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{{Short description|Former Hindu kingdom in present Rajasthan (India)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}

{{Infobox country
| native_name = Sirohi State
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Sirohi
| event_end = [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
| status = *[[Sovereign state|Sovereign]] [[monarchy]] (1311–1823)
*[[Princely state]] of the [[British East India Company]] (1823–1858) and [[British Raj|India]] (1858–1947)
|government_type = [[Monarchy]]
|capital = {{ubl|Chandravati (1311–1405)|Shivpuri (1405–1425)|[[Sirohi]] (1425-1947)}}
|year_start = 1311
|year_end = 1949
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Sirohi.svg
|image_coat = Sirohi State Coat of Arms.png
|image_map = Map of Sirohi.jpg
|image_map_caption = Sirohi State (orange) within [[Rajputana]] (yellow), in 1909
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
|today = [[India]]
}}

'''Kingdom of Sirohi''', known as '''Sirohi State''' in [[British Raj|colonial times]], was a kingdom and later [[princely state]] in present-day [[Rajasthan]] state of [[India]]. The state was founded in 1311 CE by the [[Deora (clan)|Deora]] subclan of [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]] and lasted for six centuries till 1949 CE.

The [[Sirohi sword]] is a traditional Indian weapon originating from the town of [[Sirohi]].

==Geography==
Sirohi State was in the [[Rajputana Agency|Rajputana agency]]. It had an area {{convert|1,964|sqmi|sqkm}} The territory was much broken up by hills and rocky ranges; the Aravalli range divided it into two portions, running from north-east to south-west. The south and south-east part of the territory is mountainous and rugged, containing the lofty Mount Abu, an isolated mass of granite rock, culminating in a cluster of hills, enclosing several valleys surrounded by rocky ridges, like great hollows. On both sides of the Aravallis the country is intersected with numerous water channels, which run with considerable force and volume during the height of the rainy season, but are dry for the greater part of the year. The only river of any importance is the Western Banas.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}

In 1911 the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] recorded that a large portion of the state was covered with dense jungle, in which wild animals, including the tiger, bear and leopard, abounded; and that the climate was on the whole dry (in the south and east there was usually a fair amount of rain. On Abu the average annual rainfall is about {{convert|64|in|cm}}, whereas in Erinpura, less than {{convert|50|mi|km}} to the north, the average fall is only between {{convert|12|and|13|in|cm}}.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}

During the 19th century the Rajputana Railway was built. It traversed the state, and a station was built at [[Abu Road]], {{convert|28|mi|km}} south of the town of Sirohi.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}

In 1901 the population of the state was 154,544, showing a decrease of 17% in the decade, due to the results of famine. Gross revenue was £28,000, tribute to the [[British Raj]] was £450. The population of the town of [[Sirohi]] was 5,651 and its main business was the manufacturing of sword-blades and other weapons.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}} The [[Sirohi sword]] is noted for its craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=आन-बान-शान की प्रतीक हैं सिरोही की तलवार,अब भी होती है सोने-चांदी की नक्काशी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/sirohi-swords-of-sirohi-are-a-symbol-of-pride-and-honour-gold-and-silver-carvings-make-them-special-8369062.html |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

==History==
{{Rajputana 1525 CE|right|Location of Sirohi within [[Rajputana]] circa 1525, with neighbouring polities, on the eve of the establishment of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (a)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186}}</ref>|{{Annotation|75|103|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|22px]]}}}}
Sirohi State was founded by Maharaja of [[Deora (clan)|Deora]] [[Rajput]]s before c. 1311, and formed the area into a state.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.112413|title=History of Sirohi Raj|last=Ram|first=Lala Sita|publisher=The Pioneer Press|year=1920|location=Allahabad}}</ref> In 1405, then-ruler Shivabhan established the capital of the state at Shivpuri, 3 kilometers east of the present-day town of [[Sirohi]].<ref name="Gupta_Bakshi_Rajasthan">{{cite book |title=Rajasthan through the ages: Volume 5, Marwar and British Administration |date=2008 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S7dCkiyLJ6EC/ |access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref> In 1425, Rao Sains Mal built the town of Sirohi, while later became the capital of the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/westernrajputan04adamgoog/|title=A medico-topographical and general account of Marwar, Sirohi, and Jaisalmir|last=Adams|first=Archibald|publisher=Junior Army and Navy Stores|year=1899}}</ref> The rulers of this state belong to Deora Chauhan clan of Rajputs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/history/deora.php | title=History of Deoras }}</ref> In 1452, the state was attacked by [[Rana Kumbha]] of [[Mewar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/3403-princely-state-of-sirohi/ | title=Princely State of Sirohi | date=15 March 2017 }}</ref>

During the early years of the 19th century, Sirohi suffered much from wars with [[Jodhpur]] and the hill tribes of the area. The protection of the British was sought in 1817; the pretensions of Jodhpur to suzerainty over Sirohi were disallowed, and in 1823 a treaty was concluded with the British government. Sirohi became a self-governing [[princely state]], and part of the Rajputana Agency.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}

For services rendered during the [[Revolt of 1857]], the Rao received a remission of half his tribute. Rao Keshri Singh (ruled 1875-1920) and his successors were granted the title ''[[Maharao]]'' (equivalent to Maharaja) in 1889.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}

When India became independent in 1947, there was no immediate consensus about whether Sirohi State should be merged with the new states of [[Bombay State|Bombay]] or [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="IndianStates">{{cite book |title=White Paper on Indian States |date=1950 |publisher=Government of India Press |location=New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276192}}</ref> Initially, the area under Sirohi State was merged into Bombay 1949, but was transferred to Rajasthan in 1950.<ref name="IndianStates" /><ref name="SirohiCensus2011-B">{{cite book |title=District Census Handbook: Sirohi (Series 9: Part XII-A) |date=2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/08/0819_PART_A_DCHB_SIROHI.pdf |access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref>

== List of rulers ==
'''[[Alhanadeva|Rao Alhana]]''', the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Chauhan ruler of Nadol]], was the ancestor of rulers of [[Jalore district|Jalor]], [[Chandravati|Chandrawati]] and Sirohi.

=== List of Raos ===
;Raos of Jalore
* [[Alhanadeva|Rao Alhana]]
* Rao Kirtipal – founder of Jalore in 1181, and ancestor of the [[Songara|Songara Chauhan clan]].
* Rao Samarsinha
* Rao Udaysinha
* Rao Man Singh I (1213–1228)
* Rao Devraj (1228–1250)
* Rao Vijayraj Singh (1250–1311)

;Raos of Chandrawati
* Rao Lumba (1311–1321)– founder of Sirohi in 1311
* Rao Tej Singh (1321–1336)
* Rao Kanhar Dev (1336–1343)
* Rao Samant Singh (1343–?)
* Rao Salkha (?–1374)

;Raos of Sirohi
* Rao Ranmal (1374–1392)
* Rao Sobhajit (Shivbhan) (1392–1424)
* Rao Sahasmal (Sainsmal) (1424–1451)
* Rao Lakharaj Singh (Lakha) (1451–1483)
* Rao Jagmal I (1483–1523)

=== List of Maharaos ===
* Maharao Akshayraj I (Akheraj) (1523–1533)
* Maharao Rai Singh (1533–1543)
* Maharao Dudaji (Durjan Sal) (1543–1553)
* Maharao Udai Singh I (1553–1562)
* Maharao Man Singh II (1562–1572)
* Maharao [[Rao Surtan Deora|Surtan Singh]] (Surtan Deora)(1572–1610)
* Maharao Rai Singh II (1610–1620)
* Maharao Akheraj II (1620–1673)
* Maharao Udaibhan II (1673–1676)
* Maharao Varisal Singh I (1676–1697)
* Maharao Surtan Singh II (1697),(deposed)
* Maharao Chattarsal Singh (Durjan Singh) (1697–1705)
* Maharao Umaid Singh (Maan Singh III) (1705–1749)
* Maharao Prithviraj Singh (1749–1772)
* Maharao Takhat Singh (1772–1781)
* Maharao Jagat Singh (1781–1782)
* Maharao Bairisal II (Varisal) (1782–1809)
* Maharao Udaibhan Singh III (1809–1817)
* Maharao Sheo Singh (1817–1846)
* Maharao [[Umaid Singh II]] Bahadur (1862–1875)
* HH Maharao [[Sir]] [[Kesari Singh]] Bahadur (1875–1920)
* HH Maharao [[Sarup Ram Singh|Sir Sarup Ram Singh]] Bahadur (1920–1946)
* HH Maharao [[Tej Ram Singh]] Bahadur (1946–1947)
* Maharani Krishna (Kunverba) (1946–1947)

=== Titular ruler ===

* Maharao Tej Ram Singh Bahadur (1947–1950)
* Maharao Abhai Singh Bahadur (1950–1998)
• Maharao Raghubir Singh Bahadur (1988 - to present

==Revenue system==
The traditional practice of revenue collection consisted of bhog batai and halbandi. Bhog batai, the more prevalent practice, consisted of direct collection of a part of the harvested produce by the state. In some areas of the state, halbandi was used, under which a cash tax was imposed on the implements used by farmers. In 1904, a new revenue-collection system was introduced which consisted of revenue collection based on average productivity of the cultivated area as the criterion for payment. From the state's perspective, the new revenue system was largely successful, leading to a large increase in the state's revenue.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Violence and Truth: A Rajasthani Kingdom Confronts Colonial Authority|last=Vidal|first=Denis|author-link=Denis Vidal|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|isbn=9780195641059|location=Delhi|pages=69–71}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Jodhpur State]]
*[[Udaipur State]]
*[[Chahamanas of Naddula]]
*[[Chahamanas of Jalor]]
*[[Rajputana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Sirohi|volume=25|page=257}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
{{Princely states of India}}

{{coord|24|53|N|72|52|E|type:landmark_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1311 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Sirohi district]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1311]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1949]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]

Sirohi State - Revision history

Garrydum: new first post first draft.