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{{short description|Genus of mammals}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|12.5|8.5}}<small>[[Miocene]]</small>
| image = Sivapithecus sivalensis.JPG
| image_caption = ''S. indicus'' skull, [[Natural History Museum, London]]
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Sivapithecus
| authority = Pilgrim, 1910
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
* ''S. brevirostris''
* ''S. punjabicus''
* ''S. parvada''
* ''S. sivalensis''
* ''S. indicus''
| synonyms =
''Ramapithecus''
}}

'''''Sivapithecus''''' ([[Shiva]]'s Ape) (syn: ''Ramapithecus)'' is a [[genus]] of [[extinct]] [[ape]]s. Fossil remains of animals now assigned to this genus, dated from 12.2 million years old<ref>Page 52, {{ISBN|978-0-19-568785-9}}, ''India's Ancient Past'' by R.S.Sharma</ref> in the [[Miocene]], have been found since the 19th century in the [[Siwalik Hills]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]] as well as in [[Kutch]]. Any one of the species in this genus may have been the ancestor to the modern [[orangutan]]s.

Some early discoveries were given the separate names ''Ramapithecus'' ([[Rama]]'s Ape) and ''Bramapithecus'' (Brahma's Ape), and were thought to be possible ancestors of humans.

==Discovery==
[[File:Palaeopithecus sivalensis Teylers.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Jaw fragments of ''S. sivalensis''.]]
[[File:Sivapithecus punjabicus.JPG|thumb|left|150px|''S. punjabicus'' jaw]]

The first incomplete specimens of ''Sivapithecus'' were found in northern India in the late 19th century.

Another find was made in [[Nepal]] on the bank of the [[Tinau River]] situated in [[Palpa District]]; a western part of the country in 1932. This find was named "''Ramapithecus''". The discoverer, G. Edward Lewis, claimed that it was distinct from ''Sivapithecus'', as the jaw was more like a human's than any other fossil ape then known,<ref>{{harvnb|Gibbons|2006| p=64}}</ref> a claim revived in the 1960s. At that time, it was believed that the ancestors of humans had diverged from other apes 14 million years ago. Biochemical studies upset this view, suggesting that there was an early split between [[orangutan]] ancestors and the common ancestors of [[chimpanzee]]s, [[gorilla]]s and [[human]]s.

Meanwhile, more complete specimens of ''Ramapithecus'' were found in 1975 and 1976, which showed that it was less human-like than had been thought. It began to look more and more like ''Sivapithecus'', meaning that the older name must take priority. It is also possible that fossils assigned to ''Ramapithecus'' belonged to the female form of ''Sivapithecus''.<ref>{{harvnb|Gibbons|2006| pp=76–77}}</ref> They were definitely members of the same genus. It is also likely that they were already separate from the common ancestor of chimps, gorillas and humans, which may be represented by the prehistoric great ape ''[[Nakalipithecus nakayamai]]''. Siwalik specimens once assigned to the genus ''Ramapithecus'' are now considered by most researchers to belong to one or more species of ''Sivapithecus''. ''Ramapithecus'' is no longer regarded as a likely ancestor of humans.

In 1982, [[David Pilbeam]] published a description of a significant fossil find, formed by a large part of the face and jaw of a ''Sivapithecus''. The specimen bore many similarities to the [[orangutan]] skull and strengthened the theory (previously suggested by others) that ''Sivapithecus'' was closely related to orangutans.

In 2011, a 10.8 million-year old ([[Neogene]] period) upper jawbone of Shivapithecus was found in [[Kutch district]] of [[Gujarat]], India. The find also extended ''Sivapithecus''' southern range in Indian subcontinent significantly. The species can not be identified.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Extinct ape evidence from Kutch|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/science-tech/extinct-ape-evidence-from-kutch/cid/1675584|access-date=2020-09-07|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhandari|first1=Ansuya|last2=Kay|first2=Richard F.|last3=Williams|first3=Blythe A.|last4=Tiwari|first4=Brahma Nand|last5=Bajpai|first5=Sunil|last6=Hieronymus|first6=Tobin|date=2018-11-14|editor-last=Charles|editor-first=Cyril|title=First record of the Miocene hominoid Sivapithecus from Kutch, Gujarat state, western India|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206314|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=11|pages=e0206314|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0206314|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6235281|pmid=30427876|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1306314B}}</ref>

==Description==
''Sivapithecus'' was about {{convert|1.5|m|ft|0}} in body length, similar in size to a modern orangutan. In most respects, it would have resembled a chimpanzee, but its face was closer to that of an orangutan. The shape of its wrists and general body proportions suggest that it spent a significant amount of its time on the ground, as well as in trees.<ref name=EoDP>{{harvnb|Palmer|1999| pp=292–3}}</ref> It had large [[canine teeth]], and heavy [[molar (tooth)|molar]]s, suggesting a diet of relatively tough food, such as seeds and savannah grasses.<ref name=EoDP/>

==Species==
Currently three species are generally recognized:
*'''''Sivapithecus indicus''''' fossils date from about 12.5 million to 10.5 million years ago.<ref>[http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/12/04/1420275111.abstract A partial hominoid innominate from the Miocene of Pakistan: Description and preliminary analyses]</ref>
*'''''Sivapithecus sivalensis''''' lived from 9.5 million to 8.5 million years ago. It was found at the Pothowar plateau in Pakistan as well as in parts of India. The animal was about the size of a chimpanzee but had the facial morphology of an orangutan; it ate soft fruit (detected in the toothwear pattern) and was probably mainly arboreal.
*'''''Sivapithecus parvada''''' described in 1988, this species is significantly larger and dated to about 10 million years ago.

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* ''[[Ankarapithecus]]''
* ''[[Griphopithecus]]''
* [[Ape#History of hominoid taxonomy|History of hominoid taxonomy]]
* [[Human evolutionary genetics]]
* ''[[Khoratpithecus]]''
* ''[[Lufengpithecus]]''
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book
| last = Gibbons
| first = Ann
| title = The first human
| publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]
| year = 2006
| isbn = 978-0-385-51226-8
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/firsthumanraceto00gibb
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Kelley | first = Jay
| chapter = The hominoid radiation in Asia
| title = The Primate Fossil Record | pages = 369–384
| editor-last = Hartwig | editor-first = W | editor-link = Walter Hartwig
| publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2002
| isbn = 978-0-521-66315-1
}}
* {{cite book | last=Palmer | first=Douglas
| title= The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals
| publisher= Marshall Editions |year=1999 |location=London |pages= 292–293
| isbn= 1-84028-152-9
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Szalay | first1 = Frederick S.
| last2 = Delson | first2 = Eric
| title = Evolutionary History of the Primates
| publisher = Academic Press | year = 1979 | location = New York
}}
{{ref end}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060119002803/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/sivapithecus.html Photo] of the 1982 ''Sivapithecus'' skull ("GSP 15000")
* [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive Human Timeline (Interactive)] – [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]], [[National Museum of Natural History]] (August 2016).

{{Human Evolution}}
{{Haplorhini|Ho.}}
{{Portal bar|Evolutionary biology|Paleontology}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q132950}}

[[Category:Prehistoric apes]]
[[Category:Miocene primates of Asia]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1910]]
[[Category:Prehistoric primate genera]]

Sivapithecus - Revision history

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

2601:283:C202:5930:59E9:4F0A:351B:5942 at 23:44, 16 August 2021