Siswal - Revision history

DelmarPrisco: revised

2025-09-20T08:28:17Z

revised

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:58, 20 September 2025
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	\| image_caption =sherds found at Siswal site <ref>Garge, T., (2010). Sothi–Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal. Ancient Asia. 2(0), pp.15–40. ~~DOI: <nowiki>http://~~doi~~.org/~~10.5334/aa.10203~~</nowiki>~~</ref>		\| image_caption =sherds found at Siswal site <ref>Garge, T., (2010). Sothi–Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal. Ancient Asia. 2(0), pp.15–40. {{doi\|10.5334/aa.10203\|doi-access=free}}</ref>

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	\| pushpin_map_caption = Kheri Jalab in Haryana, India		\| pushpin_map_caption = Kheri Jalab in Haryana, India

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	\| coordinates = {{coord\|29.211210\|N\|75.496373\|E\|display=inline,title}}		\| coordinates = {{coord\|29.211210\|N\|75.496373\|E\|display=inline,title}}
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	\| government_type = [[Local government]]		\| government_type = [[Local government]]
	\| governing_body = [[Panchayat]]		\| governing_body = [[Panchayati raj in India\|Panchayat]]
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	\| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]		\| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
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	'''Siswal''' is a village in [[Hisar district]], [[Haryana]], India. It located 28 km from [[Hisar (city)\|Hisar city]]. It is a site of [[Chalcolithic]] age. It is a [[typesite]] for ''Siswal culture'', dating from around 3800 BC, also known as [[Sothi (archaeology)\|Sothi]]–Siswal culture.		'''Siswal''' is a village in [[Hisar district]], [[Haryana]], India. It located 28 km from [[Hisar (city)\|Hisar city]]. It is a site of [[Chalcolithic]] age. It is a [[typesite]] for ''Siswal culture'', dating from around 3800 BC, also known as [[Sothi (archaeology)\|Sothi]]–Siswal culture.

	==Location==		==Location==

	The related site of [[Sothi (archaeology)\|Sothi]] is located in [[Rajasthan]], about 70 km to the west of Siswal. The large archaeological site of [[Rakhigarhi]] is about 70 km to the east. All three ancient settlements are situated in the plain of the ancient [[Chautang]] river, that was flowing east to west in this area. Chautang, in its turn, was a tributary of the ancient [[Ghaggar]] river, that was also flowing east to west, and parallel to Ghaggar just to the north. [[Kalibangan]] is situated close to the confluence of these two rivers.<ref name="MaemokuShitaoka2013"> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yorinao_Shitaoka/publication/278015103/figure/fig4/AS:418404927328260@1476766916914/Figure-6-Distribution-of-desert-sand-dunes-in-the-northern-Thar-Desert-and-the-location.png Map of the area, in:] {{cite journal\|last1=Maemoku\|first1=Hideaki\|last2=Shitaoka\|first2=Yorinao\|last3=Nagatomo\|first3=Tsuneto\|last4=Yagi\|first4=Hiroshi\|title=Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period\|year=2013\|pages=97–106\|issn=~~23288779~~\|doi=10.1029/2012GM001218\|journal=Geophysical Monograph Series}}</ref>		The related site of [[Sothi (archaeology)\|Sothi]] is located in [[Rajasthan]], about 70 km to the west of Siswal. The large archaeological site of [[Rakhigarhi]] is about 70 km to the east. All three ancient settlements are situated in the plain of the ancient [[Chautang]] river, that was flowing east to west in this area. Chautang, in its turn, was a tributary of the ancient [[Ghaggar]] river, that was also flowing east to west, and parallel to Ghaggar just to the north. [[Kalibangan]] is situated close to the confluence of these two rivers.<ref name="MaemokuShitaoka2013">[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yorinao_Shitaoka/publication/278015103/figure/fig4/AS:418404927328260@1476766916914/Figure-6-Distribution-of-desert-sand-dunes-in-the-northern-Thar-Desert-and-the-location.png Map of the area, in:] {{cite journal\|last1=Maemoku\|first1=Hideaki\|last2=Shitaoka\|first2=Yorinao\|last3=Nagatomo\|first3=Tsuneto\|last4=Yagi\|first4=Hiroshi\|title=Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period\|year=2013\|pages=97–106\|issn=2328-8779\|doi=10.1029/2012GM001218\|journal=Geophysical Monograph Series\|isbn=9781118704325 }}</ref>

	==Sothi–Siswal culture==		==Sothi–Siswal culture==
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	Siswal is a site of early [[Harappan culture]], otherwise known as "Pre-Harappan" civilization. The Pre-Harappans were known to live in mud houses with thatched roofs. The culture focused mainly on agriculture as an occupation, domesticating animals such as cows, bulls, pigs and goats. They used wheel made red pottery which was often painted on.		Siswal is a site of early [[Harappan culture]], otherwise known as "Pre-Harappan" civilization. The Pre-Harappans were known to live in mud houses with thatched roofs. The culture focused mainly on agriculture as an occupation, domesticating animals such as cows, bulls, pigs and goats. They used wheel made red pottery which was often painted on.

	They were said to have a black complexion, with curly hair and a flat nose {{Citation needed\|date=November 2021}}, and according to archaeologists, stayed in the Haryana area around 2700 BC. Due to these features, Siswal is a village of great archaeological importance within the Indian subcontinent.		There are broad similarities between Sothi–Siswal and [[Kot Diji]] ceramics. Kot Diji culture area is located just to the northwest of the Sothi–Siswal area.<ref>Asko Parpola, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld3XCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization.] Oxford University Press, 2015 {{ISBN\|0190226919}} p18</ref>

	There are broad similarities between Sothi–Siswal and [[Kot Diji]] ceramics. Kot Diji culture area is located just to the northwest of the Sothi–Siswal area.<ref>Asko Parpola, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=Ld3XCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization.] Oxford University Press, 2015 {{ISBN\|0190226919}} p18</ref>

	===Dating ===		===Dating ===
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	{{see also \| Phase (archaeology) \| l1= Phases in archaeology \| Chronological dating \| l2= Archaeological chronology dating \| Pottery#Fabric \| l3= Fabric analysis \| Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation \| l4= Periodisation of IVC \| Pottery in the Indian subcontinent \| l5= Archaeological pottery culture in India }}		{{see also \| Phase (archaeology) \| l1= Phases in archaeology \| Chronological dating \| l2= Archaeological chronology dating \| Pottery#Fabric \| l3= Fabric analysis \| Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation \| l4= Periodisation of IVC \| Pottery in the Indian subcontinent \| l5= Archaeological pottery culture in India }}

	According to Tejas Garge, Sothi culture precedes Siswal culture considerably. Sothi culture may be as early as 4600 BCE, while the earliest Siswal A layer is dated 3800-3200 BCE, and is equivalent to the Middle and Upper layers of Sothi.<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Garge \| first1 = Tejas \| year = 2010 \| title = Sothi–Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal ~~\| url = http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/articles/10.5334/aa.10203/~~ \| journal = Ancient Asia \| volume = 2 \| issue = \| pages = 15–40 \| doi = 10.5334/aa.10203 }}</ref>		According to Tejas Garge, Sothi culture precedes Siswal culture considerably. Sothi culture may be as early as 4600 BCE, while the earliest Siswal A layer is dated 3800-3200 BCE, and is equivalent to the Middle and Upper layers of Sothi.<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Garge \| first1 = Tejas \| year = 2010 \| title = Sothi–Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal \| journal = Ancient Asia \| volume = 2 \| issue = \| pages = 15–40 \| doi = 10.5334/aa.10203 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>

	===Pottery with 'Six fabrics of Kalibanagan'===		===Pottery with 'Six fabrics of Kalibanagan'===
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	*Fragment of a red ware sherd with horizontal black band on the rim portions and incisions in form of horizontal and criss-cross lines,		*Fragment of a red ware sherd with horizontal black band on the rim portions and incisions in form of horizontal and criss-cross lines,
	*Fragment of central portion of a red ware dish with incisions in form of concentric circle,		*Fragment of central portion of a red ware dish with incisions in form of concentric circle,
	*knob (?), shaped like mushroom, 9 cm in height solid, on top portion a circular concentric circle incised with fish motif within.		*knob (?), shaped like mushroom, 9 cm in height solid, on top portion a circular concentric circle incised with fish motif within.

	Upon the excavations at Siswal, Suraj Bhan put forward an idea of the existence of a parallel culture to the Harappans within the region.		Upon the excavations at Siswal, Suraj Bhan put forward an idea of the existence of a parallel culture to the Harappans within the region.
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	==See also==		==See also==

	* [[Indus Valley ~~civilization~~]] related		* [[Indus Valley Civilization]] related
			** [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
	** [[List of Indus Valley ~~civilization~~ sites]]
	*** [[Bhirrana]], 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE		*** [[Bhirrana]], 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE
	*** [[Kalibanga]], an IVC town and fort with several phases starting from Early harappan phase		*** [[Kalibanga]], an IVC town and fort with several phases starting from Early harappan phase
	*** [[Rakhigarhi]], one of the largest IVC city with 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE		*** [[Rakhigarhi]], one of the largest IVC city with 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE
	*** [[Kunal, Haryana\|Kunal]], cultural ancestor of [[Rehman Dheri]]		*** [[Kunal, Haryana\|Kunal]], cultural ancestor of [[Rehman Dheri]]
			** [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
	** [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley ~~civilization~~]]		*** [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
	*** [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley ~~civilization~~]]		*** [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
	*** [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley ~~civilization~~]]		** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilization]]

	** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley ~~civilization~~]]

	** [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]		** [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]
	*** [[Bara culture]], subtype of Late-Harappan Phase		*** [[Bara culture]], subtype of Late-Harappan Phase
	*** [[Cemetery H culture]] (2000-1400 BC), early Indo-Aryan pottery at IVC sites later evolved into [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] of [[Vedic period]]		*** [[Cemetery H culture]] (2000-1400 BC), early Indo-Aryan pottery at IVC sites later evolved into [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] of [[Vedic period]]
	*** [[Black and red ware]], belonging to ~~neolithic~~ and early Harappan phases		*** [[Black and red ware]], belonging to [[Neolithic]] and early Harappan phases
			** [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilization museum]]
	** [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley ~~civilization~~ museum]]

	* [[History of Haryana]]		* [[History of Haryana]]
	** [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]		** [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-06-27T05:51:26Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:21, 27 June 2022
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	\| image_caption =sherds found at Siswal site <ref>Garge, T., (2010). ~~Sothi-Siswal~~ Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal. Ancient Asia. 2(0), pp.15–40. DOI: <nowiki>http://doi.org/10.5334/aa.10203</nowiki></ref>		\| image_caption =sherds found at Siswal site <ref>Garge, T., (2010). Sothi–Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal. Ancient Asia. 2(0), pp.15–40. DOI: <nowiki>http://doi.org/10.5334/aa.10203</nowiki></ref>

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	'''Siswal''' is a village in [[Hisar district]], [[Haryana]], India. It is a site of [[Chalcolithic]] age. It is a [[typesite]] for ''Siswal culture'' dating around 3800 BC, also known as [[Sothi (archaeology)\|Sothi]]~~-Siswal~~ culture.		'''Siswal''' is a village in [[Hisar district]], [[Haryana]], India. It located 28 km from [[Hisar (city)\|Hisar city]]. It is a site of [[Chalcolithic]] age. It is a [[typesite]] for ''Siswal culture'', dating from around 3800 BC, also known as [[Sothi (archaeology)\|Sothi]]–Siswal culture.

	==Location==		==Location==

	The related site of [[Sothi (archaeology)]] is located in [[Rajasthan]], about 70 km to the west of Siswal. The large archaeological site of [[Rakhigarhi]] is about 70 km to the east. All three ancient settlements are situated in the plain of the ancient [[Chautang]] river, that was flowing east to west in this area. Chautang, in its turn, was a tributary of the ancient [[Ghaggar]] river, that was also flowing east to west, and parallel to Ghaggar just to the north. [[Kalibangan]] is situated close to the confluence of these two rivers.<ref name="MaemokuShitaoka2013"> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yorinao_Shitaoka/publication/278015103/figure/fig4/AS:418404927328260@1476766916914/Figure-6-Distribution-of-desert-sand-dunes-in-the-northern-Thar-Desert-and-the-location.png Map of the area, in:] {{cite journal\|last1=Maemoku\|first1=Hideaki\|last2=Shitaoka\|first2=Yorinao\|last3=Nagatomo\|first3=Tsuneto\|last4=Yagi\|first4=Hiroshi\|title=Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period\|year=2013\|pages=97–106\|issn=23288779\|doi=10.1029/2012GM001218\|journal=Geophysical Monograph Series}}</ref>		The related site of [[Sothi (archaeology)\|Sothi]] is located in [[Rajasthan]], about 70 km to the west of Siswal. The large archaeological site of [[Rakhigarhi]] is about 70 km to the east. All three ancient settlements are situated in the plain of the ancient [[Chautang]] river, that was flowing east to west in this area. Chautang, in its turn, was a tributary of the ancient [[Ghaggar]] river, that was also flowing east to west, and parallel to Ghaggar just to the north. [[Kalibangan]] is situated close to the confluence of these two rivers.<ref name="MaemokuShitaoka2013"> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yorinao_Shitaoka/publication/278015103/figure/fig4/AS:418404927328260@1476766916914/Figure-6-Distribution-of-desert-sand-dunes-in-the-northern-Thar-Desert-and-the-location.png Map of the area, in:] {{cite journal\|last1=Maemoku\|first1=Hideaki\|last2=Shitaoka\|first2=Yorinao\|last3=Nagatomo\|first3=Tsuneto\|last4=Yagi\|first4=Hiroshi\|title=Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period\|year=2013\|pages=97–106\|issn=23288779\|doi=10.1029/2012GM001218\|journal=Geophysical Monograph Series}}</ref>

	==~~Sothi-Siswal~~ culture==		==Sothi–Siswal culture==

	=== Period and pottery ===		=== Period and pottery ===
	{{see also \| Pottery in the Indian subcontinent#History \| l1= Pottery of Archaeological culture \| Pottery#Archaeology \| l2= Archaeological analysis of pottery \| Pottery#Fabric \| l3= Fabric analysis of pottery \| Archaeological culture }}		{{see also \| Pottery in the Indian subcontinent#History \| l1= Pottery of Archaeological culture \| Pottery#Archaeology \| l2= Archaeological analysis of pottery \| Pottery#Fabric \| l3= Fabric analysis of pottery \| Archaeological culture }}

	'''~~Sothi-Siswal~~ culture''': Based on the [[pottery]] found here, it is classified as a separate archaeological culture / subculture.<ref name=dis1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/the-harappan-civilisation-its-sub-cultures.html The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures], Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.</ref> This culture is a pre-Harappan culture which was contemporaneous with the [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation\|Early-Harappan]] culture, with which it had trade and/or social links and overlap of cultural traits. This site has pottery which exhibits [[Kalibangan#Six\|Six fabrics of Kalibanagan]]. Its [[type site]]s are Siswal and [[Sothi (archaeology)\|Sothi]].		'''Sothi–Siswal culture''': Based on the [[pottery]] found here, it is classified as a separate archaeological culture / subculture.<ref name=dis1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/the-harappan-civilisation-its-sub-cultures.html The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures], Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.</ref> This culture is a pre-Harappan culture which was contemporaneous with the [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation\|Early-Harappan]] culture, with which it had trade and/or social links and overlap of cultural traits. This site has pottery which exhibits [[Kalibangan#Six\|Six fabrics of Kalibanagan]]. Its [[type site]]s are Siswal and [[Sothi (archaeology)\|Sothi]].

	Siswal is a site of early [[Harappan culture]], otherwise known as "Pre-Harappan" civilization. The Pre-Harappans were known to live in mud houses with thatched roofs. The culture focused mainly on agriculture as an occupation, domesticating animals such as cows, bulls, pigs and goats. They used wheel made red pottery which was often painted on.		Siswal is a site of early [[Harappan culture]], otherwise known as "Pre-Harappan" civilization. The Pre-Harappans were known to live in mud houses with thatched roofs. The culture focused mainly on agriculture as an occupation, domesticating animals such as cows, bulls, pigs and goats. They used wheel made red pottery which was often painted on.

	They were said to have a black complexion, with curly hair and a flat nose {{Citation needed\|date=November 2021}}, and according to archaeologists, stayed in the Haryana area around 2700 BC. Due to these features, Siswal is a village of great archaeological importance within the Indian subcontinent.		They were said to have a black complexion, with curly hair and a flat nose {{Citation needed\|date=November 2021}}, and according to archaeologists, stayed in the Haryana area around 2700 BC. Due to these features, Siswal is a village of great archaeological importance within the Indian subcontinent.

			There are broad similarities between Sothi–Siswal and [[Kot Diji]] ceramics. Kot Diji culture area is located just to the northwest of the Sothi–Siswal area.<ref>Asko Parpola, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=Ld3XCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization.] Oxford University Press, 2015 {{ISBN\|0190226919}} p18</ref>

	===Dating ===		===Dating ===
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	{{see also \| Phase (archaeology) \| l1= Phases in archaeology \| Chronological dating \| l2= Archaeological chronology dating \| Pottery#Fabric \| l3= Fabric analysis \| Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation \| l4= Periodisation of IVC \| Pottery in the Indian subcontinent \| l5= Archaeological pottery culture in India }}		{{see also \| Phase (archaeology) \| l1= Phases in archaeology \| Chronological dating \| l2= Archaeological chronology dating \| Pottery#Fabric \| l3= Fabric analysis \| Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation \| l4= Periodisation of IVC \| Pottery in the Indian subcontinent \| l5= Archaeological pottery culture in India }}

	According to Tejas Garge, Sothi culture precedes Siswal culture considerably. Sothi culture may be as early as 4600 BCE, while the earliest Siswal A layer is dated 3800-3200 BCE, and is equivalent to the Middle and Upper layers of Sothi.<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Garge \| first1 = Tejas \| year = 2010 \| title = ~~Sothi-Siswal~~ Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal \| url = http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/articles/10.5334/aa.10203/ \| journal = Ancient Asia \| volume = 2 \| issue = \| pages = 15–40 \| doi = 10.5334/aa.10203 }}</ref>		According to Tejas Garge, Sothi culture precedes Siswal culture considerably. Sothi culture may be as early as 4600 BCE, while the earliest Siswal A layer is dated 3800-3200 BCE, and is equivalent to the Middle and Upper layers of Sothi.<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Garge \| first1 = Tejas \| year = 2010 \| title = Sothi–Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal \| url = http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/articles/10.5334/aa.10203/ \| journal = Ancient Asia \| volume = 2 \| issue = \| pages = 15–40 \| doi = 10.5334/aa.10203 }}</ref>

	===Pottery with 'Six fabrics of Kalibanagan'===		===Pottery with 'Six fabrics of Kalibanagan'===

	The Indus Valley Civilization ceramic period of ~~Sothi-Siswal~~ culture was relevant within the civilization. Sites around Siswal were excavated by archaeologist Suraj Bhan in different phases revealing an remarkable cultural sequence. [[Sothi (archaeology)\|Sothi]], also in Haryana, has similar cultural remains.		The Indus Valley Civilization ceramic period of Sothi–Siswal culture was relevant within the civilization. Sites around Siswal were excavated by archaeologist Suraj Bhan in different phases revealing an remarkable cultural sequence. [[Sothi (archaeology)\|Sothi]], also in Haryana, has similar cultural remains.

	During a three year period from 1967, Bhan was able to excavate ninety seven sites in the area in order to reach conclusions on the Harappan culture. Upon conducting the small scale excavations, Suraj Bhan was able date a time period ranging from [[Kalibangan]] to Late Harappan culture within the region. From here, he brought light to ceramic industry associated with the region known as Siswal, given the same name of the area that these ceramics are found in.		During a three year period from 1967, Bhan was able to excavate ninety seven sites in the area in order to reach conclusions on the Harappan culture. Upon conducting the small scale excavations, Suraj Bhan was able date a time period ranging from [[Kalibangan]] to Late Harappan culture within the region. From here, he brought light to ceramic industry associated with the region known as Siswal, given the same name of the area that these ceramics are found in.
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	Due to the abundance of Harrapan archaeological history within the Siswal area, the site continues to be a hot spot within the country of India for tourism as well as archaeological inquiry.		Due to the abundance of Harrapan archaeological history within the Siswal area, the site continues to be a hot spot within the country of India for tourism as well as archaeological inquiry.

	Similar pottery is also found at [[Lohari Ragho]], hence treated as a site belonging to ~~Sothi-Siswal~~ culture.		Similar pottery is also found at [[Lohari Ragho]], hence treated as a site belonging to Sothi–Siswal culture.

	==See also==		==See also==

	* [[Indus Valley ~~Civilization~~]] related		* [[Indus Valley civilization]] related

	** [[List of Indus Valley ~~Civilization~~ sites]]		** [[List of Indus Valley civilization sites]]
	*** [[Bhirrana]], 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE		*** [[Bhirrana]], 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE
	*** [[Kalibanga]], an IVC town and fort with several phases starting from Early harappan phase		*** [[Kalibanga]], an IVC town and fort with several phases starting from Early harappan phase
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	*** [[Kunal, Haryana\|Kunal]], cultural ancestor of [[Rehman Dheri]]		*** [[Kunal, Haryana\|Kunal]], cultural ancestor of [[Rehman Dheri]]

	** [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley ~~Civilization~~]]		** [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley civilization]]
	*** [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley ~~Civilization~~]]		*** [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley civilization]]
	*** [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley ~~Civilisation~~]]		*** [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley civilization]]

	** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley ~~Civilisation~~]]		** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilization]]

	** [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]		** [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]
	*** [[Bara culture]], subtype of Late-Harappan Phase		*** [[Bara culture]], subtype of Late-Harappan Phase
	*** [[Cemetery H culture]] (2000-1400 BC), early Indo-Aryan pottery at IVC sites later evolved into [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] of [[Vedic period]]		*** [[Cemetery H culture]] (2000-1400 BC), early Indo-Aryan pottery at IVC sites later evolved into [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] of [[Vedic period]]
	*** [[Black and red ware]], belonging to neolithic and ~~Early-~~Harappan phases		*** [[Black and red ware]], belonging to neolithic and early Harappan phases
	*** [[Siswal#Sothi\|Sothi-Siswal culture]], subtype of Early-Harappan Phase

	** [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley ~~Civilisation Museum~~]]		** [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley civilization museum]]

	* [[History of Haryana]]		* [[History of Haryana]]
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	[[Category:Villages in Hisar district]]		[[Category:Villages in Hisar district]]
	[[Category:Hisar (city)]]		[[Category:Hisar (city)]]
	[[Category:Pre-Indus Valley ~~Civilisation~~ sites]]		[[Category:Pre-Indus Valley civilisation sites]]
	[[Category:Tourist attractions in Haryana]]		[[Category:Tourist attractions in Haryana]]

2604:CA00:10C:19AF:0:0:660:82E4: /* Period and pottery */Citation needed.

2021-11-16T05:58:18Z

Period and pottery: Citation needed.

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Siswal
| other_name = dhani siswal
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village

| image_skyline =Siswal.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =sherds found at Siswal site <ref>Garge, T., (2010). Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal. Ancient Asia. 2(0), pp.15–40. DOI: <nowiki>http://doi.org/10.5334/aa.10203</nowiki></ref>

| image_flag =

| flag_size = 300px

| flag_alt =

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| flag_link =

| image_map =

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| map_caption =

| image_map1 =
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| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300px
| pushpin_map_caption = Kheri Jalab in Haryana, India

| pushpin_map1 =

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| coordinates = {{coord|29.211210|N|75.496373|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hisar (district)|Hisar]]

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| government_type = [[Local government]]
| governing_body = [[Panchayat]]
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| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]

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| demographics_type1 = Languages Bagdi, Haryanvi, Hindi
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 125052
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#HR.E2.80.94Haryana|HR]]-20

| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Siswal''' is a village in [[Hisar district]], [[Haryana]], India. It is a site of [[Chalcolithic]] age. It is a [[typesite]] for ''Siswal culture'' dating around 3800 BC, also known as [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]]-Siswal culture.

==Location==

The related site of [[Sothi (archaeology)]] is located in [[Rajasthan]], about 70 km to the west of Siswal. The large archaeological site of [[Rakhigarhi]] is about 70 km to the east. All three ancient settlements are situated in the plain of the ancient [[Chautang]] river, that was flowing east to west in this area. Chautang, in its turn, was a tributary of the ancient [[Ghaggar]] river, that was also flowing east to west, and parallel to Ghaggar just to the north. [[Kalibangan]] is situated close to the confluence of these two rivers.<ref name="MaemokuShitaoka2013"> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yorinao_Shitaoka/publication/278015103/figure/fig4/AS:418404927328260@1476766916914/Figure-6-Distribution-of-desert-sand-dunes-in-the-northern-Thar-Desert-and-the-location.png Map of the area, in:] {{cite journal|last1=Maemoku|first1=Hideaki|last2=Shitaoka|first2=Yorinao|last3=Nagatomo|first3=Tsuneto|last4=Yagi|first4=Hiroshi|title=Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period|year=2013|pages=97–106|issn=23288779|doi=10.1029/2012GM001218|journal=Geophysical Monograph Series}}</ref>

==Sothi-Siswal culture==

=== Period and pottery ===
{{see also | Pottery in the Indian subcontinent#History | l1= Pottery of Archaeological culture | Pottery#Archaeology | l2= Archaeological analysis of pottery | Pottery#Fabric | l3= Fabric analysis of pottery | Archaeological culture }}

'''Sothi-Siswal culture''': Based on the [[pottery]] found here, it is classified as a separate archaeological culture / subculture.<ref name=dis1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/the-harappan-civilisation-its-sub-cultures.html The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures], Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.</ref> This culture is a pre-Harappan culture which was contemporaneous with the [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Early-Harappan]] culture, with which it had trade and/or social links and overlap of cultural traits. This site has pottery which exhibits [[Kalibangan#Six|Six fabrics of Kalibanagan]]. Its [[type site]]s are Siswal and [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]].

Siswal is a site of early [[Harappan culture]], otherwise known as "Pre-Harappan" civilization. The Pre-Harappans were known to live in mud houses with thatched roofs. The culture focused mainly on agriculture as an occupation, domesticating animals such as cows, bulls, pigs and goats. They used wheel made red pottery which was often painted on.

They were said to have a black complexion, with curly hair and a flat nose {{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}, and according to archaeologists, stayed in the Haryana area around 2700 BC. Due to these features, Siswal is a village of great archaeological importance within the Indian subcontinent.

===Dating ===
{{anchor | Dating | Dates }}
{{see also | Phase (archaeology) | l1= Phases in archaeology | Chronological dating | l2= Archaeological chronology dating | Pottery#Fabric | l3= Fabric analysis | Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation | l4= Periodisation of IVC | Pottery in the Indian subcontinent | l5= Archaeological pottery culture in India }}

According to Tejas Garge, Sothi culture precedes Siswal culture considerably. Sothi culture may be as early as 4600 BCE, while the earliest Siswal A layer is dated 3800-3200 BCE, and is equivalent to the Middle and Upper layers of Sothi.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Garge | first1 = Tejas | year = 2010 | title = Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal | url = http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/articles/10.5334/aa.10203/ | journal = Ancient Asia | volume = 2 | issue = | pages = 15–40 | doi = 10.5334/aa.10203 }}</ref>

===Pottery with 'Six fabrics of Kalibanagan'===

The Indus Valley Civilization ceramic period of Sothi-Siswal culture was relevant within the civilization. Sites around Siswal were excavated by archaeologist Suraj Bhan in different phases revealing an remarkable cultural sequence. [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]], also in Haryana, has similar cultural remains.

During a three year period from 1967, Bhan was able to excavate ninety seven sites in the area in order to reach conclusions on the Harappan culture. Upon conducting the small scale excavations, Suraj Bhan was able date a time period ranging from [[Kalibangan]] to Late Harappan culture within the region. From here, he brought light to ceramic industry associated with the region known as Siswal, given the same name of the area that these ceramics are found in.

Early Indus Valley Civilization ceramic now as of recent have been classified in order to make a datum line for [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent|ceramic studies]] in this area. Known as the 'six fabrics of Kalibanagan', this term is now known by most scholars who are working within this area of archaeological research.

==Excavation of mound ==

===Artifacts found ===
The mound located within the village of Siswal is 300m to the north of the village on the left bank of the [[Chautang]] Canal as reported by Bhan. The maximum habitation deposit found here was 1.25 m above the natural soil.

The cultural deposit is divided into Siswal A and Siswal B in which A was characterized by the presence of classical Kalibangan I – A to E fabrics. Bhan has also noted a clear trend of evolution in typology from the lowest to the upper levels. A few examples of the sherds found at the site are described in the words of Bhan himself below:

*Miniature pot of red ware with short out-curved rim and thick horizontal black band on neck and lower part of body portion,
*Upper portion of the red ware jar with simple out-turned rim and black slip on the rim and neck portion,
*Fragment of a red ware sherd with horizontal black band on the rim portions and incisions in form of horizontal and criss-cross lines,
*Fragment of central portion of a red ware dish with incisions in form of concentric circle,
*knob (?), shaped like mushroom, 9 cm in height solid, on top portion a circular concentric circle incised with fish motif within.

Upon the excavations at Siswal, Suraj Bhan put forward an idea of the existence of a parallel culture to the Harappans within the region.

===Ceramic industry at Siswal===

The ceramic industry of Siswal is divisible into three groups, Siswal A yielded the Kalibangan I Ware, with all the typical fabrics (A to F).

Fabric A is painted with white pigment in addition to the black.

In Siswal B, the late Siswal phase, both the Late Siswal and the Harappan Wares are found. This second phase is characterized by the austerity in shape and design, along with a disappearance of painted white pigment. Better potting technique can also be seen within this second group. It is marked by evolved Kalibangan I shapes bearing only black paintings.

Although all the six fabrics survive in the ware, it lacks in variety in shapes and designs and is generally sturdier and better plotted than the Kalibangan I ware of the earlier phase. In accordance to this, Bhan separated non-Harappan sites on presence of a worn out medium thick red ware treated with red slip and painted with black bands, though he admits similar typology and firing with these and Siswal wear.

Lastly the third and final group is characterized by the appearance of medium fabric made through a fast wheel and treated with a red slip in the case of vessels.

Along with these artifacts found at the Siswal site, others found include terracota bangles with black paint strokes, terracota beads, terracota sling-balls, and terracota triangular cakes.

Due to the abundance of Harrapan archaeological history within the Siswal area, the site continues to be a hot spot within the country of India for tourism as well as archaeological inquiry.

Similar pottery is also found at [[Lohari Ragho]], hence treated as a site belonging to Sothi-Siswal culture.

==See also==

* [[Indus Valley Civilization]] related

** [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
*** [[Bhirrana]], 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE
*** [[Kalibanga]], an IVC town and fort with several phases starting from Early harappan phase
*** [[Rakhigarhi]], one of the largest IVC city with 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE
*** [[Kunal, Haryana|Kunal]], cultural ancestor of [[Rehman Dheri]]

** [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
*** [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
*** [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]

** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]

** [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]
*** [[Bara culture]], subtype of Late-Harappan Phase
*** [[Cemetery H culture]] (2000-1400 BC), early Indo-Aryan pottery at IVC sites later evolved into [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] of [[Vedic period]]
*** [[Black and red ware]], belonging to neolithic and Early-Harappan phases
*** [[Siswal#Sothi|Sothi-Siswal culture]], subtype of Early-Harappan Phase

** [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum]]

* [[History of Haryana]]
** [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
** [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana]]
** [[Kotla Nihang Khan]]

==References==
* Gupta, Jugal Kishore. ''History of Sirsa Town''. New Delhi: Atlantic & Distributors, 1991. N. pag. Print.
{{Reflist}}

{{Indus Valley Civilization}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Archaeological cultures in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Hisar district]]
[[Category:Villages in Hisar district]]
[[Category:Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Pre-Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Haryana]]