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{{short description|Species of mammal}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Small Indian civet
| image = Small Indian Civet, Silchar, Assam, India.jpg
| image_caption = In [[Silchar]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Viverricula indica'' |author=Choudhury, A. |author2=Duckworth, J.W. |author3=Timmins, R. |author4=Chutipong, W. |author5=Willcox, D.H.A. |author6=Rahman, H. |author7=Ghimirey, Y. |author8=Mudappa, D. |date=2015 |page=e.T41710A45220632 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41710A45220632.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Viverricula
| parent_authority = [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1838
| species = indica
| authority = [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]], 1803
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = {{collapsible list
|''V. i. indica'' (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)
|''V. i. pallida'' ([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1831)
|''V. i. bengalensis'' (Gray and [[Thomas Hardwicke|Hardwicke]], 1832)
|''V. i. deserti'' ([[J. Lewis Bonhote|Bonhote]], 1898)
|''V. i. thai'' ([[Cecil Boden Kloss|Kloss]], 1919)
|''V. i. muriavensis'' (Sody, 1931)
|''V. i. mayori'' ([[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1933)
|''V. i. wellsi'' (Pocock, 1933)
|''V. i. baptistæ'' (Pocock, 1933)
}}
| range_map = Small Indian Civet area.png
| range_map_caption = Small Indian civet range (green - extant, pink - probably extant)
}}

The '''small Indian civet''' ('''''Viverricula indica''''') is a [[Viverridae|civet]] native to [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. It is listed as [[Least Concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] because of its widespread distribution, widespread habitat use and healthy populations living in agricultural and secondary landscapes of many range states.<ref name="iucn" />

This is the [[Monotypic taxon|only species]] in [[Genus (biology)|genus]] '''''Viverricula'''''.<ref name=Blanford>{{cite book |last1=Blanford |first1=W. T. |year=1888–91 |chapter=''Genus Viverricula Hodgson'' |pages=100–101 |title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia |location=London |publisher=Taylor and Francis |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalia00blan/mammalia00blan#page/100/mode/2up}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
The small Indian civet has a rather coarse fur that is brownish grey to pale yellowish brown, with usually several longitudinal black or brown bands on the back and longitudinal rows of spots on the sides. Usually there are five or six distinct bands on the back and four or five rows of spots on each side. Some have indistinct lines and spots, with the dorsal bands wanting. Generally there are two dark stripes from behind the ear to the shoulders, and often a third in front, crossing the throat. Its underfur is brown or grey, often grey on the upper parts of the body and brown on the lower. The grey hairs on the upper parts are often tipped with black. The head is grey or brownish grey, the chin often brown. The ears are short and rounded with a dusky mark behind each ear, and one in front of each eye. The feet are brown or black. Its tail has alternating black and whitish rings, seven to nine of each colour. It is {{convert|21|-|23|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on}} from head to body with a {{convert|15|-|17|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on}} long tapering tail.<ref name=Blanford/>

== Distribution and habitat ==
The Small Indian civet occurs in most of India, [[Sri Lanka]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], [[South Central China|south and central China]], and [[Taiwan]]. Recent records are not known in [[Bhutan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Peninsular Malaysia]], [[Java (island)|Java]] and [[Bali]], where it was historically recorded. Its current status in [[Singapore]] is unclear.<ref name=iucn />

In [[Nepal]]’s [[Chitwan National Park]], it is widely distributed in both [[grassland]]s and [[Sal (tree)|Sal]] (''Shorea robusta'') forest.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lamichhane |first1=B. R. |last2=Pokheral |first2=C. P. |last3=Khatiwada |first3=A. P. |last4=Mishra |first4=R. |last5=Subedi |first5=N. |year=2014 |title=A Yellow-throated Marten ''Martes flavigula'' carrying a Small Indian Civet ''Viverricula indica'' |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=51 |pages=46–50 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/46573639/Lamichhane_etal_2014_Yellow_Throated_Marten_Carrying_a_Small_Indian_Civet_SCC51.pdf}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In 2008, a small Indian civet was recorded for the first time in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]’s [[Dachigam National Park]]. This site was located at an altitude of {{convert|1770|m|ft|abbr=on}} in a [[riverine forest]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Charoo |first1=S. A. |last2=Sharma |first2=L. K. |last3=Sathyakumar |first3=S. |last4=Naqash |first4=R. Y. |year=2010 |title=First record of Small Indian Civet ''Viverricula indica'' in the Kashmir Himalaya, India |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=43 |pages=42–43 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265186675}}</ref>
In northeast [[India]], it was recorded up to an altitude of {{convert|2500|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Choudhury |first1=A. |year=2013 |title=The Mammals of North East India |location=Guwahati |publisher=Gibbon Books and the Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India |isbn=9789380652023}}</ref>
In [[Tamil Nadu]]’s [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]], it was recorded foremost in grassland, riverine areas and sighted near a tea plantation during surveys in 2002.<ref name=Mudappa2002>{{cite journal |last1=Mudappa |first1=D. |year=2002 |title=Observations of small carnivores in the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=27 |pages=4–5 |url=http://www.smallcarnivoreconservation.org/sccwiki/images/8/8b/SCC_27.pdf |access-date=2013-03-10 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728032220/http://www.smallcarnivoreconservation.org/sccwiki/images/8/8b/SCC_27.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In India's [[Western Ghats]], small Indian civets were observed in Tamil Nadu's [[Anamalai Tiger Reserve|Anamalai]] and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserves, and in [[Kerala]]’s [[Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary|Parambikulam]] and [[Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary|Chinnar Wildlife]] Sanctuaries during surveys in 2008.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pillay |first1=R. |year=2009 |title=Observation of small carnivores in the southern Western Ghats, India |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=40 |pages=36–40 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265677251}}</ref>
In [[Mudumalai Tiger Reserve]], it was recorded in [[deciduous forest|deciduous]], semi-[[evergreen]] and [[thorn forest]]s, and in the dry season also at a water hole near a village.<ref name=Kalle2013>{{cite journal |last1=Kalle |first1=R. |last2=Ramesh |first2=T. |last3=Sankar |first3=K. |last4=Qureshi |first4=Q. |year=2013 |title=Observations of sympatric small carnivores in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=49 |pages=53–59 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261028357}}</ref>

In Myanmar, it was recorded in mixed deciduous and bamboo forests in [[Hlawga National Park]].<ref name=SuSu05>{{cite journal |last1=Su Su |year=2005 |title=Small carnivores and their threats in Hlawga Wildlife Park, Myanmar |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=33 |pages=6–13 |url=http://www.smallcarnivoreconservation.org/sccwiki/images/5/51/Number_33.PDF |access-date=2013-03-10 |archive-date=2015-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129171921/http://www.smallcarnivoreconservation.org/sccwiki/images/5/51/Number_33.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Su Su |last2=Sale |first2=J. B. |year=2007 |title=Niche differentiation between Common Palm Civet ''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus'' and Small Indian Civet ''Viverricula indica'' in regenerating degraded forest, Myanmar |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=36 |pages=30–34 |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/f86f8fa65c215400492dbdcddc00ef77?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1}}</ref> In [[Hukawng Valley]], it was recorded in grasslands and edges of forests at {{convert|240|-|580|m|ft|abbr=on}} altitude during surveys between 2001 and 2003. In [[Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park]], it was also recorded in a close tall forest in 1999.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Than Zaw |last2=Saw Htun |last3=Saw Htoo Tha Po |last4=Myint Maung |last5=Lynam |first5=A. J. |last6=Kyaw Thinn Latt |last7=Duckworth |first7=J. W. |year=2008 |title=Status and distribution of small carnivores in Myanmar |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=38 |pages=2–28 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233862241}}</ref>

In Thailand, small Indian civets were recorded in [[Kaeng Krachan National Park|Kaeng Krachan]] and [[Khao Yai National Park]]s, in evergreen [[gallery forest]] of [[Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary]], in secondary and [[dipterocarp forest]] of [[Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary]], and in Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary at {{convert|700|-|900|m|ft|abbr=on}} altitude in deciduous forest.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chutipong |first1=W. |last2=Tantipisanuh, N. |last3=Ngoprasert |first3=D. |last4=Lynam |first4=A. J. |last5=Steinmetz |first5=R. |last6=Jenks |first6=K. E. |last7=Grassman |first7=Jr. L. I. |last8=Tewes |first8=M. |last9=Kitamura |first9=S. |last10=Baker |first10=M. C. |last11=McShea |first11=W. |last12=Bhumpakphan |first12=N. |last13=Sukmasuang |first13=R. |last14=Gale |first14=G. A. |last15=Harich |first15=F. K. |last16=Treydte |first16=A. C. |last17=Cutter |first17=P. |last18=Cutter |first18=P. B. |last19=Suwanrat |first19=S. |last20=Siripattaranukul |first20=K. |last21=Hala-Bala Wildlife Research Station, Wildlife Research Division |last22=Duckworth |first22=J. W. |year=2014 |title=Current distribution and conservation status of small carnivores in Thailand: a baseline review |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=51 |pages=96–136 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/47636534/Current_distribution_and_conservation_status_of_small_carnivores_in_Thailand.pdf}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In Laos, small Indian civets were recorded in a variety of habitats including semi-evergreen and deciduous forest, mixed deciduous forest, [[bamboo]] forest, scrubby areas, grasslands and riverine habitat.<ref name=Duckworth1997>{{cite journal |last1=Duckworth |first1=J. W. |year=1997 |title=Small carnivores in Laos: a status review with notes on ecology, behaviour and conservation |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=16 |pages=1–21 |url=http://www.smallcarnivoreconservation.org/sccwiki/images/2/23/Number_16_%28Apr_1997%29.PDF}}</ref>
In Cambodia's [[Cardamom Mountains]], small Indian civets were recorded in deciduous dipterocarp forests, often close to water bodies and in [[marsh]]es during surveys conducted between 2000 and 2009.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Holden |first1=J. |last2=Neang |first2=T. |year=2009 |title=Small carnivore records from the Cardamom Mountains, southwestern Cambodia |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=40 |pages=16–21 |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/cfbad34ef7fd49e4328737c5488a4937?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1}}</ref> Records in eastern Cambodia were obtained mostly in semi-evergreen forest in [[Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Mondulkiri Protected Forest]], but also in deciduous diptertocarp forests in [[Siem Pang Protected Forest]], [[Snoul Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Virachey National Park]] and [[Chhep Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gray |first1=T. N. E. |last2=Pin C. |last3=Phan C. |last4=Crouthers |first4=R. |last5=Kamler |first5=J. F. |last6=Prum |first6=S. |year=2014 |title=Camera-trap records of small carnivores from eastern Cambodia, 1999–2013 |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=50 |pages=20–24 |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/9130c9b404fb9192216e08358d975517?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suzuki |first1=A. |last2=Thong |first2=S. |last3=Tan |first3=S. |last4=Iwata |first4=A. |year=2017 |title=Camera trapping of large mammals in Chhep Wildlife Sanctuary, northern Cambodia |journal=Cambodian Journal of Natural History |volume=2017 |issue=1 |pages=63–75 |url=http://119.82.251.165:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/769/New%20orchid%20records.pdf?sequence=1#page=65}}</ref>

In China's [[Guangxi]], [[Guangdong]] and [[Hainan]] provinces, it was recorded in subtropical forest patches during interview and camera-trapping surveys carried out between 1997 and 2005.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lau |first1=M. W. N. |last2=Fellowes |first2=J. R. |last3=Chan |first3=B. P. L. |year=2010 |title=Carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora) in South China: a status review with notes on the commercial trade |journal=Mammal Review |volume=40 |issue=42 |pages=247–292 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010.00163.x}}</ref>

===Occurrence in East Africa===
The Small Indian civet was introduced to [[Madagascar]]. [[Feral]] small Indian civets were recorded in [[Ranomafana National Park]] in southeastern Madagascar, in an unprotected dry deciduous forest near [[Mariarano]] in northwestern Madagascar, and in [[Masoala National Park|Masoala]]−[[Makira Natural Park|Makira]] protected areas in the island's northeast.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gerber |first1=B. |last2=Karpanty |first2=S. M. |last3=Crawford |first3=C. |last4=Kotschwar |first4=M. |year=2010 |title=An assessment of carnivore relative abundance and density in the eastern rainforests of Madagascar using remotely-triggered camera traps |journal=Oryx |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=219–222 |doi=10.1017/S0030605309991037|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=B. |last2=Rakotondraparany |first2=F. |last3=Cole |first3=L. |last4=Graham |first4=S. |last5=Long |first5=P. |last6=Gandola |first6=R. |year=2013 |title=The carnivores of Mariarano forest, Madagascar: first insights |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=49 |pages=15−19 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260935543}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Farris |first1=Z. J. |last2=Gerber |first2=B. D. |last3=Karpanty |first3=S. |last4=Murphy |first4=A. |last5=Andrianjakarivelo |first5=V. |last6=Ratelolahy |first6=F. |last7=Kelly |first7=M. J. |year=2015 |title=When carnivores roam: temporal patterns and overlap among Madagascar's native and exotic carnivores |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=296 |issue=1 |pages=45–57 |doi=10.1111/jzo.12216 |url=http://www.mjkelly.info/Publications/Farris%20et%20al%202015%20When%20carnivores%20roam.pdf}}</ref>
It was also introduced to [[Pemba Island]] and [[Mafia Island]] in the [[Zanzibar Archipelago]], where it used to be kept for its [[Civet (perfumery)|musk]], which is added to [[traditional African medicine]] and as a scent to perfume.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walsh |first1=M. T. |year=2007 |title=Island subsistence: hunting, trapping and the translocation of wildlife in the Western Indian Ocean |journal=Azania: Journal of the British Institute in Eastern Africa |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=83−113 |doi=10.1080/00672700709480452|s2cid=162594865 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/3885083/Walsh_2007_Island_Subsistence_2007.pdf}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kock |first1=D. |last2=Stanley |first2=W. T. |year=2009 |title=Mammals of Mafia Island, Tanzania |journal=Mammalia |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=339–352 |doi=10.1515/MAMM.2009.046|s2cid=83780678 }}</ref>

== Behaviour and ecology ==
[[File:Small Indian Civet.jpg|thumb|The small Indian civet is a nocturnal hunter.]]
Small Indian civets are [[nocturnal]], mostly terrestrial and [[insectivorous]].<ref name= Mudappa2002/> They inhabit holes in the ground, under rocks or in thick bush.<ref name=Blanford/>
Occasionally, pairs are formed (for mating and hunting). In areas not disturbed by humans, they have been reported to sometimes also hunt by day. Small Indian civets are primarily terrestrial, though they also climb well. Individuals sleep in burrows or hollow logs. They can dig their own burrows, but also occupy abandoned burrows of other species. In suburban habitats they use gutters or other hollow, dark spaces as makeshift burrows.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/walkerscarnivore0000nowa |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/walkerscarnivore0000nowa/page/187 187] |title=Walker's Carnivores of the World |last1=Nowak |first1=R M. |last2=Walker|first2=E. P. |date=2005 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=9780801880339 }}</ref>

=== Diet ===
The small Indian civets feed on [[rat]]s, [[mice]], birds, [[snake]]s, [[fruit]], [[root]]s and [[carrion]].<ref name=Lekagul>Lekalul, B. and McNeely, J. A. (1977). ''Mammals of Thailand''. Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok.</ref> Some individuals were observed while carrying off poultry.<ref name=Blanford/><ref name=SuSu05/>

===Reproduction===
The female has usually four or five young at a birth.<ref name=Blanford/> Captive small Indian civets in Kerala were observed to [[Mating|mate]] in March to May and October to December. Mean [[gestation]] lasts 65 to 69 days. Kittens weigh between {{cvt|90|and|110|g}} at birth and open their eyes after five days. They reach {{cvt|1000|g}} at the age of ten weeks.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Balakrishnan, M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Sreedevi, M. |year=2007 |title=Captive breeding of the Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803) |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=36 |pages=5–8 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267363191}}</ref>
The life span in captivity is eight to nine years.<ref name=Lekagul/>

== Conservation ==
''Viverricula indica'' is listed on [[CITES Appendix III]].<ref name=iucn /> In Myanmar, it is totally protected under the Wildlife Act of 1994.<ref name=SuSu05/>

==Taxonomy and evolution==
''Civetta indica'' was the [[scientific name]] given to the species by [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] in 1803 when he [[Scientific description|described]] a small Indian civet skin from India in the collection of the French [[Museum d'Histoire Naturelle]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire |first1=E. |year=1803 |chapter=La Civette de l'Inde |chapter-url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10482289?page=117 |page=113 |title=Catalogue des Mammifères du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle |location=Paris |publisher=Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle}}</ref>
''Viverricula'' was the [[Generic name (biology)|generic name]] introduced by [[Brian Houghton Hodgson]] in 1838 when he described new mammal [[Genus (biology)|genera]] and species collected in Nepal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hodgson |first1=B. H. |year=1838 |title=Classified Catalogue of Nepalese Mammalia |journal=Annals of Natural History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=152−154 |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsofnaturalh1183unse/page/152}}</ref>
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the following scientific names were proposed:
*''Viverra rasse'' by [[Thomas Horsfield]] in 1824 was a [[zoological specimen]] collected in Java.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Horsfield |first1=T. |year=1824 |title=Zoological Researches in Java, and the neighbouring Islands |location=London |publisher=Printed for Kingsbury, Parbury, & Allen |pages=160–166 |chapter=Viverra Rasse |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/Zoologicalresea00Hors/page/n159}}</ref> It was later considered a variety of ''Viverricula indica''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Horsfield |first1=T. |year=1851 |title=A catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the Hon. East-India Company |location=London |publisher=J. & H. Cox |chapter=''Viverricula Rasse'' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt8HAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA59 |page=59−60}}</ref>
* ''Viverra pallida'' by [[John Edward Gray]] in 1831 was a pale civet skin from an inexplicit location in China.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gray |first1=J. E. |year=1831 |title=The Zoological Miscellany |location=London |publisher=Treuttel, Wurtz and Co. |page=17 |chapter=Description of two new Species of Mammalia, one forming a genus intermediate between ''Viverra'' and ''Ictides'' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F00xAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA17}}</ref>
* ''Viverra bengalensis'' by Gray and [[Thomas Hardwicke]] in 1832 was the caption of a coloured drawing of a civet.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Gray |first1=J. E. |year=1832 |title=Illustrations of Indian zoology; chiefly selected from the collection of Major-General Hardwicke |location=London |publisher=Treuttel, Wurtz, Treuttel, Jun. and Richter |pages=Plate 4 |chapter=Bengal Civet ''Viverra bengalensis'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/IllustrationsIn1Gray/page/n19}}</ref>
*''Viverra schlegelii'' by [[wikispecies:Francis P. L. Pollen|Francis P. L. Pollen]] in 1866 was a small Indian civet that Pollen collected in the Malagasy Department of [[Mayotte]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pollen |first1=F. |year=1866 |title=Communications from Dr. H. Schlegel, on Mammals and Birds collected in Madagascar |journal=Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London |pages=419 |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofgen66zool/page/419}}</ref><ref name=Pollen>{{cite book |last1=Pollen |first1=F. P. L. |year=1868 |title=Recherches sur la Faune de Madagascar et de ses dépendances |trans-title=Research on the Fauna of Madagascar and its dependencies |location=Leyde |publisher=J. K. Steenhoff |chapter=Chapitre IV |pages=85−125 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/recherchessurlaf01poll/page/118}}</ref>
* ''Viverricula malaccensis deserti'' by [[J. Lewis Bonhote]] in 1898 was a specimen collected near [[Sambhar, Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bonhote |first1=J. L. |year=1898 |title=On the species of the Genus ''Viverricula'' |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology |volume=Series 7 Volume 1 |issue=2 |pages=119−122 |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsmagazineof711898lond/page/118|doi=10.1080/00222939808677937 }}</ref>
* ''Viverricula malaccensis thai'' by [[Cecil Boden Kloss]] in 1919 was a female specimen collected in central Thailand.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kloss |first1=C. B. |year=1919 |title=On Mammals collected in Siam |journal=The Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=333−407 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofnatural03natu/page/352}}</ref>
* ''Viverricula malaccensis atchinensis'' by [[wikispecies:Henri Jacob Victor Sody|Henri Jacob Victor Sody]] in 1931 was a male specimen collected in [[Aceh]], northern [[Sumatra]].<ref name=Sody1931>{{cite journal |last1=Sody |first1=H. J. V. |year=1931 |title=Six new mammals from Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo |journal=Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië |volume=91 |pages=349–360}}</ref>
* ''Viverricula malaccensis baliensis'' by Sody in 1931 was a male specimen from [[Bali]].<ref name=Sody1931/>
* ''Viverricula malaccensis muriavensis'' also by Sody in 1931 was also a male specimen collected near [[Keling (subdistrict)|Keling]] north of [[Gunung Muria]] in [[Central Java]].<ref name=Sody1931/>
* ''Viverricula indica mayori'' by [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] in 1933 was a civet skin from [[Maha Oya]] that was part of a collection of civet skins and skulls from Sri Lanka.<ref name=Pocock1933>{{cite journal |last1=Pocock |first1=R. I. |year=1933 |title=The Civet Cats of Asia |journal=The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=632−656 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalof363431361936bomb/page/632}}</ref>
* ''Viverricula indica baptistæ'' also by Pocock in 1933 was a civet skin from [[Hasimara]] in the Bhutan [[Dooars]] that differed slightly in colour from other civet skins collected in Bengal and [[Assam]].<ref name=Pocock1933/>
* ''Viverricula indica wellsi'' by Pocock in 1933 was a richly tinted civet skin from [[Kangra district]] in northwestern India.<ref name=Pocock1933/>
* ''V. indica klossi'' by Pocock in 1933 was a dark brown skin of an adult female civet from [[Penang]] in [[Malay Peninsula]].<ref name=Pocock1933/>
Pocock subordinated them all as [[subspecies]] to ''Viverricula indica'' when he reviewed civet skins and skulls in the collection of the [[Natural History Museum, London]].<ref name=Pocock1933/>

The following subspecies were considered [[Valid name (zoology)|valid]] [[taxa]] as of 2005:<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14000430|page=559 |heading=''Viverricula indica''}}</ref>
* ''V. i. indica'' — the [[nominate subspecies]] is thought to occur in [[Southern India]] from the [[Western Ghats|Western]] to the [[Eastern Ghats]] and as far north as [[Lake Chilka]] on the east coast<ref name=Pocock1939>{{cite book |last1=Pocock |first1=R. I. |year=1939 |title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1 |location=London |publisher=Taylor and Francis |chapter=''Genus Viverricula Hodgson'' |pages=362–376 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n445/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name=ems66>{{cite book |last1=Ellerman |first1=J. R. |last2=Morrison-Scott |first2=T. C. S. |year=1966 |title=Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 |location=London |publisher=British Museum of Natural History |pages=282–283 |chapter=''Genus Viverricula Hodgson'' |edition=Second |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofindia00elle#page/282/mode/2up}}</ref>
* ''V. i. schlegelii'' — is considered to occur in Madagascar<ref name=Pollen/>
* ''V. i. deserti'' — in Rajasthan<ref name=Pocock1933/><ref name=ems66/>
* ''V. i. wellsi'' — in [[Punjab]], [[Kumaon division]] and [[United Provinces of British India]]<ref name=Pocock1933/><ref name=Pocock1939/><ref name=ems66/>
* ''V. i. baptistæ'' — in Bhutan and [[Assam]]<ref name=Pocock1933/><ref name=ems66/>
* ''V. i. thai'' — in Myanmar, Thailand, and [[Indochina]]<ref name=Pocock1933/><ref name=Pocock1939/><ref name=ems66/>
* ''V. i. klossi''— in southern Myanmar and Malay Peninsula<ref name=Pocock1933/>
* ''V. i. mayori'' — in Sri Lanka<ref name=Pocock1933/><ref name=Pocock1939/><ref name=ems66/>
* ''V. i. pallida'' — in southern China<ref name=Pocock1933/><ref name=ems66/>
* ''V. i. atchinensis'' — in Sumatra<ref name=Sody1931/>
* ''V. i. baliensis'' — in Bali<ref name=Sody1931/>
* ''V. i. muriavensis'' — in Java<ref name=Sody1931/>

=== Phylogeny ===
A [[phylogenetic]] study showed that the small Indian civet is closely related to the genera ''[[Civettictis]]'' and ''[[Viverra]]''. It was estimated that the ''Civettictis''-''Viverra'' [[clade]] diverged from ''Viverricula'' around 16.2 [[Mya (unit)|million years ago]]. The authors suggested that the [[subfamily]] Viverrinae should be bifurcated into Genettinae including ''[[Poiana (genus)|Poiana]]'' and ''[[Genetta]]'', and Viverrinae including ''Civettictis'', ''Viverra'' and ''Viverricula''. The following cladogram is based on this study.<ref name="Gaubert2006">{{cite journal |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Cordeiro-Estrela |first2=P. |title=Phylogenetic systematics and tempo of evolution of the Viverrinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Viverridae) within feliformians: implications for faunal exchanges between Asia and Africa |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |year=2006 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=266–278 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.034 |url=http://uahost.uantwerpen.be/funmorph/raoul/fylsyst/gaubert2006.pdf |pmid=16837215}} {{open access}}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:90%; line-height:100%
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Viverrinae]] |sublabel1=''sensu stricto''
|1={{clade
|1='''Small Indian civet''' ('''''Viverricula indica''''')
|2={{Clade
|1=[[African civet]] (''Civettictis civetta'')
|label2=''[[Viverra]]''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Large Indian civet]] (''Viverra zibetha'')
|2=[[Large-spotted civet]] (''V. megaspila'')
|3=[[Malayan civet]] (''V. tangalunga'')
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Genettinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Genetta]]''
|2=''[[Poiana (genus)|Poiana]]''
}}
}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

*{{cite web |url=http://www.vietlinh.vn/langviet/toilamnd/congi/khac/cayhuong_muskcat.html |title=Raising Small Indian civet (''Viverricula indica'') |website=www.vietlinh.vn}}

{{Carnivora|V.}}
{{Feliformia|F.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q734351}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Small Indian civet}}
[[Category:Viverrids]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of South Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mammals of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Mammals of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Mammals of China]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Laos]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]
[[Category:Mammals of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Mammals of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]
[[Category:Mammals of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1803]]

Small Indian civet - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article