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{{Short description|Pottery with a coating of slip}}
[[File:Jar, Giyan IV type, Western Iran, 2500-2000 BC, earthenware with slip-painted decoration - Cincinnati Art Museum - DSC03958.JPG|thumb|Jar, Giyan IV type, Western Iran, 2500-2000 BC, earthenware with slip-painted decoration]]
[[File:Charger of Charles II in the Boscobel Oak LACMA M.86.151.jpg|thumb|Charger with Charles II in the [[Boscobel Oak]], English, c. 1685. Such large plates, for display rather than use, take slip-trailing to an extreme, building up lattices of thick trails of slip.]]

'''Slipware''' is [[pottery]] identified by its primary decorating process where [[slip (ceramics)|slip]] is placed onto the [[leather-hard]] (semi-hardened) clay [[Glossary_of_pottery_terms#B|body]] surface before firing by dipping, painting or splashing. Slip is an aqueous suspension of a clay body, which is a mixture of [[clay]]s and other minerals such as [[quartz]], [[feldspar]] and [[mica]]. The slip placed onto a wet or [[leather-hard]] clay body surface by a variety of techniques including dipping, painting, piping or splashing.<ref>Osborne, 746-747</ref> Slipware is the pottery on which [[Slip (ceramics)|slip]] has been applied either for glazing or decoration. Slip is liquified clay or clay slurry, with no fixed ratio of water and clay, which is used either for joining pottery pieces together by [[slip casting]] with [[Molding (process)|mould]], [[Pottery#glazing|glazing]] or [[Pottery#Decoration|decorating]] the pottery by painting or dipping the pottery with slip.<ref name=clay1>[https://thepotterywheel.com/what-is-slip-in-pottery/ What is slip in pottery], thepotterywheel.com, accessed 10 July 2021.</ref>

Principal techniques include '''slip painting''', where the slip is treated like paint and used to create a design with brushes or other implements, and '''slip trailing''', where the slip, usually rather thick, is dripped, piped or trailed onto the body, typically from some device like the [[piping bag]] used to decorate cakes. The French term for slip is [[barbotine]], and this term may be used for both techniques, but usually from different periods.<ref>Osborne, 746-747</ref>

Often only pottery where the slip creates patterns or images will be described as slipware, as opposed to the many types where a plain slip is applied to the whole body, for example most fine wares in [[Ancient Roman pottery]], such as [[African red slip ware]] (note: "slip ware" not "slipware"). Decorative slips may be a different colour than the underlying clay body or offer other decorative qualities. Selectively applying layers of colored slips can create the effect of a painted ceramic, such as in the [[black-figure]] or [[Red-figure|red-figure pottery]] styles of [[Ancient Greek pottery]]. Slip decoration is an ancient technique in [[Chinese pottery]] also, used to cover whole vessels over 4,000 years ago.<ref>Vainker, 17, 22-23</ref>

== History ==
Many prehistoric and historic cultures used slip as the primary decorating material on their ware, especially in early periods. These include most prehistoric cultures of the [[Middle East]] and much later [[Islamic pottery]], cultures in many areas of [[Africa]], most pottery-making cultures in the Americas, early [[Culture of Japan|Japanese]] (and later [[Onta ware]]) and much [[Korea]]n pottery. Much [[Mycenaean period|Mycenean]] ware, [[Ancient Greek pottery]] and [[Ancient Roman pottery]] used slip, as did pre-industrialized potters in many areas of Europe, including [[Great Britain]], most notably [[Thomas Toft]] in the [[Staffordshire Potteries]].<ref>Osborne, 746-747</ref>

Later potters mostly combined or replaced the use of slip with [[ceramic glaze]]s and pigments offering a tougher finish and a wider range of colours. But a variety of slipware techniques were revived by various [[studio pottery]] movements from the 19th century on. In England [[Bernard Leach]] and in America [[Mary Louise McLaughlin]] were among the leaders of these revivals.<ref>Osborne, 747</ref>

== Techniques ==
A coating of white or coloured slip (sometimes called by the French term [[engobe]] in [[American English]]) can be applied to the whole body of the article, or just one part, such as outside or inside of a cup or jug, to improve its appearance, to give a smoother surface to a rough body, mask an inferior colour or for decorative effect. Slip can also be applied by painting techniques, in isolation or in several layers and colours. [[Sgraffito]] (or "sgraffiato") involves scratching through a layer of coloured [[Slip (ceramics)|slip]] to reveal a different colour or the base body underneath. Several layers of slip and/or sgraffito can be done while the pot is still in an unfired state. One colour of slip can be fired, before a second is applied, and prior to the scratching or incising decoration. This is particularly useful if the base body is not of the desired colour or texture.<ref>Osborne, 746-747</ref>

Chinese pottery also used techniques where patterns, images or calligraphy were created as part-dried slip was cut away to reveal a lower layer of slip or the main clay body in a contrasting colour. The latter of these is called the "cut-glaze" technique.<ref>Vainker, 116-117</ref>

Slipware may be carved or burnished to change the surface appearance of the ware. Specialized slip recipes may be applied to [[Bisque (pottery)|biscuit ware]] and then refired.

==Examples==

An example of slipware artifact is the [[Harvest jug]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Roman pottery barbotine cup (cropped).JPG|Simple slip-trailing in thick blobs, Roman Egypt, 0-200 AD
File:Bowl with strutting bird, Sultanabad ware, Iran, Ilkhanid period, first half of 14th century, earthenware with gray englobe and underglaze painting in blue, black, white slip - Cincinnati Art Museum - DSC04054.JPG|Bowl with strutting bird, [[Sultanabad ware]], Iran, [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanid period]], first half of 14th century, earthenware with gray engobe and underglaze painting in blue, black, white slip
File:Korean punch'ong ware pear-shaped wine bottle, Choson dynasty, second half of 15th century, stoneware with glaze and white slip decoration, HAA.JPG|Korean ''punch'ong'' ware pear-shaped wine bottle, [[Choson dynasty]], second half of 15th century, stoneware with glaze and white slip decoration
File:Mug LACMA M.89.124.jpg|English Slipware mug, ca. 1740
File:Ashiwi Polychrome Water Jar, 1700-1750,03.325.4739.jpg|''Ashiwi'' slip-painted jar, She-we-na Zuni [[Pueblo]], 1700-1750
File:Sugar bowl with combed, slip-marbled decoration, China, c. 1795, porcelain - Concord Museum - Concord, MA - DSC05753.JPG|Sugar bowl with combed, slip-marbled decoration, China, c. 1795, porcelain
File:Tile, late 19th-early 20th century, X1047.7.jpg|Tile, Hopi Pueblo, late 19th-early 20th century
File:Thrown, Slip Trailed Bowl by Takeshi Yasuda (YORYM-2004.1.1534).JPG|Modern slip-trailed bowl by Takeshi Yasuda
File:Werra Ware - Glaisher Collection, Fitzwilliam Museum Cambridge, England.jpg|A fine [[Werra and Weser Slipware|Werra]] ware slip-decorated dish dated 1590. (Germany)
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[Werra and Weser Slipware]]
* [[Pottery]]
* [[Ceramics]]
* [[Ceramic glazes]]
* [[Glossary of pottery terms]]
* [[Porcelain]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==References==
* Eden, Victoria and Michael. (1999) ''Slipware, Contemporary Approaches.'' A & C Black, University of Pennsylvania Press, G & B Arts International. {{ISBN|90-5703-212-0}}
* Hamer, Frank and Janet. (1991) ''The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques.'' A & C Black, 3rd ed. {{ISBN|0-8122-3112-0}}.
*Osborne, Harold (ed), ''The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts'', 1975, OUP, {{ISBN|0198661134}}
*Vainker, S.J., ''Chinese Pottery and Porcelain'', 1991, British Museum Press, 9780714114705
* Wondrausch, Mary. (2001) [1986] ''Mary Wondrausch on Slipware.'' A&C Black, 2nd ed. {{ISBN|0-7136-2813-8}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat-inline}}

{{Pottery}}

[[Category:Types of pottery decoration]]

Slipware - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article