Bot: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

2022-08-28T20:42:11Z

robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:12, 29 August 2022
Line 50:		Line 50:
	* [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] (GCB) - 21 September 1880<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=24886\|page=5069\|date=28 September 1880}}</ref> (KCB - 25 July 1879;<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=24747\|page=4697\|date=29 July 1879}}</ref> CB - 14 August 1868<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=23412\|page=4511\|date=14 August 1868}}</ref>)		* [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] (GCB) - 21 September 1880<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=24886\|page=5069\|date=28 September 1880}}</ref> (KCB - 25 July 1879;<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=24747\|page=4697\|date=29 July 1879}}</ref> CB - 14 August 1868<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=23412\|page=4511\|date=14 August 1868}}</ref>)
	* [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI) - 7 December 1885<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=25537\|page=5934\|date=8 December 1885}}</ref>		* [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI) - 7 December 1885<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=25537\|page=5934\|date=8 December 1885}}</ref>
	* [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) - 24 May 1881<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26470\|title=Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet\|publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\|access-date=26 October ~~2022~~}}</ref>		* [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) - 24 May 1881<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26470\|title=Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet\|publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\|access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref>

	===Memorial===		===Memorial===

Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

2022-08-28T20:42:11Z

robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

New page

{{Short description|British field marshal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sir Donald Stewart, Bt
| honorific_suffix =
| image =Donald Martin Stewart.jpg
| caption =Sir Donald Stewart
| birth_date = 1 March 1824
| death_date = 26 March 1900 (aged 76)
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial = [[Brompton Cemetery]], [[London]]
| birth_place =[[Forres]], [[Moray (traditional county)|Moray]], [[Scotland]]
| death_place =[[Algiers]], [[Algeria]]
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| allegiance ={{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
| branch = {{army|British India|23px}}
| serviceyears =1840–1885
| rank =[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]]
| unit =
| commands =[[Commander-in-Chief, India]]
| battles =[[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]]<br/>[[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
| awards =[[#Honours and awards|''See below'']]
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] '''Sir Donald Martin Stewart, 1st Baronet''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|GCSI|CIE}} (1 March 1824{{snd}}26 March 1900) was a senior [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] officer. He fought on the Aka Khel Expedition to the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North-West Frontier]] in 1854, took part in the response to the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] in 1857 and, after serving as commandant of the [[penal colony|penal]] settlement of the [[Andaman Islands]], fought in the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] as Commander of the Quetta Army. In that role, he advanced through the [[Bolan Pass]] to [[Quetta]], and then on to [[Kandahar]] in January 1879. In March 1880, he made a difficult march from Kandahar to [[Kabul]], fighting on the way the [[Battle of Ahmed Khel]] and Battle of Arzu, and then holding supreme military and civil command in northern [[Afghanistan]]. He became [[Commander-in-Chief, India]] in April 1881 and a member of the Council of the [[Secretary of State for India]] in 1893.{{sfn|Chisholm |1911|p=913}}

==Early life==
Born the son of Robert Stewart and Flora Stewart (née Martin) at Mount Pleasant, near [[Forres]], [[Moray (traditional county)|Moray]] in [[Scotland]], Stewart was educated at schools at [[Findhorn]], [[Dufftown]] and [[Elgin, Moray|Elgin]] and at the [[University of Aberdeen]].{{sfn|Chisholm |1911|p=913}}<ref>Elsmie, pp. 1–17</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Indian Celebrities- Sir Donald Stewart WDL11439.png|thumb|Lieutenant General Donald Stewart during the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]. In 1878 Stewart commanded the [[Kandahar Field Force]] (also known as the Quetta Army). He led the march across harsh terrain and into several cavalry battles against Afghan forces on his way to occupying Kandahar in January 1879. He was promoted to commander in chief in India in April 1881 and to field marshal in 1894. He is shown here in the uniform of a lieutenant general.<ref>Caption to Indian Celebrities- Sir Donald Stewart WDL11439.png, Library of Congress</ref>]]

Stewart was [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] as an [[ensign (rank)|ensign]] in the 9th [[Bengal Native Infantry]] on 12 October 1840 and was promoted to [[lieutenant]] on 3 January 1844 and to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 1 June 1854.<ref name=heath270>Heathcote, p. 270</ref> Later that year he served on the Aka Khel Expedition to the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North-West Frontier]].<ref name=heath270/>

During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]], after a famous ride from [[Agra]] to [[Delhi]] with dispatches, Stewart served as the deputy assistant adjutant-general at the [[Siege of Delhi]] in Summer 1857 and then as assistant adjutant-general at the [[Siege of Lucknow]] in Autumn 1857.<ref name=heath270/> After serving through the campaign in [[Rohilkhand]] he was promoted to [[major]] on 19 January 1858<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22085|page=273|date=19 January 1858}}</ref> and to [[lieutenant-colonel]] on 20 July 1858.<ref name=heath270/> He became deputy-adjutant-general of the [[Bengal Army]] in 1862 and, having been promoted to [[colonel]] on 20 July 1863,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22778|page=4836|date=9 October 1863}}</ref> he commanded the Bengal brigade in the Abyssinian expedition in 1867.<ref name=heath270/> Promoted to [[major-general]] on 24 December 1868,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=23481|page=1878|date=23 March 1869}}</ref> he became commandant of the [[penal colony|penal]] settlement of the [[Andaman Islands]], and was present when one of the inmates assassinated [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]], British [[Viceroy of India]], in 1872.{{sfn|Chisholm |1911|p=913}}<ref name=heath271>Heathcote, p. 271</ref> After being exonerated in the subsequent inquiry, he was appointed Commander of the troops at [[Lahore]] in 1876.<ref name=heath271/>

Promoted to [[lieutenant-general]] on 1 October 1877,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24508|page=5458|date=2 October 1877}}</ref> Stewart commanded a column during the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] advancing through the [[Bolan Pass]] to [[Quetta]], and then on to [[Kandahar]] in January 1879.<ref name=heath271/> In March 1880, he made a difficult march from Kandahar to [[Kabul]], fighting on the way the [[Battle of Ahmed Khel]] and Battle of Arzu, and then holding supreme military and civil command in northern [[Afghanistan]].<ref name=heath271/> On hearing of the [[Battle of Maiwand|Maiwand disaster]], he despatched [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Sir Frederick Roberts]] with a division on his celebrated march from Kabul to Kandahar, while he led the rest of the army back to [[India]] through the [[Khyber Pass]].{{sfn|Chisholm |1911|p=913}}<ref name=heath271/> For this he was given the thanks of parliament and created a [[baronet]].{{sfn|Chisholm |1911|p=913}}<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24984|page=3002|date=14 June 1881}}</ref>
[[File:Action ahmed khel 1880.jpg|thumb|left|The Battle of Ahmed Khel, at which Stewart led the British forces, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
Stewart became Military member of the Council of the [[Governor-General of India]] (effectively War Minister) in October 1880<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24894|page=5383|date=22 October 1880}}</ref> and, having been promoted to full [[general]] on 1 July 1881,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25034|page=5402|date=4 November 1881}}</ref> he became [[Commander-in-Chief, India]] in April 1881.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24955|page=1438|date=29 March 1881}}</ref> In order to achieve efficiency savings he proposed merging the [[Bengal Army]], [[Madras Army]] and [[Bombay Army]] into a single military force but this was rejected by the [[India Office]].<ref name=heath271/> During the [[Panjdeh Incident]] in March 1885 he secured a significant increase in the number of British troops in India.<ref name=heath271/> He returned to London to become a member of the Council of the [[Secretary of State for India]] in 1893 and, in that role, again argued - this time successfully - for the creation of a single [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]].<ref name=heath271/> He was promoted to [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|field marshal]] on 26 May 1894<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26516|page=3117|date=26 May 1894}}</ref> and became a member of the Royal Commission on Indian civil and military expenditure<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26630|page=3145|date=31 May 1895}}</ref> as well as [[Governor]] of the [[Royal Hospital Chelsea]] from 1895<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26618|page=2354|date=23 April 1895}}</ref> until his death on 26 March 1900.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27319|page=3697|date=31 May 1901}}</ref> He died at [[Algiers]] in [[Algeria]], and is buried in [[Brompton Cemetery]] in [[London]].<ref>Elsmie, pp. 443–4</ref>
[[File:DonaldStewartBrompton01.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Funerary monument, Brompton Cemetery, London]]

==Family==
In 1847 Stewart married Davina Marine; they went on to have two sons and three daughters.<ref name=heath270/> (One of them, [[Donald William Stewart]], became a military officer and Commissioner of the East Africa Protectorate). Lady Stewart was invested as a Companion of the [[Imperial Order of the Crown of India]] (CI) by [[Queen Victoria]] at [[Windsor Castle]] on 6 March 1900.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times|title=Court Circular|date=7 March 1900|page=6|issue=36083}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
Stewart's honours included:
* [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] (GCB) - 21 September 1880<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24886|page=5069|date=28 September 1880}}</ref> (KCB - 25 July 1879;<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24747|page=4697|date=29 July 1879}}</ref> CB - 14 August 1868<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=23412|page=4511|date=14 August 1868}}</ref>)
* [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI) - 7 December 1885<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25537|page=5934|date=8 December 1885}}</ref>
* [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) - 24 May 1881<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26470|title=Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet|publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|access-date=26 October 2022}}</ref>

===Memorial===

There is a memorial to him in [[St Paul's Cathedral]].<ref>"Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral" [[William Sinclair (Archdeacon of London)|Sinclair, W.]] p. 461: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldmarshalsird00elsm |first= George Robert|last= Elsmie|author-link=George Robert Elsmie|title=Field-Marshal Sir Donald Stewart: G.C.B., G.C.S.L., C.I.E.; an account of his life, mainly in his own words|publisher= London, John Murray |year=1903}}
* {{cite book|last=Heathcote|first=Tony|title=The British Field Marshals 1736–1997|publisher= Leo Cooper|year= 1999|isbn= 0-85052-696-5}}
* {{cite DNBSupp|wstitle=Stewart, Donald Martin |first=Robert Hamilton |last=Vetch |authorlink=Robert Hamilton Vetch}}
'''Attribution'''
* {{EB1911 |wstitle=Stewart, Sir Donald Martin |volume=25 |page=913}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Donald Martin Stewart}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef |before=F. L. Playfair |as=[[Superintendent of Port Blair]]}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Chief Commissioner of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] |years=1872–1875}}
{{s-aft |after=[[Charles Arthur Barwell]]}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef |before=[[Frederick Haines|Sir Frederick Haines]]}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Commander-in-Chief, India]] |years=1881–1885}}
{{s-aft |after=[[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|The Earl Roberts]]}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef |before=[[Patrick Grant (Indian Army officer)|Sir Patrick Grant]]}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Royal Hospital Chelsea#List of Governors|Governor, Royal Hospital Chelsea]] |years=1895–1900}}
{{s-aft |after=[[Henry Wylie Norman|Sir Henry Norman]]}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{s-new |creation}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Stewart Baronets|Baronet]]<br/>'''(of South Kensington)'''|years=1881–1900}}
{{s-aft |after=[[Norman Robert Stewart]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Anglo-Afghan War}}
{{Commander-in-Chief, India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stewart, Donald Martin}}
[[Category:1824 births]]
[[Category:1900 deaths]]
[[Category:British field marshals]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:British Commanders-in-Chief of India]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:People from Moray]]
[[Category:Scottish soldiers]]
[[Category:Scottish military personnel]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Burials at Brompton Cemetery]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Abyssinian War]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]

Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet - Revision history

Bot: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.