ImportMaster: robot: Add missing article in Category:Mahabharata

2022-01-29T14:06:42Z

robot: Add missing article in Category:Mahabharata

New page

{{Short description|Medieval era Sanskrit text, one of eighteen major Puranas}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Ganga Mahatmya, Skanda Purana, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|A page from the Ganga Mahatmya section of ''Skanda Purana'' in [[Sanskrit]] language and [[Devanagari]] script]]
[[File:Skanda Purana, Ganesha Katha, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|A page from the ''Skanda Purana'' manuscript in Sanskrit language and Devanagari script]]
[[File:Skanda Purana, Sanskrit, miniature Grantha script, Whish manuscript collection, acquired 1829 CE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|A leaf from a palm leaf of ''Skanda Purana'' manuscript book, held together by a thin rope]]
{{Hindu scriptures}}
The '''''Skanda Purana''''' ([[IAST]]: Skanda Purāṇa) is the largest ''[[Puranas#Mahapuranas|Mahāpurāṇa]]'', a genre of eighteen [[Hindu]] religious texts.<ref>Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare (1996). ''Studies in {{IAST|Skanda Purāṇa}}.'' Published by Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1260-3}}</ref> The text contains over 81,000 verses, and is of [[Kaumaram|Kaumara]] literature,{{Sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|pp=4-6}} titled after [[Kartikeya|Skanda]], a son of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]], who is also known as [[Murugan]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=114, 229-238}} While the text is named after Skanda, he does not feature either more or less prominently in this text than in other Shiva-related Puranas.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=114, 229-238}} The text has been an important historical record and influence on the Hindu traditions related to the war-god Skanda.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=114, 229-238}}<ref>KK Kurukkal (1961), A Study of the Karttikeya Cult as reflected in the Epics and the Puranas, University of Ceylon Review, Vol. 19, pages 131-138</ref>

The earliest text titled ''Skanda Purana'' likely existed by the 8th century CE,<ref name="RDM_2011"/>{{Sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|pp=1-3}} but the ''Skanda Purana'' that has survived into the modern era exists in many versions.{{Sfn|Doniger|1993|pp=59-83}} It is considered as a living text, which has been widely edited, over many centuries, creating numerous variants. The common elements in the variant editions encyclopedically cover [[cosmogony]], [[mythology]], [[genealogy]], [[dharma]], festivals, gemology, temples, geography, discussion of virtues and evil, of theology and of the nature and qualities of [[Shiva]] as the Absolute and the source of true knowledge.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=234-238}}

The editions of Skandapurana text also provide an encyclopedic travel handbook with meticulous ''Tirtha Mahatmya'' (pilgrimage tourist guides),{{Sfn|Ariel Glucklich|2008|p=146, '''Quote:''' The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called ''mahatmyas''}} containing geographical locations of pilgrimage centers in India, Nepal and Tibet, with related legends, parables, hymns and stories.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jean Holm|author2=John Bowker |title=Sacred Place |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdUpfmISwwC|year= 1998|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-8264-5303-7|page=68}}</ref><ref name=sharmasinha>{{cite book| author1=Krishan Sharma| author2=Anil Kishore Sinha| author3=Bijon Gopal Banerjee| title=Anthropological Dimensions of Pilgrimage| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrkUMlsu_YIC |year= 2009|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-89091-09-5|pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>Vijay Nath (2007), [http://ihr.sagepub.com/content/34/1/1.extract Puranic Tirthas: A study of their indigenous origins and the transformation (based mainly on the Skanda Purana)], Indian Historical Review, Vol. 34, Issue 1, pages 1-46</ref>

This ''Mahāpurāṇa'', like others, is attributed to the sage [[Vyasa]].

== Date of composition ==
[[Haraprasad Shastri]] and [[Cecil Bendall]], in about 1898, discovered an old [[palm-leaf manuscript]] of Skanda Purana in a Kathmandu library in [[Nepal]], written in [[Gupta script]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=237}}<ref>{{cite book|author=D. C. Sircar|title=Indian Epigraphy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC&pg=PA63| year=1965|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1166-9|page=63}}</ref><ref name=alexmckay>{{cite book|author=Alex McKay|title=Kailas Histories: Renunciate Traditions and the Construction of Himalayan Sacred Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3HsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|year=2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004306189| pages=134–143}}</ref> They dated the manuscript to 8th century CE, on [[paleography|paleographic]] grounds. This suggests that the original text existed before this time.<ref name="Fred_1978"/> R. Adriaensen, H.Bakker, and H. Isaacson dated the oldest surviving palm-leaf manuscript of Skanda Purana to 810 CE, but Richard Mann adds that earlier versions of the text likely existed in the 8th century CE.<ref name="RDM_2011"/>{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=229-231}}<ref name=hansbakker17>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLN0F7GGecsC&pg=PA17 |title=Origin and Growth of the Purāṇic Text Corpus |chapter=Three Chapters of Saiva Material Added to the Earliest Known Recension of the Skanda Purana |pages=17–18 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |editor=Hans Bakker |year=2004 |isbn=9788120820494 }}</ref> Hans Bakker states that the text specifies holy places and details about the 4th and 5th-century Citraratha of [[Andhra Pradesh]], and thus may have an earlier origin.{{Sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|pp=3-4 with footnotes}} The oldest versions of the Skandapurana texts have been discovered in the Himalayan region of South Asia such as Nepal, and the northeastern states of India such as [[Assam]].<ref name=hansbakker2/> The [[critical edition]]s of the text, for scholarly studies, rely on the Nepalese manuscripts.<ref name=hansbakker2/>

Additional texts style themselves as ''khandas'' (sections) of Skandapurana, but these came into existence after the 12th century.<ref name=hansbakker2/> It is unclear if their root texts did belong to the Skandapurana, and in some cases replaced the corresponding chapters of the original.<ref name=hansbakker2/> The version of the earliest known recension was later expanded in two later versions namely the ''Revakhanda'' and ''Ambikakhanda'' recensions. The only surviving manuscript of the Revakhanda recension is from 1682. The four surviving manuscripts of the Ambikakhhnda recension are of a later period and contains much more alterations. Judit Törzsök says a similar recension to these two recensions seems to have been known to Laskhmidhara, thus it existed before 12th century.<ref name=hansbakker17/> [[Ballala Sena]] quotes content found only in these two recensions, thus the version known at that time was similar to the ancient version of these two recensions.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLN0F7GGecsC&pg=PA79 |title=Origin and Growth of the Purāṇic Text Corpus |chapter=The Relation between the Skandapurana and the Avantyakhanda|pages=79 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |author=Yuko Yokochi |year=2004 |isbn=9788120820494 }}</ref>

There are a number of texts and manuscripts that bear the title ''Skanda Purana''.<ref name="RDM_2011">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcYyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 |title=The Rise of Mahāsena |publisher=BRILL |year=2011 |author=Richard D. Mann |isbn=9789004218864 |page=187 }}</ref> Some of these texts, except for the title, have little in common with the well-known Skandapurana traced to the 1st millennium CE.<ref name=hansbakker2>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLN0F7GGecsC&pg=PA2 |title=Origin and Growth of the Purāṇic Text Corpus |chapter=The Structure of the Varanasimahatmya in Skandapurana 26-31 |pages=2–3 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |author=Hans Bakker |year=2004 |isbn=9788120820494 }}</ref> The original text has accrued several additions, resulting in several different versions. It is, therefore, very difficult to establish an exact date of composition for the Skanda Purana.<ref name="Stephen_2015">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RyNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |title=The Art of Living Foundation |author=Stephen Jacobs |page=139 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=9781472412683 |year=2015 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Doniger|1993|pp=59-83}}

==Structure==
Stylistically, the ''Skanda Purana'' is related to the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', and it appears that its composers borrowed from the ''Mahabharata''. The two texts employ similar stock phrases and compounds that are not found in the ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref name="RDM_2011"/> Some of the mythology mentioned in the present version of the ''Skanda Purana'' is undoubtedly post-[[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period, consistent with that of medieval [[South India]]. This indicates that several additions were made to the original text over the centuries.<ref name="Fred_1978">{{cite book |title=The Many Faces of Murukan̲ |author=Fred W. Clothey |year=1978 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=9789027976321 |page=224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AevljBmCRQC&pg=PA224 }}</ref> The Kashi Khanda, for example, acquired its present form around the mid-13th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r10f4uwzcosC&pg=PA272 |title=Death in Banaras |author=Jonathan P. Parry |page=272 |year=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521466257 }}</ref> The latest part of the text might have been composed in as late as the 15th century CE.<ref name="Stephen_2015"/>

==Contents==
{{Quote box
|quote = '''Tirtha: Holy Pilgrimage'''
<poem>
Tirtha are of three kinds,
Jangam Tirtha is to a place movable,
of a [[sadhu]], a [[rishi]], a [[guru]],
Sthawar Tirtha is to a place immovable,
like Benaras, Hardwar, Mount Kailash, holy rivers,
Manas Tirtha is to a place of mind,
of truth, charity, patience, compassion, soft speech, soul.
</poem>
|source = —''Skanda Purana''<ref name=sharmasinha/><ref>{{cite book|author=Geoffrey Waring Maw|title=Pilgrims in Hindu Holy Land: Sacred Shrines of the Indian Himalayas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IarXAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Sessions Book Trust|isbn=978-1-85072-190-1|page=7}}</ref>
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
The whole corpus of texts which are considered as part of the ''Skanda Purana'' is grouped in two ways. According to one tradition, these are grouped in six ''{{IAST|saṁhitā}}''s, each of which consists of several ''{{IAST|khaṇḍa}}''s. According to another tradition, these are grouped in seven ''{{IAST|khaṇḍa}}''s, each named after a major pilgrimage region or site. The chapters are ''Mahatmyas'', or travel guides for pilgrimage tourists.{{Sfn|Ariel Glucklich|2008|p=146, '''Quote:''' The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called ''mahatmyas''}}

===The seven khandas===
The ''{{IAST|Maheśvara Khaṇḍa}}'' consists of 3 sections:<ref name="shastri"/>{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=229}}
* the {{IAST|Kedāra Khaṇḍa}} (35 chapters, [[Kedarnath]] Tirtha region,{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=230}} north India)
* the {{IAST|Kaumārikā Khaṇḍa}} or {{IAST|Kumārikā Khaṇḍa}} (66 chapters, Mahisagara-samgama-tirtha or [[Khambhat|Cambay]] pilgrimage region,{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=230}} west India) and
* the {{IAST|Arunācala Khaṇḍa}} or {{IAST|Arunācala Māhātmya}} (37 chapters, [[Tiruvannamalai]] Tirtha region,{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=230}} south India), further divided into two parts:
** {{IAST|Pūrvārdha}} (13 chapters) and
** {{IAST|Uttarārdha}} (24 chapters)

The ''{{IAST|Viṣṇu Khaṇḍa}}'' or ''{{IAST|Vaiṣṇava Khaṇḍa}}'' consists of nine sections:<ref name="shastri"/>{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=229}}
* {{IAST|Veṅkaṭācalamāhātmya}} (40 chapters, [[Tirupati]] Tirtha region,{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=230}} south India)
* {{IAST|Puruṣottamakṣetramāhātmya}} (49 chapters, [[Puri]] Odisha Tirtha region,{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=230}} east India)
* {{IAST|Badarikāśramamāhātmya}} (8 chapters, [[Badrinath]] Tirtha region,{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=231}} north India)
* {{IAST|Kārttikamāsamāhātmya}} (36 chapters)
* {{IAST|Mārgaśirṣamāsamāhātmya}} 17 chapters, [[Mathura]] Tirtha region{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=231}})
* {{IAST|Bhāgavatamāhātmya}} (4 chapters)
* {{IAST|Vaiśākhamāsamāhātmya}} (25 chapters)
* {{IAST|Ayodhyāmāhātmya}} (10 chapters, [[Ayodhya]] Tirtha region{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=231}}) and
* {{IAST|Vāsudevamāhātmya}} (32 chapters)

The ''{{IAST|Brahma Khaṇḍa}}'' has three sections (four in some manuscripts):<ref name="shastri"/>{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=229}}
* {{IAST|Setumāhātmya}} (52 chapters, [[Rama Setu]] Tirtha region,{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=231}} Tamil Nadu and towards [[Sri Lanka]])
* {{IAST|Dharmāraṇya Khaṇḍa}} (40 chapters) and
* {{IAST|Uttara Khaṇḍa}} or {{IAST|Brahmottara Khaṇḍa}} (22 chapters)

The ''{{IAST|Kāśī Khaṇḍa}}'' (100 chapters, [[Varanasi]] and [[Vindhya Range|Vindya]] Tirtha region{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=232-233}}) is divided into two parts:<ref name="shastri"/>{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=229}}
* {{IAST|Pūrvārdha}} (50 chapters) and
* {{IAST|Uttarārdha}} (50 chapters)

The ''{{IAST|Āvantya Khaṇḍa}}'' consists of:<ref name="shastri"/>
* {{IAST|Avantikṣetramāhātmya}} (71 chapters, [[Ujjain]] Tirtha region{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=233}})
* {{IAST|Caturaśītiliṅgamāhātmya}} (84 chapters) and
* {{IAST|Revā Khaṇḍa}} (Thought to have 232 chapters, Juergen Neuss states that the manuscripts attest this is actually the original ''Reva Khanda'' of [[Vayu Purana]] which was wrongly included in the Skanda Purana by Veṅkateśvara Steam Press in 1910 and all publications of the Skanda after it. The one belonging to the Skanda has 116 chapters.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=233}}<ref>Jurgen Neuss, Oliver Hellwig, [http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/3_purana/vprevk_u.htm Revakhanda of the Vayupurana]</ref>)

The ''{{IAST|Nāgara Khaṇḍa}}'' (279 chapters) consists of {{IAST|Tirtha-māhātmya}}.<ref name="shastri"/>{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=229}}

The ''{{IAST|Prabhāsa Khaṇḍa}}'' (491 chapters) consists of four sections:<ref name="shastri"/>{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=229}}
* {{IAST|Prabhāsakṣetramāhātmya}} (365 chapters, [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and [[Somanatha]] Tirtha region,{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=234}} west India)
* {{IAST|Vastrāpathakṣetramāhātmya}} (19 chapters, [[Girnar]] Tirtha region{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=234}})
* {{IAST|Arvuda Khaṇḍa}} (63 chapters, [[Aravalli Range]] Rajasthan Tirtha region{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=234}}) and
* {{IAST|Dvārakāmāhātmya}} (44 chapters, [[Dwarka]] Gujarat Tirtha region{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=234}})

===The six samhitas===
The second type of division of the ''Skanda Purana'' is found in some texts like ''{{IAST|Hālasyamāhātmya}}'' of the {{IAST|[[Agastya Samhita|Agastya Saṁhitā]]}} or the {{IAST|Śaṁkarī Saṁhitā}}, ''{{IAST|Sambhava Kāṇḍa}}'' of the {{IAST|Śaṁkarī Saṁhitā}}, ''{{IAST|Śivamāhātmya Khaṇḍa}}'' of the {{IAST|Sūta Saṁhitā}} and ''{{IAST|Kālikā Khaṇḍa}}'' of the {{IAST|Sanatkumāra Saṁhitā}}. According to these texts, the ''Skanda Purana'' consists of six {{IAST|saṁhitā}}s (sections):
* the {{IAST|Sanatkumāra Saṁhitā}}
* the {{IAST|Sūta Saṁhitā}}
* the {{IAST|Śaṁkarī Saṁhitā}}
* the {{IAST|Vaiṣṇavī Saṁhitā}}
* the {{IAST|Brāhmī Saṁhitā}} and
* the {{IAST|Saura Saṁhitā}}

The manuscripts of the {{IAST|Sanatkumāra Saṁhitā}}, the {{IAST|Śaṁkarī Saṁhitā}}, the {{IAST|Sūta Saṁhitā}} and the {{IAST|Saura Saṁhitā}} are extant. A manuscript of a commentary on the {{IAST|Sūta Saṁhitā}} by {{IAST|Madhavācārya}} is also available.<ref name="shastri"/> These texts discuss cosmogony, theology, philosophical questions on virtues and vice, questions such as what is evil, the origin of evil, how to deal with and cure evil.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=236-237}}

===The other texts===
The manuscripts of several other texts which claim to be part of the ''Skanda Purāṇa'' are found partially or wholly. Some of the notable regional texts amongst these are: ''{{IAST|Himavat Khaṇḍa}}'' which contains ''Nepalamahatmya'' (30 chapters, [[Nepal]] Tirtha region), ''{{IAST|Kanakādri Khaṇḍa}}, {{IAST|Bhīma Khaṇḍa}}, {{IAST|Śivarahasya Khaṇḍa}}, {{IAST|[[Sahyadrikhanda|Sahyādri Khaṇḍa]]}}, {{IAST|Ayodhyā Khaṇḍa}}, {{IAST|Mathurā Khaṇḍa}}'' and ''{{IAST|Pātāla Khaṇḍa}}''.<ref name="shastri"/>

Kaverimahatmya presents stories and a pilgrim guide for the [[Kaveri]] river (Karnataka) and Coorg Tirtha region.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=237}} Vivsamitrimahatmya presents mythology and a guide for the [[Vadodara]] Tirtha region.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=237}}

The oldest known 1st-millennium palm-leaf manuscripts of this text mention many major Hindu pilgrimage sites, but do not describe [[Lake Manasarovar|Kailash-Manasarovar]].<ref name=alexmckay/> The later versions do, particularly in ''Manasakhanda''.<ref name=alexmckay/>

===The narratives===
The ''Skanda Purana'', like many Puranas, include the legends of the [[Daksha yajna|Daksha's sacrifice]], Shiva's sorrow, churning of the ocean ([[Samudra manthan]]) and the emergence of [[Amrita]], the story of the demon [[Tarakasura]], the birth of Goddess Parvati, her pursuit of Shiva, and her marriage to Lord Shiva, among others.

The central aim of the Skandapurana text, states Hans Bakker, is to sanctify the geography and landscape of South Asia, and legitimize the regional Shaiva communities across the land, as it existed at the time the edition was produced.{{Sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|pp=10-11}} The text reflects the political uncertainties, the competition with Vaishnavism, and the cultural developments with the Pashupata Hindus during the periods it was composed.{{Sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|pp=11-13}}

== Manuscripts ==
The ''Skanda Purana'' manuscripts have been found in Nepal, Tamil Nadu ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: கந்த புராணம்) and other parts of India.<ref name="RDM_2011"/> The ''Skanda Purana'' is among of the oldest dated manuscripts discovered in Nepal. A [[palm-leaf manuscript]] of the text is preserved at the National Archives of Nepal (NAK 2–229), and its digital version has been archived by Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project (NGMCP B 11–4). It is likely that the manuscript was copied by the scribe on Monday, March 10 811 CE, though there is some uncertainty with this date because the ''samvat'' of this manuscript is unclear.<ref name=Kengo1>{{cite journal|author= Kengo Harimoto| title= In search of the Oldest Nepalese Manuscript|journal= Rivista degli Studi Orientali| volume=84|year=2011|pages=85–90}};<br>[http://catalogue-old.ngmcp.uni-hamburg.de/mediawiki/index.php/A_38-5_Saddharmapu%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dar%C4%ABka(s%C5%ABtra) A 38-5 Saddharmapuṇḍarīka(sūtra)], University of Hamburg, Germany</ref> [[Michael Witzel]] dates this Nepalese manuscript to about 810 CE.<ref name=Kengo1/><ref>{{cite journal|author= M Witzel| year=1986| title= On the Archetype of Pantanjali's Mahabhasya| journal= Indo-Iranian Journal|volume = 29|pages=249–259}}</ref> This manuscript was discovered as one in a group of seven different texts bound together. The group included fourteen manuscripts mostly Buddhist, six of which are very old ''Saddharma Pundarika Sutra'' manuscripts, one of ''Upalisutra'', one Chinese Buddhist text, and one ''Bhattikavya'' Buddhist yamaka text. The ''Skanda Purana'' found in this manuscripts collection is written in transitional Gupta script, Sanskrit.<ref name=Kengo1/>

The 1910 edition included seven ''{{IAST|khaṇḍa}}''s (parts): ''{{IAST|Maheśvara}}, {{IAST|Viṣṇu}}'' or ''{{IAST|Vaiṣṇava}}, Brahma, {{IAST|Kāśī}}, {{IAST|Āvantya}}, {{IAST|Nāgara}}'' and ''{{IAST|Prabhāsa}}''.<ref name=shastri>Shastri, P. (1995) ''Introduction to the Puranas'', New Delhi: Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, pp.118–20</ref> In 1999–2003, an English translation of this text was published by the [[Motilal Banarsidass]], New Delhi in 23 volumes. This translation is also based on a text divided into seven ''{{IAST|khaṇḍa}}''s.

=== Critical Edition ===
''The Skandapurāṇa'', vol. I, adhyāyas 1-25, edited by Rob Adriaensen, [[Hans T. Bakker]], and Harunaga Isaacson, 1998; vol. IIa, adhyāyas 26-31.14, ed. by Hans T. Bakker and Harunaga Isaacson, 2005; vol. IIb, adhyāyas 31-52, ed. by Hans T. Bakker, Peter C. Bisschop, and Yuko Yokochi, 2014; vol. III, adhyāyas 34.1-61, 53-69, ed. by Yuko Yokochi, 2013. Supplement to the [http://www.brill.com/publications/groningen-oriental-studies Groningen Oriental Studies], Groningen: Egbert Forsten, and Leiden: Brill.

==See also==
*[[Bhagavata Purana]]
*[[Devi Mahatmya]]
*[[Kachiyapper|Kandapuranam]]
*[[Shiva Purana]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|author=Hans Bakker|title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-27714-4}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Doniger |editor-first=Wendy |title={{IAST|Purāṇa}} Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts |year=1993 |publisher=State University of New York |location=Albany, New York |isbn= 0-7914-1382-9 }}
*{{cite book|author=Ariel Glucklich|title=The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC| year=2008| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-971825-2 }}
*{{Cite book|first=Ludo |last=Rocher| year= 1986| title= The Puranas| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn= 978-3447025225}}
* Mani, Vettam. ''Puranic Encyclopedia''. 1st English ed. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975.
* G. V. Tagare, Dr. ''The Skanda-Purana (23 Vols.)'', Motilal Banarsidass. 2007.
*{{cite journal | last=Kaur | first=Jagdish | title=Bibliographical Sources for Himalayan Pilgrimages and Tourism Studies: Uttarakhand | journal=Tourism Recreation Research | volume=4 | issue=1 | year=1979 | pages=13–16 | doi=10.1080/02508281.1979.11014968}}

==External links==
*[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana The Skanda Purana] Full English translation by G. V. Tagare, 1950 (includes glossary and IAST diacritics)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192901/http://is1.mum.edu/vedicreserve/skanda.htm Original Sanskrit Text]
*[http://www.bharatadesam.com/spiritual/skanda_purana.php Excerpts from Skanda Purana]
*[https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/research/research-projects/humanities/the-skandapurāṇa-project The Skandapurāṇa Project]
*[http://sarit.indology.info/skandapurana.xml?view=div ''Skandapurana'' : Devanagari], A SARIT Initiative, P. C. Bisschop

{{Puranas}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Puranas]]
[[Category:Shaiva texts]]
[[Category:Kaumaram]]

Skanda Purana - Revision history

ImportMaster: robot: Add missing article in Category:Mahabharata