \|title = The Antecedents of Help Giving in Chinese Culture: Attribution, Judgment of Responsibility, Expectation Change and the Reaction of Affect \|author1 = Aiqing Zhang \|author2 = Feifei Xia \|author3 = Chengwei Li \|journal = Social Behavior and Personality \|year = 2007 \|volume = 35 \|issue = 1 \|pages = 135–142 \|doi=10.2224/sbp.2007.35.1.135}}</ref> Hence, social justice is invoked today while reinterpreting historical figures such as [[Bartolomé de las Casas]], in philosophical debates about differences among human beings, in efforts for gender, ethnic, and [[social equality]], for advocating justice for [[Emigration\|migrants]], prisoners, the [[environmental justice\|environment]], and the physically and developmentally [[Disability\|disabled]].<ref name="Human Nature">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8MWRYV0xVUzNlRlU \|title = Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference : Race in Early Modern Philosophy \|publisher = Princeton University Press \|author = Smith, Justin E. H. \|year = 2015 \|page = 17 \|isbn = 978-1-4008-6631-1 }}</ref><ref name="Migration, Gender and Social Justice">{{cite book \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8RGJGb0RiZEc0NzA \|title = Migration, Gender and Social Justice: Perspectives on Human Insecurity \|publisher = Springer \|author = Trương, Thanh-Đạm \|year = 2013 \|pages = 3–26 \|isbn = 978-3-642-28012-2 }}</ref><ref name="We Cannot Clap">{{cite journal \|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5cQDUWg9Kd8bERZaWVUVGRPLTA \|title = We Cannot Clap with One Hand: Global Socio–Political Differences in Social Support for People with Visual Impairment \|author = Teklu, Abebe Abay \|journal = International Journal of Ethiopian Studies \|year = 2010 \|volume = 5 \|issue = 1 \|pages = 93–105 }}</ref>

	While concepts of social justice can be found in classical and Christian philosophical sources, from Plato and Aristotle to Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas, the term “social justice” finds its earliest uses in the late ~~18<sup>th</sup>~~ century—albeit with unclear theoretical or practical meanings.<ref>J. Zajda, S. Majhanovich, V. Rust, ''Education and Social Justice'', 2006, [[ISBN (identifier)\|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/1-4020-4721-5\|1-4020-4721-5]]</ref><ref>Clark, Mary T. (2015). ''"Augustine on Justice," a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice''. Lexington Books. pp. 3–10. [[ISBN (identifier)\|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-0918-3\|<bdi>978-1-4985-0918-3</bdi>]].</ref><ref>Paine, Thomas. ''Agrarian Justice''. Printed by R. Folwell, for Benjamin Franklin Bache.</ref> Thus the use of the term was early on subject to accusations of redundancy—are not all claims of justice “social”? – and of rhetorical flourish, perhaps, but not necessarily, related to amplifying one view of distributive justice.<ref name=":1">Behr, Thomas. ''Social Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought'' (Washington DC: Catholic University of American Press, December 2019).</ref> In the coining and definition of the term in the natural law social scientific treatise of Luigi Taparelli, SJ, in the early 1840’s,<ref>Luigi Taparelli, SJ, ''Saggio teoretico di dritto naturale appogiato sul fatto'' (Palermo: Antonio Muratori, 1840-43), Sections 341-364.</ref> Taparelli established the natural law principle that corresponded to the evangelical principle of brotherly love—i.e. social justice reflects the duty one has to one’s other self in the interdependent abstract unity of the human person in society.<ref>Behr, Thomas. ''Social Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought''(Washington DC: Catholic University of American Press, December 2019), pp. 149-154.</ref> After the Revolutions of 1848 the term was popularized generically through the writings of Antonio Rosmini-Serbati. <ref>Rosmini-Serbati, ''The Constitution under Social Justice.'' trans. A. Mingardi (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007).</ref><ref>Pérez-Garzón, Carlos Andrés (14 January 2018). "Unveiling the Meaning of Social Justice in Colombia". ''Mexican Law Review''. '''10''' (2): 27–66. [[ISSN (identifier)\|ISSN]] 2448-5306. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</ref>		While concepts of social justice can be found in classical and Christian philosophical sources, from Plato and Aristotle to Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas, the term “social justice” finds its earliest uses in the late 18th century—albeit with unclear theoretical or practical meanings.<ref>J. Zajda, S. Majhanovich, V. Rust, ''Education and Social Justice'', 2006, [[ISBN (identifier)\|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/1-4020-4721-5\|1-4020-4721-5]]</ref><ref>Clark, Mary T. (2015). ''"Augustine on Justice," a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice''. Lexington Books. pp. 3–10. [[ISBN (identifier)\|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-0918-3\|<bdi>978-1-4985-0918-3</bdi>]].</ref><ref>Paine, Thomas. ''Agrarian Justice''. Printed by R. Folwell, for Benjamin Franklin Bache.</ref> Thus the use of the term was early on subject to accusations of redundancy—are not all claims of justice “social”? – and of rhetorical flourish, perhaps, but not necessarily, related to amplifying one view of distributive justice.<ref name=":1">Behr, Thomas. ''Social Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought'' (Washington DC: Catholic University of American Press, December 2019).</ref> In the coining and definition of the term in the natural law social scientific treatise of Luigi Taparelli, SJ, in the early 1840’s,<ref>Luigi Taparelli, SJ, ''Saggio teoretico di dritto naturale appogiato sul fatto'' (Palermo: Antonio Muratori, 1840-43), Sections 341-364.</ref> Taparelli established the natural law principle that corresponded to the evangelical principle of brotherly love—i.e. social justice reflects the duty one has to one’s other self in the interdependent abstract unity of the human person in society.<ref>Behr, Thomas. ''Social Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought''(Washington DC: Catholic University of American Press, December 2019), pp. 149-154.</ref> After the Revolutions of 1848 the term was popularized generically through the writings of Antonio Rosmini-Serbati.<ref>Rosmini-Serbati, ''The Constitution under Social Justice.'' trans. A. Mingardi (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007).</ref><ref>Pérez-Garzón, Carlos Andrés (14 January 2018). "Unveiling the Meaning of Social Justice in Colombia". ''Mexican Law Review''. '''10''' (2): 27–66. [[ISSN (identifier)\|ISSN]] 2448-5306. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</ref>

	In the late industrial revolution, [[Progressive era\|progressive]] American legal scholars began to use the term more, particularly [[Louis Brandeis]] and [[Roscoe Pound]]. From the early 20th century it was also embedded in [[international law]] and institutions; the preamble to establish the [[International Labour Organization]] recalled that "universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice." In the later 20th century, social justice was made central to the philosophy of the [[social contract]], primarily by [[John Rawls]] in ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' (1971). In 1993, the [[Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action]] treats social justice as a purpose of [[human rights education]].<ref>[[s:Constitution of the International Labour Organization\|The Preamble of ILO Constitution]]</ref><ref>Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Part II, D.</ref>		In the late industrial revolution, [[Progressive era\|progressive]] American legal scholars began to use the term more, particularly [[Louis Brandeis]] and [[Roscoe Pound]]. From the early 20th century it was also embedded in [[international law]] and institutions; the preamble to establish the [[International Labour Organization]] recalled that "universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice." In the later 20th century, social justice was made central to the philosophy of the [[social contract]], primarily by [[John Rawls]] in ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' (1971). In 1993, the [[Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action]] treats social justice as a purpose of [[human rights education]].<ref>[[s:Constitution of the International Labour Organization\|The Preamble of ILO Constitution]]</ref><ref>Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Part II, D.</ref>