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	{{DEFAULTSORT:Marshall, John Hubert}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Marshall, John Hubert}}
			[[Category:1876 births]]
			[[Category:1958 deaths]]

Bharatwiki Socrates: Created page with "{{Short description|British archaeologist (1876–1958)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox scientist | honorific_prefix = Sir | name = John Marshall | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CIE|FBA}} | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1876|3|19|df=y}} | birth_place = Chester, England | death_date = {{death date and age |1958|8|17|1876|3|19|df=y}} | death_place =..."

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Created page with "{{Short description|British archaeologist (1876–1958)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox scientist | honorific_prefix = Sir | name = John Marshall | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CIE|FBA}} | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1876|3|19|df=y}} | birth_place = Chester, England | death_date = {{death date and age |1958|8|17|1876|3|19|df=y}} | death_place =..."

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{{Short description|British archaeologist (1876–1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = John Marshall
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CIE|FBA}}
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1876|3|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chester, England|Chester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age |1958|8|17|1876|3|19|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Guildford]]
| field = [[History]], [[archaeology]]
| work_institutions = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| alma_mater = [[King's College, Cambridge]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Excavations in [[Harappa]], [[Mohenjodaro]], [[Sanchi]], [[Sarnath]], [[Taxila]], [[Crete]] and [[Knossos]]
| prizes = [[Companion of Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] <br /> [[Knighthood]] <br /> [[Fellow of the British Academy|FBA]]
| footnotes =
| signature =
}}

'''Sir John Hubert Marshall''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE|FBA}} (19 March 1876, [[Chester, England|Chester]], England – 17 August 1958, [[Guildford]], England) was an English [[archaeologist]] who was Director-General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] from 1902 to 1928.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/banerji-robbed-of-credit-for-indus-findings/articleshow/59101966.cms|title=Banerji robbed of credit for Indus findings|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 June 2017 }}</ref> He oversaw the excavations of [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjo-daro|Mohenjo Daro]], two of the main cities that comprise the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].

==Personal history and career==
Marshall was at school at [[Dulwich College]] before [[King's College, Cambridge]],<ref>{{acad|id=MRSL895JH|name=Marshall, John Hubert}}</ref> where in 1898 he won the [[Porson Prize]].<ref>''The India List and India Office List for 1905'', London: Harrison and Sons, 1905, p. 562.</ref> He then trained in [[archaeology]] at [[Knossos]] under [[Sir Arthur Evans]], who was rediscovering the Bronze Age [[Minoan civilization]].<ref>[[Gregory Possehl|Possehl, Gregory A.]], ''The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective'', p. 10, 2002, AltaMira Press, ISBN 9780759101722, 0759101728, [https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&dq=Mohenjo-daro+Priest-king&pg=PA10 google books]</ref>

In 1902, the new [[Viceroy of india|viceroy of India]], [[Lord Curzon]], appointed Marshall as Director-General of Archaeology within the [[British India]]n administration. Marshall modernised the approach to archaeology on that continent, introducing a programme of cataloguing and conservation of ancient monuments and artefacts.<ref>[[Charles Allen (writer)|Allen, Charles]] (2012) ''Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor'', chap. 15</ref>

Marshall began the practice of allowing Indians to participate in [[excavation (archaeology)|excavation]]s in their own country.<ref>[[Charles Allen (writer)|Allen, Charles]] (2012), ''Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor'', chap. 15, ''passim''</ref> Most of his students were Indian, and so, Marshall gained a reputation for being very sympathetic to Indian nationalism. Marshall agreed with Indian civic leaders and protesters who wanted more self-government for India or even independence for India. Marshall was highly admired by Indians during the time he worked in India. In 1913, he began the [[Taxila (ancient)|excavations at Taxila]], which lasted for 21 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taxila in Focus: 100 years since Marshall |url=https://stories.durham.ac.uk/TaxilaInFocus/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=stories.durham.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> In 1918, he laid the foundation stone for the [[Taxila Museum]], which today hosts many artifacts and one of Marshall's few portraits. He then moved on to other sites, including the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] centres of [[Sanchi]] and [[Sarnath]].

His work provided evidence of the antiquity of Indian civilisation, particularly that of the [[Indus Valley civilization]] and the [[Mauryan]] age ([[Ashoka]]'s Age). In 1920, Marshall initiated at dig at [[Harappa]] with [[Daya Ram Sahni]] as director. Mohenjodaro was discovered by [[R. D. Banerji]] in 1921, and in 1922, work began there. The results of these efforts, which revealed an ancient culture with its own writing system, were published in the ''[[Illustrated London News]]'' on 20 September 1924.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Images of the Announcement: The Illustrated London News {{!}} Harappa |url=https://www.harappa.com/blog/first-images-announcement-illustrated-london-news |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.harappa.com}}</ref> Scholars linked the artifacts with the ancient civilisation of [[Sumer]] in Mesopotamia. Subsequent excavation showed Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro to be sophisticated [[planned cities]] with [[plumbing]] and [[public baths|baths]].<ref>Jane McIntosh, ''The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives'' ; ABC-CLIO, 2008; {{ISBN|978-1-57607-907-2}} ; pp. 29–32.</ref> But Marshall ignored the stratigraphy of the site, and excavated along regular horizontal lines. This mixed up the artefacts from different stratigraphic layers, causing much valuable information about the context of his findings to be lost forever. This mistake was corrected by [[Mortimer Wheeler|R.E.M. Wheeler]], who recognised that it was necessary to follow the stratigraphy of the mound rather than dig mechanically along uniform horizontal lines. Also a military precision was brought to archeology by Wheeler.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Themes in Indian History|publisher=NCERT}}</ref>

Marshall also led excavations at the prehistoric [[Sohr Damb]] mound near Nal in [[Baluchistan]]; a small representative collection of pottery vessels from the site is now in the [[British Museum]].<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/x22143 British Museum Collection]</ref>

==Retirement and Death==
Marshall retired from his post in 1934 and then departed India. He died on 17 August 1958, at his home in [[Guildford, Surrey]], some 28 miles southwest of London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Marshall {{!}} Harappa |url=https://www.harappa.com/content/john-marshall |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.harappa.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=John Hubert Marshall 1876-1958 |url=http://www.emersonkent.com/history_notes/sir_john_hubert_marshall.htm |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.emersonkent.com}}</ref>

==Honors==
Marshall was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|(CIE)]] in June 1910<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28388/supplements/4478 London Gazette, 23 June 1910]</ref> and [[knight]]ed in January 1914.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir John Hubert Marshall {{!}} British archaeologist {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Hubert-Marshall |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

He was awarded an honorary degree, Doctor of Philosophy, by [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]] in 1921.<ref>''The Times'', 19 December 1921.</ref>

He was elected as a Fellow of the [[British Academy]] in 1936.

==Publications==

* {{cite book
| last = Marshall
| first = John H.
| author-link = John Marshall (archaeologist)
| title = Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization
| year = 1931
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.48270
}}
** [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.722 Volume 1]
** [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62023 Volume 2]
*{{cite book
| last = Marshall
| first = John H.
| author-link = John Marshall (archaeologist)
| title = The Buddhist Art of Gandhara: the Story of the Early School, Its Birth, Growth and Decline
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 1960
| location = Cambridge
}}

*{{cite book
| last = Marshall
| first = John H.
| author-link = John Marshall (archaeologist)
| title = A Guide to Taxila
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 1960|edition=4th
| location = Cambridge
}}
**[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.27261/page/n7 Taxila Archaeological Excavations Vol.III]
*{{cite book
| last = Marshall
| first = John H.
| author-link = John Marshall (archaeologist)
| author2=M. B. Garde
| title = The Bagh Caves in the Gwalior State
| publisher =The [[Royal India Society|India Society]]
| year = 1927
| location = London
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43551
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Marshall
| first = John H.
| author-link = John Marshall (archaeologist)
| author2=Foucher, Alfred
| title = The Monuments of Sanchi (3 vol.)
| year = 1902
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532799
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Marshall
| first = John H.
| author-link = John Marshall (archaeologist)
| title = A Guide to Sanchi
| publisher = Superintendent, Government Printing
| year = 1918
| location = Calcutta
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148
}}

== See also ==
* [[Indus Valley civilization]]
* [[R. D. Banerji]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*J. H. Marshall, [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/mar.htm "The Date of Kanishka"], ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'', 1914, pp. 973–986.
*Sir John Marshall, [https://archive.org/details/cu31924024121125 ''A Guide to Taxila''. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India, 1918], archive.org.
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051114/Sir-John-Hubert-Marshall "Sir John Hubert Marshall"], britannica.com.
*[https://stories.durham.ac.uk/TaxilaInFocus/ A collection of 5000 images from John Marshall's personal archives at Durham University's Oriental Museum]
{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=Director General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]|before=[[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]]|after=[[Harold Hargreaves]]|years=1902 - 1928}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marshall, John Hubert}}

Sir John Marshall - Revision history

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