Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet - Revision history

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	* [[Outram, Singapore]] is an area of the city of [[Singapore]] named after [[Outram Road]] which was named in Sir James' honour in 1858. The nearby MRT station is [[Outram Park]].		* [[Outram, Singapore]] is an area of the city of [[Singapore]] named after [[Outram Road]] which was named in Sir James' honour in 1858. The nearby MRT station is [[Outram Park]].
	* [[Outram, New Zealand]] is a small town near [[Dunedin]]. It was named after Sir James by [[John Richardson (New Zealand politician)\|Sir John Richardson]].<ref>Reed, A.W. ''Place Names of New Zealand'', Wellington, A.H. & A.W. Reed (1975)</ref>		* [[Outram, New Zealand]] is a small town near [[Dunedin]]. It was named after Sir James by [[John Richardson (New Zealand politician)\|Sir John Richardson]].<ref>Reed, A.W. ''Place Names of New Zealand'', Wellington, A.H. & A.W. Reed (1975)</ref>
	* Outram Road in Croydon, south London, is named after Outram. The road is near [[Addiscombe Military Seminary]] which trained officers for the East India Company.<ref>{{cite web\|title=The History of Addiscombe and the H.O.M.E Roads\|url=http://www.home.addiscombe.net/#!history/cjn9\|website=H.O.M.E. Residents' Association\|access-date=2 February ~~2022~~}}</ref>		* Outram Road in Croydon, south London, is named after Outram. The road is near [[Addiscombe Military Seminary]] which trained officers for the East India Company.<ref>{{cite web\|title=The History of Addiscombe and the H.O.M.E Roads\|url=http://www.home.addiscombe.net/#!history/cjn9\|website=H.O.M.E. Residents' Association\|access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref>
	*The [[Outram Ghat]] in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, has been named after General Outram.		*The [[Outram Ghat]] in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, has been named after General Outram.
	* Outram Lines, [[Kingsway Camp]], Delhi, India		* Outram Lines, [[Kingsway Camp]], Delhi, India

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← Older revision		Revision as of 05:12, 21 June 2022
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2021}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2021}}
	{{Infobox military person		{{Infobox military person
	\| name = ~~Sir~~ James Outram, Bt		\| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
			\| name = James Outram
			\| honorific_suffix = 1st Bt., GCB, KCSI
	\| image = James Outram - Project Gutenberg eText 16528.jpg		\| image = James Outram - Project Gutenberg eText 16528.jpg
	\| image_size = 200		\| image_size = 200
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	\| laterwork = [[Resident (title)\|Resident Minister]] of [[Lucknow]]<br />Chief Commissioner of [[Oudh]]		\| laterwork = [[Resident (title)\|Resident Minister]] of [[Lucknow]]<br />Chief Commissioner of [[Oudh]]
	}}		}}
	[[Lieutenant General (United Kingdom)\|Lieutenant-General]] '''Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet~~''', [[Order of the Bath~~\|GCB~~]], [[Order of the Star of India~~\|KCSI]] (29 January 1803 – 11 March 1863) was ~~an English~~ general who fought in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].		[[Lieutenant General (United Kingdom)\|Lieutenant-General]] '''Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet {{post-nominals\|country=UK\|GCB\|KCSI\|sep=,}}''' (29 January 1803 – 11 March 1863) was a British general who fought in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

	==Early life==		==Early life==
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	==Gujarat and the North-West==		==Gujarat and the North-West==
	In 1835 he was sent to [[Gujarat]] to make a report on the [[Mahi Kantha]] district, and for some time he remained there as political agent. On the outbreak of the [[First Anglo-Afghan War\|First Afghan War]] in 1838 he was appointed extra aide-de-camp on the staff of Sir [[John Keane, 1st Baron Keane\|John Keane]], and went to [[Afghanistan]], where he conducted various raids against [[Afghan]] tribes and performed an extraordinary exploit in capturing a banner of the enemy before [[Ghazni]]. In 1839, he was promoted to [[Major]] and appointed political agent in Lower Sindh, later being moved to [[Upper Sind Frontier District\|Upper Sindh]] (at this time, Gujarat and Sindh were both under the [[Bombay Presidency]]). While in Sindh, he strongly opposed the policy of his superior, Sir [[Charles James Napier\|Charles Napier]], which led to the annexation of Sind. However, when war broke out, he heroically defended the residency at [[Hyderabad, Pakistan\|Hyderabad]] against 8000 [[Baloch people\|Baluchis]], causing Sir Charles Napier to describe him as the "[[Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard\|Bayard]] of India." On his return from a short visit to England in 1843, he was, with the rank of brevet lieutenant-colonel, appointed to a command in the [[Maharashtra\|Mahratta]] country, and in 1847 he was transferred from [[Satara (city)\|Satara]] to [[Baroda]], where he incurred the resentment of the Bombay government by his fearless exposure of corruption.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}}		In 1835 he was sent to [[Gujarat]] to make a report on the [[Mahi Kantha]] district, and for some time he remained there as political agent. On the outbreak of the [[First Anglo-Afghan War\|First Afghan War]] in 1838 he was appointed extra aide-de-camp on the staff of Sir [[John Keane, 1st Baron Keane\|John Keane]], and went to [[Afghanistan]], where he conducted various raids against [[Afghans\|Afghan]] tribes and performed an extraordinary exploit in capturing a banner of the enemy before [[Ghazni]]. In 1839, he was promoted to [[Major]] and appointed political agent in Lower Sindh, later being moved to [[Upper Sind Frontier District\|Upper Sindh]] (at this time, Gujarat and Sindh were both under the [[Bombay Presidency]]). While in Sindh, he strongly opposed the policy of his superior, Sir [[Charles James Napier\|Charles Napier]], which led to the annexation of Sind. However, when war broke out, he heroically defended the residency at [[Hyderabad, Pakistan\|Hyderabad]] against 8000 [[Baloch people\|Baluchis]], causing Sir Charles Napier to describe him as the "[[Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard\|Bayard]] of India." On his return from a short visit to England in 1843, he was, with the rank of brevet lieutenant-colonel, appointed to a command in the [[Maharashtra\|Mahratta]] country, and in 1847 he was transferred from [[Satara (city)\|Satara]] to [[Baroda]], where he incurred the resentment of the Bombay government by his fearless exposure of corruption.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}}

	==Lucknow - 1854==		==Lucknow - 1854==
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	==Legacy==		==Legacy==
	[[File:Statue of Sir James Outram in Calcutta by Francis Frith.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Statue of Sir James Outram at [[Maidan (Kolkata)\|Maidan]], now in garden of [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata\|Victoria Memorial]], Kolkata]]		[[File:Statue of Sir James Outram in Calcutta by Francis Frith.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Statue of Sir James Outram at [[Maidan (Kolkata)\|Maidan]], now in garden of [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata\|Victoria Memorial]], Kolkata]]
	*[[Autram Ghat]] is in the ~~satmala range~~ in ~~khandesh~~, that connects Aurangabad and Chalisgaon in Maharashtra.		*[[Autram Ghat]] is in the [[Satmala Range]] in Khandesh, that connects [[Aurangabad]] and [[Chalisgaon]] in [[Maharashtra]].
	*[[Outram Street]] is a street near [[Kings Park, Western Australia\|King's Park]] in [[Perth]], Australia, named after Sir James Outram. Two other nearby streets (Colin Street and Havelock Street) are named in honour of Generals concerned in the [[Indian Mutiny]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/Perth/perth_names_street.htm \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2017-04-04 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134749/http://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/Perth/perth_names_street.htm \|archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>		*[[Outram Street]] is a street near [[Kings Park, Western Australia\|King's Park]] in [[Perth]], Australia, named after Sir James Outram. Two other nearby streets (Colin Street and Havelock Street) are named in honour of Generals concerned in the [[Indian Mutiny]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/Perth/perth_names_street.htm \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2017-04-04 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134749/http://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/Perth/perth_names_street.htm \|archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>
	*[[Jamesabad]], [[Pakistan]] is a town in the [[Punjab, Pakistan\|Punjab]] province of Pakistan which was named after Sir James Outram during the [[British Raj]].		*[[Jamesabad]], [[Pakistan]] is a town in the [[Punjab, Pakistan\|Punjab]] province of Pakistan which was named after Sir James Outram during the [[British Raj]].
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	* Outram Road in Southsea, Hampshire, United Kingdom is named for Sir James Outram.		* Outram Road in Southsea, Hampshire, United Kingdom is named for Sir James Outram.
	* Outram Hall, named after Sir James Outram, is located across from the popular Murrays Bay beach on Auckland's North Shore in New Zealand		* Outram Hall, named after Sir James Outram, is located across from the popular Murrays Bay beach on Auckland's North Shore in New Zealand

	==Fictional portrayals==		==Fictional portrayals==
	General James Outrum appears as a character in ''[[Flashman in the Great Game]]''<ref name="Fraser2006">{{cite book\|author=George MacDonald Fraser\|title=Flashman in the Great Game (the Flashman Papers, Book 8)\|quote="No doubt he does," mutters Outram, "but he'll no more pass for a native than my aunt's parrot."\|year=2006\|publisher=HarperCollins\|isbn=978-0-00-721719-9}}</ref> by [[George MacDonald Fraser]].		General James Outrum appears as a character in ''[[Flashman in the Great Game]]''<ref name="Fraser2006">{{cite book\|author=George MacDonald Fraser\|title=Flashman in the Great Game (the Flashman Papers, Book 8)\|quote="No doubt he does," mutters Outram, "but he'll no more pass for a native than my aunt's parrot."\|year=2006\|publisher=HarperCollins\|isbn=978-0-00-721719-9}}</ref> by [[George MacDonald Fraser]].
	Outram is played by [[Richard Attenborough]] in the 1977 [[Satyajit Ray]] film ''[[The Chess Players (film)\|The Chess Players]]''.		Outram is played by [[Richard Attenborough]] in the 1977 [[Satyajit Ray]] film ''[[The Chess Players (film)\|The Chess Players]]''.

	==Works==		==Works==

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	* {{ cite book \| last=Outram \| first=James \| year=1860 \| title=Lieut.-General Sir James Outram's Persian Campaign in 1857 \| place=London \| publisher=Smith, Elder and Co. \| url=https://archive.org/stream/lieutgeneralsir00outrgoog#page/n4/mode/2up }}		* {{ cite book \| last=Outram \| first=James \| year=1860 \| title=Lieut.-General Sir James Outram's Persian Campaign in 1857 \| place=London \| publisher=Smith, Elder and Co. \| url=https://archive.org/stream/lieutgeneralsir00outrgoog#page/n4/mode/2up }}
	* {{ cite book \| last=Outram \| first=James \| year=1860 \| title=Lieut.-General Sir James Outram's campaign in India, 1857-1858 \| place=London \| publisher=Smith, Elder and Co. \| url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924021026079#page/n5/mode/2up }}		* {{ cite book \| last=Outram \| first=James \| year=1860 \| title=Lieut.-General Sir James Outram's campaign in India, 1857-1858 \| place=London \| publisher=Smith, Elder and Co. \| url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924021026079#page/n5/mode/2up }}

	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}
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	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
	* {{ cite book \| last=Goldsmid \| first=Frederic John \| author-link=Frederic John Goldsmid \| year=1881 \| title=James Outram, a Biography \| volume=~~Volume~~ 1 \| edition=2nd \| place=London \| publisher=Smith, Elder and Co. \| url=https://archive.org/stream/jamesoutrambiogr01gold#page/n9/mode/2up }}		* {{ cite book \| last=Goldsmid \| first=Frederic John \| author-link=Frederic John Goldsmid \| year=1881 \| title=James Outram, a Biography \| volume=1 \| edition=2nd \| place=London \| publisher=Smith, Elder and Co. \| url=https://archive.org/stream/jamesoutrambiogr01gold#page/n9/mode/2up }}
	* {{ cite book \| last=Goldsmid \| first=Frederic John \| author-link=Frederic John Goldsmid \| year=1881 \| title=James Outram, a Biography \| volume=~~Volume~~ 2 \| edition=2nd \| place=London \| publisher=Smith, Elder and Co. \| url=https://archive.org/stream/jamesoutrambiogr02gold#page/n7/mode/2up }}		* {{ cite book \| last=Goldsmid \| first=Frederic John \| author-link=Frederic John Goldsmid \| year=1881 \| title=James Outram, a Biography \| volume=2 \| edition=2nd \| place=London \| publisher=Smith, Elder and Co. \| url=https://archive.org/stream/jamesoutrambiogr02gold#page/n7/mode/2up }}
	*{{ cite book \| last=Trotter \| first=Lionel J. \| year=1903 \| title=The Bayard of ~~Indian~~: The Life of General Sir James Outram Bart. GCB. etc \| place=Edinburgh and London \| publisher=William Blackwood and Sons \| url=https://archive.org/stream/bayardofindialif00trot#page/n7/mode/2up }}		*{{ cite book \| last=Trotter \| first=Lionel J. \| year=1903 \| title=The Bayard of India: The Life of General Sir James Outram, Bart. GCB. etc \| place=Edinburgh and London \| publisher=William Blackwood and Sons \| url=https://archive.org/stream/bayardofindialif00trot#page/n7/mode/2up }}
	* {{cite journal \|date= 10 January 1843 \|title= Dispatch from Major-General R. England \|journal= The London Gazette \|issue= 20185 \|pages= 82 \|publisher= Stationery Office \|location=London \|url= http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=20185&geotype=London&gpn=82&type=ArchivedIssuePage \|access-date=14 September 2008 \|quote=On this occasion also Major Outram gave me his able assistance, as well as in flanking the extremity of the Bolan pass near Kundye, where I had good reason to expect again to meet some hostile tribes, but the total disappointment of the Kakurs on the 3d, and the effectual flanking arrangements made on all occasions by our troops, seem to have prevented any renewal of interruption. }} {{Dead link\|date=October 2010\|bot=H3llBot}}		* {{cite journal \|date= 10 January 1843 \|title= Dispatch from Major-General R. England \|journal= The London Gazette \|issue= 20185 \|pages= 82 \|publisher= Stationery Office \|location=London \|url= http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=20185&geotype=London&gpn=82&type=ArchivedIssuePage \|access-date=14 September 2008 \|quote=On this occasion also Major Outram gave me his able assistance, as well as in flanking the extremity of the Bolan pass near Kundye, where I had good reason to expect again to meet some hostile tribes, but the total disappointment of the Kakurs on the 3d, and the effectual flanking arrangements made on all occasions by our troops, seem to have prevented any renewal of interruption. }} {{Dead link\|date=October 2010\|bot=H3llBot}}

imported>Catsmeat at 16:08, 10 June 2021

2021-06-10T16:08:47Z

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Sir James Outram, Bt
| image = James Outram - Project Gutenberg eText 16528.jpg
| image_size = 200
| caption = Sir James Outram
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1803|01|29}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1863|03|11|1803|01|29}}
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial = [[Westminster Abbey]]
| birth_place = [[Butterley]], [[Derbyshire]], England
| death_place = [[Pau, Pyrenees-Atlantiques]], [[France]]
| nickname = The Bayard of India
| allegiance = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]<br />[[Image:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|22x25px]] [[East India Company]]
| branch = {{unbulleted list| [[Bombay Army]] | [[Bengal Army]]}}
| serviceyears = 1819–1860
| rank = [[Lieutenant General (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]]
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]
* [[Battle of Ghazni]]
[[Anglo-Persian War]]
* [[Battle of Khushab]]
[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* [[Siege of Lucknow]]
| awards = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]<br />[[Knight Companion of the Order of the Star of India]]
| alma_mater = [[Marischal College]], [[University of Aberdeen]]
| relations =
| laterwork = [[Resident (title)|Resident Minister]] of [[Lucknow]]<br />Chief Commissioner of [[Oudh]]
}}
[[Lieutenant General (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] '''Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet''', [[Order of the Bath|GCB]], [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (29 January 1803 – 11 March 1863) was an English general who fought in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

==Early life==
James Outram was the son of [[Benjamin Outram]] of [[Butterley Hall]], [[Butterley]], [[Derbyshire]], a civil engineer, and Margaret Anderson, a daughter of [[James Anderson of Hermiston]] a Scottish writer on agriculture. His father died in 1805, and his mother moved to [[Aberdeenshire]] in 1810. From Udny school the boy went in 1818 to the [[Marischal College]], [[Aberdeen]] and in 1819 an Indian cadetship was given to him. Soon after his arrival at [[Bombay]] his remarkable energy attracted notice, and in July 1820 he became acting adjutant to the first battalion of the 12th regiment on its embodiment at [[Poona]], an experience which he found to be of immense advantage to him later in his career.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Khandesh - 1825==
[[File:Sir James Outram statue, Victoria Embankment.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of Sir James Outram by [[Matthew Noble]], in Whitehall Gardens, London]]
In 1825, he was sent to [[Khandesh]], where he trained a [[light infantry]] corps, formed of the [[Bhil]]s, a tribe native to the densely forested hills of that region. He gained over them a marvellous personal influence, and employed them with great success in checking outrages and plunder. Their loyalty to him had its principal source in their admiration of his hunting achievements, which in cool daring and hairbreadth escapes have perhaps never been equalled. Originally a puny lad, and for many years after his arrival in [[India]] subject to constant attacks of sickness, Outram seemed to gain strength by every new illness, eventually acquiring a strong constitution and "nerves of steel, shoulders and muscles worthy of a six-foot [[Gaels|Highlander]]."{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Gujarat and the North-West==
In 1835 he was sent to [[Gujarat]] to make a report on the [[Mahi Kantha]] district, and for some time he remained there as political agent. On the outbreak of the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|First Afghan War]] in 1838 he was appointed extra aide-de-camp on the staff of Sir [[John Keane, 1st Baron Keane|John Keane]], and went to [[Afghanistan]], where he conducted various raids against [[Afghan]] tribes and performed an extraordinary exploit in capturing a banner of the enemy before [[Ghazni]]. In 1839, he was promoted to [[Major]] and appointed political agent in Lower Sindh, later being moved to [[Upper Sind Frontier District|Upper Sindh]] (at this time, Gujarat and Sindh were both under the [[Bombay Presidency]]). While in Sindh, he strongly opposed the policy of his superior, Sir [[Charles James Napier|Charles Napier]], which led to the annexation of Sind. However, when war broke out, he heroically defended the residency at [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]] against 8000 [[Baloch people|Baluchis]], causing Sir Charles Napier to describe him as the "[[Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard|Bayard]] of India." On his return from a short visit to England in 1843, he was, with the rank of brevet lieutenant-colonel, appointed to a command in the [[Maharashtra|Mahratta]] country, and in 1847 he was transferred from [[Satara (city)|Satara]] to [[Baroda]], where he incurred the resentment of the Bombay government by his fearless exposure of corruption.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Lucknow - 1854==
[[File:SirJamesOutram.jpg|thumb]]
In 1854 he was appointed resident at [[Lucknow]], in which capacity two years later he carried out the annexation of [[Oudh]] and became the first chief commissioner of that province. Appointed in 1857, with the rank of lieutenant-general, to command an expedition against [[Persia]] during the [[Anglo-Persian War]], he defeated the enemy with great slaughter at [[Khvosh Ab, Bushehr|Khushab]], and conducted the campaign with such rapid decision that peace was shortly afterwards concluded, his services being rewarded by the grand cross of the Bath.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

From Persia he was summoned in June to India, with the brief explanation "We want all our best men here". It was said of him at this time that a fox is a fool and a lion a coward by the side of Sir J. Outram. Immediately on his arrival in [[Calcutta]] he was appointed to command the two divisions of the Bengal army occupying the country from Calcutta to [[Cawnpore]]; and to the military control was also joined the commissionership of Oudh. Already hostilities had assumed such proportions as to compel [[Henry Havelock]] to fall back on Cawnpore, which he held only with difficulty, although a speedy advance was necessary to save the garrison at Lucknow. On arriving at Cawnpore with reinforcements, Outram, in admiration of the brilliant deeds of General Havelock, conceded to him the glory of relieving Lucknow, and, waiving his rank, tendered his services to him as a volunteer. During the advance he commanded a troop of volunteer cavalry, and performed exploits of great brilliancy at [[Mangalwar]], and in the attack at the [[Alambagh]]; and in the final conflict he led the way, charging through a very tempest of fire. The volunteer cavalry unanimously voted him the [[Victoria Cross]], but he refused the choice on the grounds that he was ineligible as the general under whom they served. Resuming supreme command, he then held the town till the arrival of Sir [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Colin Campbell]], after which he conducted the evacuation of the residency so as completely to deceive the enemy. In the second capture of Lucknow, on the commander-in-chief's return, Outram was entrusted with the attack on the side of the [[Gomti]], and afterwards, having recrossed the river, he advanced through the [[Chattar Manzil]] to take the residency, thus, in the words of Colin Campbell, putting the finishing stroke on the enemy. After the capture of Lucknow he was gazetted lieutenant-general.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Thanks - Bayard of India==
[[File:Memorial to Sir James Outram, Dean Cemetery.jpg|thumb|Memorial to Sir James Outram, Dean Cemetery]]
In February 1858, he received the special thanks of both houses of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]], and in the same year the dignity of [[baronet]] with an annuity of £1000. When, on account of shattered health, he returned finally to England in 1860, a movement resulted in the presentation of a public testimonial, and the erection of statues in London (by sculptor [[Matthew Noble]]) and Calcutta.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

He died at [[Pau, Pyrenees-Atlantiques|Pau]] in the south of France<ref name=odnb>{{cite book|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 42|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=146|isbn=0-19-861392-X}}Article by R H Vetch, revised [[Ainslie T. Embree]].</ref> on 11 March 1863,<ref>[http://freebmd.rootsweb.com/cgi/information.pl?r=32491042&d=bmd_1218534691 Index of death entry.]</ref> and was buried on 25 March in the nave of [[Westminster Abbey]], where the marble slab on his grave bears the poignant epitaph ''The Bayard of India''.<ref name=odnb/><ref name="west">[http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/sir-james-outram Sir James Outram], Westminster Abbey.org, accessed February 2011</ref>

==Family==

He was married to Margaret Clementine Anderson (1813-1911). She is buried in [[Dean Cemetery]] in [[Edinburgh]]. The grave is also to the memory of Sir James. Their son Sir Francis Boyd Outram lies with her.<ref>Outram grave Dean Cemetery</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Statue of Sir James Outram in Calcutta by Francis Frith.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of Sir James Outram at [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]], now in garden of [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]], Kolkata]]
*[[Autram Ghat]] is in the satmala range in khandesh, that connects Aurangabad and Chalisgaon in Maharashtra.
*[[Outram Street]] is a street near [[Kings Park, Western Australia|King's Park]] in [[Perth]], Australia, named after Sir James Outram. Two other nearby streets (Colin Street and Havelock Street) are named in honour of Generals concerned in the [[Indian Mutiny]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/Perth/perth_names_street.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-04-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134749/http://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/Perth/perth_names_street.htm |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>
*[[Jamesabad]], [[Pakistan]] is a town in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province of Pakistan which was named after Sir James Outram during the [[British Raj]].
* [[Outram, Singapore]] is an area of the city of [[Singapore]] named after [[Outram Road]] which was named in Sir James' honour in 1858. The nearby MRT station is [[Outram Park]].
* [[Outram, New Zealand]] is a small town near [[Dunedin]]. It was named after Sir James by [[John Richardson (New Zealand politician)|Sir John Richardson]].<ref>Reed, A.W. ''Place Names of New Zealand'', Wellington, A.H. & A.W. Reed (1975)</ref>
* Outram Road in Croydon, south London, is named after Outram. The road is near [[Addiscombe Military Seminary]] which trained officers for the East India Company.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Addiscombe and the H.O.M.E Roads|url=http://www.home.addiscombe.net/#!history/cjn9|website=H.O.M.E. Residents' Association|access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref>
*The [[Outram Ghat]] in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, has been named after General Outram.
* Outram Lines, [[Kingsway Camp]], Delhi, India
* Outram Road in Southsea, Hampshire, United Kingdom is named for Sir James Outram.
* Outram Hall, named after Sir James Outram, is located across from the popular Murrays Bay beach on Auckland's North Shore in New Zealand
==Fictional portrayals==
General James Outrum appears as a character in ''[[Flashman in the Great Game]]''<ref name="Fraser2006">{{cite book|author=George MacDonald Fraser|title=Flashman in the Great Game (the Flashman Papers, Book 8)|quote="No doubt he does," mutters Outram, "but he'll no more pass for a native than my aunt's parrot."|year=2006|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-00-721719-9}}</ref> by [[George MacDonald Fraser]].
Outram is played by [[Richard Attenborough]] in the 1977 [[Satyajit Ray]] film ''[[The Chess Players (film)|The Chess Players]]''.
==Works==

* {{ cite book | last=Outram | first=James | year=1840 | title=Rough Notes on the Campaign in Sinde and Affganistan in 1838-39 | place=Bombay | publisher=American Mission Press | url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.80267/2015.80267.Rough-Notes-Sinde-And-Afghanistan-Campaign-In-1838-39#page/n3/mode/2up }}
*{{ cite book | last=Outram | first=James | year=1846 | title=The Conquest of Scinde: A Commentary | volume=Part 1: General Sir Charles Napier's Negotiations with the Amers| place=Edinburgh and London | publisher=William Blackwood and Sons | url=https://archive.org/stream/conquestscindea00outrgoog#page/n6/mode/2up }}
*{{ cite book | last=Outram | first=James | year=1846 | title=The Conquest of Scinde: A Commentary | volume=Part 2: Campaign in Scinde and treatment of the Amers | place=Edinburgh and London | publisher=William Blackwood and Sons | url=https://archive.org/stream/conquestscindea01outrgoog#page/n4/mode/2up }}
* {{ cite book | last=Outram | first=James | year=1853 | title=A Memoir of the Public Services Rendered by Lieut. Colonel Outram, CB. | place=London | publisher=Smith, Elder and Co | url=https://archive.org/stream/amemoirpublicse00unkngoog#page/n5/mode/2up }}
* {{ cite book | last=Outram | first=James | year=1853 | title=A Few Brief Memoranda of Some of the Public Services Rendered by Lieut.-Colonel Outram, C.B. | place=London | publisher=Smith, Elder and Co. | url=https://archive.org/stream/fewbriefmemorand00outr#page/n3/mode/2up }}
* {{ cite book | last=Outram | first=James | year=1853 | title=Baroda Intrigues and Bombay Khutput | place=London | publisher=Smith, Elder and Co. | url=https://archive.org/stream/barodaintrigues00outrgoog#page/n6/mode/2up }}
* {{ cite book | last=Outram | first=James | year=1860 | title=Lieut.-General Sir James Outram's Persian Campaign in 1857 | place=London | publisher=Smith, Elder and Co. | url=https://archive.org/stream/lieutgeneralsir00outrgoog#page/n4/mode/2up }}
* {{ cite book | last=Outram | first=James | year=1860 | title=Lieut.-General Sir James Outram's campaign in India, 1857-1858 | place=London | publisher=Smith, Elder and Co. | url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924021026079#page/n5/mode/2up }}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
;Attribution
{{EB1911|wstitle=Outram, Sir James}}

==Further reading==
* {{ cite book | last=Goldsmid | first=Frederic John | author-link=Frederic John Goldsmid | year=1881 | title=James Outram, a Biography | volume=Volume 1 | edition=2nd | place=London | publisher=Smith, Elder and Co. | url=https://archive.org/stream/jamesoutrambiogr01gold#page/n9/mode/2up }}
* {{ cite book | last=Goldsmid | first=Frederic John | author-link=Frederic John Goldsmid | year=1881 | title=James Outram, a Biography | volume=Volume 2 | edition=2nd | place=London | publisher=Smith, Elder and Co. | url=https://archive.org/stream/jamesoutrambiogr02gold#page/n7/mode/2up }}
*{{ cite book | last=Trotter | first=Lionel J. | year=1903 | title=The Bayard of Indian: The Life of General Sir James Outram Bart. GCB. etc | place=Edinburgh and London | publisher=William Blackwood and Sons | url=https://archive.org/stream/bayardofindialif00trot#page/n7/mode/2up }}
* {{cite journal |date= 10 January 1843 |title= Dispatch from Major-General R. England |journal= The London Gazette |issue= 20185 |pages= 82 |publisher= Stationery Office |location=London |url= http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=20185&geotype=London&gpn=82&type=ArchivedIssuePage |access-date=14 September 2008 |quote=On this occasion also Major Outram gave me his able assistance, as well as in flanking the extremity of the Bolan pass near Kundye, where I had good reason to expect again to meet some hostile tribes, but the total disappointment of the Kakurs on the 3d, and the effectual flanking arrangements made on all occasions by our troops, seem to have prevented any renewal of interruption. }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl| title=[[Outram Baronets|Baronet]]<br />'''(of Bengal)''' | years=1858–1863}}
{{s-aft| after= Francis Boyd Outram }}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Outram, James}}
[[Category:People from Ripley, Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army generals]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Companion of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the First Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Anglo-Persian War]]
[[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]]
[[Category:1803 births]]
[[Category:1863 deaths]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:19, 19 November 2022
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	In 1825, he was sent to [[Khandesh]], where he trained a [[light infantry]] corps, formed of the [[Bhil]]s, a tribe native to the densely forested hills of that region. He gained over them a marvellous personal influence, and employed them with great success in checking outrages and plunder. Their loyalty to him had its principal source in their admiration of his hunting achievements, which in cool daring and hairbreadth escapes have perhaps never been equalled. Originally a puny lad, and for many years after his arrival in [[India]] subject to constant attacks of sickness, Outram seemed to gain strength by every new illness, eventually acquiring a strong constitution and "nerves of steel, shoulders and muscles worthy of a six-foot [[Gaels\|Highlander]]."{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}}		In 1825, he was sent to [[Khandesh]], where he trained a [[light infantry]] corps, formed of the [[Bhil]]s, a tribe native to the densely forested hills of that region. He gained over them a marvellous personal influence, and employed them with great success in checking outrages and plunder. Their loyalty to him had its principal source in their admiration of his hunting achievements, which in cool daring and hairbreadth escapes have perhaps never been equalled. Originally a puny lad, and for many years after his arrival in [[India]] subject to constant attacks of sickness, Outram seemed to gain strength by every new illness, eventually acquiring a strong constitution and "nerves of steel, shoulders and muscles worthy of a six-foot [[Gaels\|Highlander]]."{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}}

	==Gujarat and ~~the North-West~~==		==Gujarat and Sindh campaigns==
	In 1835 he was sent to [[Gujarat]] to make a report on the [[Mahi Kantha]] district, and for some time he remained there as political agent. On the outbreak of the [[First Anglo-Afghan War\|First Afghan War]] in 1838 he was appointed extra aide-de-camp on the staff of Sir [[John Keane, 1st Baron Keane\|John Keane]], and went to [[Afghanistan]], where he conducted various raids against [[Afghans\|Afghan]] tribes and performed an extraordinary exploit in capturing a banner of the enemy before [[Ghazni]]. In 1839, he was promoted to [[Major]] and appointed political agent in Lower Sindh, later being moved to [[Upper Sind Frontier District\|Upper Sindh]] (at this time, Gujarat and Sindh were both under the [[Bombay Presidency]]). While in Sindh, he strongly opposed the policy of his superior, Sir [[Charles James Napier\|Charles Napier]], which led to the annexation of ~~Sind~~. However, when war broke out, he heroically defended the residency at [[Hyderabad, Pakistan\|Hyderabad]] against 8000 [[Baloch people\|Baluchis]], causing Sir Charles Napier to describe him as the "[[Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard\|Bayard]] of India." On his return from a short visit to England in 1843, he was, with the rank of brevet lieutenant-colonel, appointed to a command in the [[Maharashtra\|Mahratta]] country, and in 1847 he was transferred from [[Satara (city)\|Satara]] to [[Baroda]], where he incurred the resentment of the Bombay government by his fearless exposure of corruption.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}}		In 1835 he was sent to [[Gujarat]] to make a report on the [[Mahi Kantha]] district, and for some time he remained there as political agent. On the outbreak of the [[First Anglo-Afghan War\|First Afghan War]] in 1838 he was appointed extra aide-de-camp on the staff of Sir [[John Keane, 1st Baron Keane\|John Keane]], and went to [[Afghanistan]], where he conducted various raids against [[Afghans\|Afghan]] tribes and performed an extraordinary exploit in capturing a banner of the enemy before [[Ghazni]]. In 1839, he was promoted to [[Major]] and appointed political agent in Lower Sindh, later being moved to [[Upper Sind Frontier District\|Upper Sindh]] (at this time, Gujarat and Sindh were both under the [[Bombay Presidency]]). While in Sindh, he strongly opposed the policy of his superior, Sir [[Charles James Napier\|Charles Napier]], which led to the annexation of Sindh into British India. However, when war broke out, he heroically defended the residency at [[Hyderabad, Pakistan\|Hyderabad]] against 8000 [[Baloch people\|Baluchis]], causing Sir Charles Napier to describe him as the "[[Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard\|Bayard]] of India." On his return from a short visit to England in 1843, he was, with the rank of brevet lieutenant-colonel, appointed to a command in the [[Maharashtra\|Mahratta]] country, and in 1847 he was transferred from [[Satara (city)\|Satara]] to [[Baroda]], where he incurred the resentment of the Bombay government by his fearless exposure of corruption.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}}

	==Lucknow - 1854==		==Lucknow - 1854==
	[[File:SirJamesOutram.jpg\|thumb]]		[[File:SirJamesOutram.jpg\|thumb]]
	In 1854 he was appointed resident at [[Lucknow]], in which capacity two years later he carried out the annexation of [[Oudh]] and became the first chief commissioner of that province. Appointed in 1857, with the rank of lieutenant-general, to command an expedition against [[Persia]] during the [[Anglo-Persian War]], he defeated the ~~enemy with great slaughter~~ at [[~~Khvosh Ab, Bushehr~~\|Khushab]]~~, and~~ conducted the campaign with such rapid decision that peace was ~~shortly afterwards~~ concluded, his services being rewarded by the grand cross of the Bath.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}}		In 1854 he was appointed resident at [[Lucknow]], in which capacity two years later he carried out the annexation of [[Oudh]] and became the first chief commissioner of that province. Appointed in 1857, with the rank of lieutenant-general, to command an expedition against [[Persia]] during the [[Anglo-Persian War]], he defeated the Persian forces in February 1857 after an attempted ambush by their commander [[Khanlar Mirza]] at [[Battle_of_Khushab\|Khushab]]. Outram conducted the campaign with such rapid decision that peace was concluded by the [[Treaty_of_Paris_(1857)\|Treaty of Paris]] in March 1857, his services being rewarded by the grand cross of the Bath.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}} Later that year, the Governor-General's wife, [[Charlotte_Canning,_Countess_Canning\|Lady Canning]] was unimpressed with him when he stayed at Government House in August 1857: she recorded that ‘he is a very common looking little dark Jewish bearded man, with a desponding slow hesitating manner, very unlike descriptions — or rather the idea raised in one’s mind by the old Bombay name the “Bayard of the East” . . . He is not the least my idea of a hero.’<ref>{{cite book \|last1=David \|first1=Saul \|title=The Indian Mutiny : 1857 \|date=2002 \|publisher=Viking \|location=London \|isbn=0670911372}}</ref>

	From Persia he was summoned in June to India, with the brief explanation "We want all our best men here". It was said of him at this time that a fox is a fool and a lion a coward by the side of Sir J. Outram. Immediately on his arrival in [[Calcutta]] he was appointed to command the two divisions of the Bengal army occupying the country from Calcutta to [[Cawnpore]]; and to the military control was also joined the commissionership of Oudh. Already hostilities had assumed such proportions as to compel [[Henry Havelock]] to fall back on Cawnpore, which he held only with difficulty, although a speedy advance was necessary to save the garrison at Lucknow. On arriving at Cawnpore with reinforcements, Outram, in admiration of the brilliant deeds of General Havelock, conceded to him the glory of relieving Lucknow, and, waiving his rank, tendered his services to him as a volunteer. During the advance he commanded a troop of volunteer cavalry, and performed exploits of great brilliancy at [[Mangalwar]], and in the attack at the [[Alambagh]]; and in the final conflict he led the way, charging through a very tempest of fire. The volunteer cavalry unanimously voted him the [[Victoria Cross]], but he refused the choice on the grounds that he was ineligible as the general under whom they served. Resuming supreme command, he then held the town till the arrival of Sir [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde\|Colin Campbell]], after which he conducted the evacuation of the residency so as completely to deceive the enemy. In the second capture of Lucknow, on the commander-in-chief's return, Outram was entrusted with the attack on the side of the [[Gomti]], and afterwards, having recrossed the river, he advanced through the [[Chattar Manzil]] to take the residency, thus, in the words of Colin Campbell, putting the finishing stroke on the enemy. After the capture of Lucknow he was gazetted lieutenant-general.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}}		From Persia he was summoned in June to India, with the brief explanation "We want all our best men here". It was said of him at this time that a fox is a fool and a lion a coward by the side of Sir J. Outram. Immediately on his arrival in [[Calcutta]] he was appointed to command the two divisions of the Bengal army occupying the country from Calcutta to [[Cawnpore]]; and to the military control was also joined the commissionership of Oudh. Already hostilities had assumed such proportions as to compel [[Henry Havelock]] to fall back on Cawnpore, which he held only with difficulty, although a speedy advance was necessary to save the garrison at Lucknow. On arriving at Cawnpore with reinforcements, Outram, in admiration of the brilliant deeds of General Havelock, conceded to him the glory of relieving Lucknow, and, waiving his rank, tendered his services to him as a volunteer. During the advance he commanded a troop of volunteer cavalry, and performed exploits of great brilliancy at [[Mangalwar]], and in the attack at the [[Alambagh]]; and in the final conflict he led the way, charging through a very tempest of fire. The volunteer cavalry unanimously voted him the [[Victoria Cross]], but he refused the choice on the grounds that he was ineligible as the general under whom they served. Resuming supreme command, he then held the town till the arrival of Sir [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde\|Colin Campbell]], after which he conducted the evacuation of the residency so as completely to deceive the enemy. In the second capture of Lucknow, on the commander-in-chief's return, Outram was entrusted with the attack on the side of the [[Gomti]], and afterwards, having recrossed the river, he advanced through the [[Chattar Manzil]] to take the residency, thus, in the words of Colin Campbell, putting the finishing stroke on the enemy. After the capture of Lucknow he was gazetted lieutenant-general.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}}
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	==Legacy==		==Legacy==
	[[File:Statue of Sir James Outram in Calcutta by Francis Frith.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Statue of Sir James Outram at [[Maidan (Kolkata)\|Maidan]], now in garden of [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata\|Victoria Memorial]], Kolkata]]		[[File:Statue of Sir James Outram in Calcutta by Francis Frith.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Statue of Sir James Outram at [[Maidan (Kolkata)\|Maidan]], now in garden of [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata\|Victoria Memorial]], Kolkata]]


			A memorial to Outram was erected in [[Westminster Abbey]] in 1863 to the designs of [[Matthew Noble]].<ref>Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660-1851 by Rupert Gunnis p.275</ref>

	*[[Autram Ghat]] is in the [[Satmala Range]] in Khandesh, that connects [[Aurangabad]] and [[Chalisgaon]] in [[Maharashtra]].		*[[Autram Ghat]] is in the [[Satmala Range]] in Khandesh, that connects [[Aurangabad]] and [[Chalisgaon]] in [[Maharashtra]].
	*[[Outram Street]] is a street near [[Kings Park, Western Australia\|King's Park]] in [[Perth]], Australia, named after Sir James Outram. Two other nearby streets (Colin Street and Havelock Street) are named in honour of Generals concerned in the [[Indian Mutiny]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/Perth/perth_names_street.htm \|title=~~Archived copy~~ \|access-date=2017-04-04 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134749/http://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/Perth/perth_names_street.htm \|archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>		*[[Outram Street]] is a street near [[Kings Park, Western Australia\|King's Park]] in [[Perth]], Australia, named after Sir James Outram. Two other nearby streets (Colin Street and Havelock Street) are named in honour of Generals concerned in the [[Indian Mutiny]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/Perth/perth_names_street.htm \|title=Perth for Everyone: Perth's City Street Names \|access-date=2017-04-04 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134749/http://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/Perth/perth_names_street.htm \|archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>
	*[[Jamesabad]], [[Pakistan]] is a town in the [[Punjab, Pakistan\|Punjab]] province of Pakistan which was named after Sir James Outram during the [[British Raj]].		*[[Jamesabad]], [[Pakistan]] is a town in the [[Punjab, Pakistan\|Punjab]] province of Pakistan which was named after Sir James Outram during the [[British Raj]].
	* [[Outram, Singapore]] is an area of the city of [[Singapore]] named after [[Outram Road]] which was named in Sir James' honour in 1858. The nearby MRT station is [[Outram Park]].		* [[Outram, Singapore]] is an area of the city of [[Singapore]] named after [[Outram Road]] which was named in Sir James' honour in 1858. The nearby MRT station is [[Outram Park]].
	* [[Outram, New Zealand]] is a small town near [[Dunedin]]. It was named after Sir James by [[John Richardson (New Zealand politician)\|Sir John Richardson]].<ref>Reed, A.W. ''Place Names of New Zealand'', Wellington, A.H. & A.W. Reed (1975)</ref>		* [[Outram, New Zealand]] is a small town near [[Dunedin]]. It was named after Sir James by [[John Richardson (New Zealand politician)\|Sir John Richardson]].<ref>Reed, A.W. ''Place Names of New Zealand'', Wellington, A.H. & A.W. Reed (1975)</ref>
	* Outram Road in Croydon, south London, is named after Outram. The road is near [[Addiscombe Military Seminary]] which trained officers for the East India Company.<ref>{{cite web\|title=The History of Addiscombe and the H.O.M.E Roads\|url=http://www.home.addiscombe.net/#!history/cjn9\|website=H.O.M.E. Residents' Association\|access-date=2 February ~~2015~~}}</ref>		* Outram Road in Croydon, south London, is named after Outram. The road is near [[Addiscombe Military Seminary]] which trained officers for the East India Company.<ref>{{cite web\|title=The History of Addiscombe and the H.O.M.E Roads\|url=http://www.home.addiscombe.net/#!history/cjn9\|website=H.O.M.E. Residents' Association\|access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref>
	*The [[Outram Ghat]] in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, has been named after General Outram.		*The [[Outram Ghat]] in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, has been named after General Outram.
	* Outram Lines, [[Kingsway Camp]], Delhi, India		* Outram Lines, [[Kingsway Camp]], Delhi, India
	* Outram Road in Southsea, Hampshire, United Kingdom is named for Sir James Outram.		* Outram Road in Southsea, Hampshire, United Kingdom is named for Sir James Outram.
	* Outram Hall, named after Sir James Outram, is located across from the popular Murrays Bay beach on Auckland's North Shore in New Zealand		* Outram Hall, named after Sir James Outram, is located across from the popular Murrays Bay beach on Auckland's North Shore in New Zealand.
			* Outram Street, [[Ripley, Derbyshire]], United Kingdom, is a street in the neighbouring Village to where Sir James Outram was born, named in 1861 to honour his legacy.

	==Fictional portrayals==		==Fictional portrayals==