Sindoor - Revision history

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{{More citations needed|date=February 2021}}{{short description|Traditional vermilion cosmetic powder from the Indian subcontinent}}
{{for|the films|Sindoor (1947 film)|Sindoor (1987 film)}}
[[File:Red tikka powder.jpg|thumb|Sindoor]]
[[File:Wooden Sindoor (Vermilion) box.jpg|thumb|Wooden Sindoor (Vermilion) box]]
[[File:Sindoor box.jpg|thumb|Traditional Silver Container for Sindoor/Kumkuma]]
[[File:Shop selling Sindoor (Vermilion) in Pushkar, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|Shop selling sindoor in [[Pushkar]], [[Rajasthan, India]].]]
'''Sindooram''' is a traditional [[vermilion]] red or orange-red colored [[Cosmetics|cosmetic]] [[powder (substance)|powder]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]], usually worn by [[marriage|married]] women along the part of their hair.<ref name="ref24qumor">{{Cite book | title=Women Writing in India: The twentieth century (Volume 2 of Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the Present) | author=Susie J. Tharu, Ke Lalita | publisher=Feminist Press, 1993 | isbn=978-1-55861-029-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZYf9Xf9bcC | quote=''... Sindoor is a red powder worn by married women in the parting of the hair ...'' | date=1993-04-01 }}</ref> In [[Hindu]] communities the sindoor is a [[Visual markers of marital status|visual indicator that a woman is married]] and ceasing to wear it usually implies [[widowhood]].

The main component of traditional sindooram is usually [[cinnabar]] (cinnabar is [[mercury sulfide]], a toxic mineral), [[turmeric]] and lime.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Victoria|title=Etiquette and Taboos around the World: A Geographic Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Customs|date=2017|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-1-4408-3820-0|pages=113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I2DwAAQBAJ&q=sindoor+is+made+from&pg=PA113}}</ref><ref>Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Sindoor Using Different Natural/Herbal Ingredients. S. Samariya, S. Dwivedi, S. Patil, D. Panigrahi, H. Joshi – International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching & Practices 2013, Vol.4, Issue 3, 752-754</ref> Some commercial sindoor products contain synthetic ingredients, some of which are not manufactured to proper standards and may contain lead.<ref name="ref22horoz" /><ref>[https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=1312 The Hazards of Synthetic Sindoor]</ref>

==Application of sindoor==
[[File:Subrata Ganguly - Howrah 2013-10-14 3508.JPG|thumb|Woman from [[Howrah, India]] with sindoor.]]
[[File:Sindur Play - Howrah 2013-10-14 3496.JPG|thumb|Women applying sindoor to each other during [[Durga Puja]] festival in [[Kolkata, India]].]]
Sindoor is traditionally applied at the beginning or completely along the parting-line of a woman’s hair (also called ''mang'' in Hindi or ''simandarekha'' in Sanskrit) or as a [[Bindi (decoration)|dot on the forehead]]. Sindoor is the mark of a married woman in [[Hinduism]]. Single women wear the bindi in different colors for special occasions but do not apply sindoor in their parting of the hairline. Widows do not wear sindoor or [[bindi (decoration)|bindis]], signifying that their husband is no longer alive.

The sindoor is first applied to the woman by her husband on the day of her wedding; this is called the Sindoor Daanam ceremony. After this, she applies it herself every day.

A similar coloring ritual is known as pasupu kumkuma, named after another name for sindoor, [[kumkuma]].

The wiping off of the sindoor is very significant for a widow. There are many rituals associated with this practice. The most common is when a mother-in-law or older sister-in-law wipes off the sindoor when a woman becomes a widow. The widow will break her bangles and remove her [[Bindi (decoration)|bindi]] as well, and many will also remove their nose ring and toe rings. The parting of hair is symbolic of a river of red blood full of life. When the sindoor is removed then the river becomes barren, dry and empty. This custom is prevalent in rural areas and is followed by all castes and social ranks.<ref>[http://www.bollywoodshaadis.com/articles/significance-of-sindoor-for-an-indian-married-woman-2022] The Real Significance Of ‘Ek Chutki Sindoor’ for Hindu Married Women</ref>

The red sindoor is significant for the married woman as she is full of colour. When she becomes a widow she adopts plain white dress and removes all colour from her face including the bright red sindoor.

Methods and styles of applying the sindoor vary from personal choice to regional customs. Many new brides will fill the whole hair line with sindoor, while other married women may just apply a red spot at the end of the [[hair]] line and forehead. Recently, a triangle shape on the forehead pointing towards the nose, with a diamond bindi for fashion, is being worn by younger women.<ref>[http://www.indianfashionlife.com/how-to-put-sindoor-on-forehead.html/ How To Put Sindoor On Forehead] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129212026/http://www.indianfashionlife.com/how-to-put-sindoor-on-forehead.html/ |date=2016-11-29 }}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/trends/Fashion-that-defies-customs/articleshow/42701689.cms Fashion that defies customs] The Times of India- V Lakshmi -Jan 8, 2015,</ref>

==Hinduism==
Female figurines excavated at [[Mehrgarh]], [[Baluchistan]] seem to imply application of [[sindoor]] to the parting of women's hair in [[Harappa]] culture. According to the legends, [[Radha]] the consort of Lord [[Krishna]] turned the [[kumkum]] into a flame-like design on her forehead. In the famous epic [[Mahabharata]], [[Draupadi]] the wife of the [[Pandavas]] wipes off her sindoor in disgust and despair at the happenings in [[Hastinapura]]. Use of sindoor is frequently mentioned in the [[puranas]] ''[[Lalitha Sahasranama]]'' and ''[[Soundarya Lahari]]''.<ref>[http://www.surfindia.com/matrimonials/history-significance-sindoor.html History and Significance of Sindoor]</ref>

[[Adi Shankaracharya]] writes in ''[[Soundarya Lahari]]'':<ref>http://www.sankaracharya.org/soundarya_lahari.php Soundarya Lahari translated by P. R. Ramachander</ref>
{{Verse translation|
{{lang|sa-Latn|tanotu kṣemaṃ naḥ tava
vadana saundaryalaharī
parīvāha-strotaḥ saraṇiriva sīmanta-saraṇiḥ ।
vahantī sindūraṃ prabala kabarī bhāratimira-
dviṣāṃ bṛndair bandī-kṛtamiva navīnārka kiraṇam ॥
}}
|attr1=[[Adi Shankaracharya]], ''[[Soundarya Lahari]]'', 44|
Oh mother, let the line parting thine hairs,
which looks like a channel,
through which the rushing waves of your beauty ebbs,
and which on both sides imprisons,
your [[Vermilion]], which is like a rising sun,
by using your hair which is dark like
the platoon of soldiers of the enemy,
protect us and give us peace.|attr2= translated by P. R. Ramachander}}

[[Jainism|Jain]] women apply the sindoor, mostly in the cities. Jain nuns are forbidden to apply this to their hair line or foreheads. The display of the sindoor is considered very important to indicate the married status of the groom,<ref>{{cite book | author=Ahearn, Laura M | title=Invitation to love: Literacy, Love Letters, & Social Change in Nepal | publisher=University of Michigan : Michigan | year=2001 | pages=95}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Selwyn, Tom | title=Images of Reproduction: An Analysis of a Hindu Marriage Ceremony | volume=14 | issue=4 |date=December 1979 | pages=684–698}}</ref> whereas in several local cultures, sindooram is applied on their hair partings by unmarried women.

Application of sindoor is essentially a Hindu tradition. In the 19th century, [[Sufi]] leader [[Sharafuddin Maneri]] encouraged Muslim women to apply sindoor in Bangladesh. This was severely condemned by reformist movements.<ref>{{cite book | author=Akbar, M J | title=The Shades of Swords: Jihad and the conflict between Islam and Christianity | publisher=Routledge: London, New York | year=2002 | pages=111}}</ref>

== Ayurvedic medicine==
There are various forms of Sindhoor mentioned in [[Ayurveda]]. Traditional sindhoor is made from natural ingredients used for facial makeup (cosmetics). Most widely used traditional Sindhoor is made from [[turmeric]] and lime juice. Other ingredients include [[Ghee]], and slaked lime. This is also called [[Kumkuma|Kumkum]]. Sindhoor is also made from red sandal powder, [[saffron]] etc. The coloured powders sold as substitutes are traditionally not considered sindhoor.

==Toxicity concerns==
[[File:Boys in red.jpg|thumb|Boys covered with mercury-containing red [[vermilion]] chemical in a factory producing colour in [[Bangladesh]].]]
Traditional sindoor was made with [[turmeric]] and [[alum]] or [[calcium oxide|lime]], or from other herbal ingredients.<ref name="kapoor">{{cite journal | title=Kohl and Sindoor: the potential source of lead poisoning | author=Kapoor, V P | journal=EnviroNews  | volume=13 | issue=3 |date=July 2007 | url=http://isebindia.com/05_08/07-07-1.html | access-date=2008-03-09}}</ref> Unlike red lead and vermilion, these are not poisonous.<ref name="kapoor"/><ref name="ht">{{cite web | title=The Hazards of Synthetic Sindoor | publisher=Hinduism Today | date=2004-10-12 | url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/october-november-december-2004/2004-10-the-hazards-of-synthetic-sindoor/ | access-date=2008-03-09}}</ref> Modern material being sold as sindhoor mainly uses vermilion, an orange-red pigment, the purified and powdered form of [[cinnabar]], which is the chief form in which [[mercury sulfide]] naturally occurs. As with other compounds of mercury, sindoor is toxic and must be handled carefully. Sometimes, [[lead tetroxide|red lead]] (lead tetroxide, also known as minium) is added to sindoor.<ref name="ref22horoz">{{Cite document |title= Indian pediatrics, Volume 10 | publisher=Indian Academy of Pediatrics |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Zkc7AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... Sindoor (vermilion), a red powder applied to the scalp, is often used by married Indian women, especially of an orthodox Hindu background. '' | year=1973 }}}</ref> Red lead is toxic. In early 2008, allegations of high lead content led the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] to recall batches of sindoor from several manufacturers.<ref name="ibn">{{cite web | title=After sindoor, bindi taken off American shelves | publisher=IBN Live | date=2008-03-04 | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/after-sindoor-bindi-taken-off-american-shelves/60433-17.html | access-date=2008-03-09}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[File:Priyanka Chopra and Nick Jonas in 2018.jpg|thumb|[[Priyanka Chopra]] with sindoor applied as a red streak, along the parting of her hair, with her husband [[Nick Jonas]] in [[Jodhpur, India]] in 2018.]]
There are many Indian movies and dramas involving sindoor, with their themes revolving around the ritual's significance. These include ''[[Sindoor (1947 film)|Sindoor]]'' (1947), ''[[Sindooram]]'' (1976), [[Rakta Sindhuram]] (1985), ''[[Sindoor (film)|Sindoor]]'' (1987), and ''[[Sindoor Tere Naam Ka]]'' (series, 2005–2007).

==See also==
* [[Bindi (decoration)|Bindi]]
* [[Tilaka]]
* [[Vermilion]]
* [[Mangala sutra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Sindoor}}

{{Indian wedding}}
{{cosmetics}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}

[[Category:Cosmetics]]
[[Category:Hairdressing]]
[[Category:Marriage in Hinduism]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:12, 18 June 2022
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			{{EngvarB\|date=March 2022}}
	{{More citations needed\|date=February 2021}}{{short description\|Traditional vermilion cosmetic powder from the Indian subcontinent}}		{{More citations needed\|date=February 2021}}{{short description\|Traditional vermilion cosmetic powder from the Indian subcontinent}}
	{{for\|the films\|Sindoor (1947 film)\|Sindoor (1987 film)}}		{{for\|the films\|Sindoor (1947 film)\|Sindoor (1987 film)}}
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	[[File:Sindoor box.jpg\|thumb\|Traditional Silver Container for Sindoor/Kumkuma]]		[[File:Sindoor box.jpg\|thumb\|Traditional Silver Container for Sindoor/Kumkuma]]
	[[File:Shop selling Sindoor (Vermilion) in Pushkar, Rajasthan.jpg\|thumb\|Shop selling sindoor in [[Pushkar]], [[Rajasthan, India]].]]		[[File:Shop selling Sindoor (Vermilion) in Pushkar, Rajasthan.jpg\|thumb\|Shop selling sindoor in [[Pushkar]], [[Rajasthan, India]].]]
	'''Sindooram''' is a traditional [[vermilion]] red or orange-red ~~colored~~ [[Cosmetics\|cosmetic]] [[powder (substance)\|powder]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]], usually worn by [[marriage\|married]] women along the part of their ~~hair~~.<ref name="ref24qumor">{{Cite book \| title=Women Writing in India: The twentieth century (Volume 2 of Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the Present) \| author=Susie J. Tharu, Ke Lalita \| publisher=Feminist Press, 1993 \| isbn=978-1-55861-029-3 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZYf9Xf9bcC \| quote=''... Sindoor is a red powder worn by married women in the parting of the hair ...'' \| date=1993-04-01 }}</ref> In [[Hindu]] communities the sindoor is a [[Visual markers of marital status\|visual ~~indicator that~~ a woman ~~is married~~]] and ceasing to wear it usually implies [[widowhood]].		'''Sindooram''' is a traditional [[vermilion]] red or orange-red coloured [[Cosmetics\|cosmetic]] [[powder (substance)\|powder]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]], usually worn by [[marriage\|married]] women along the part of their hairline.<ref name="ref24qumor">{{Cite book \| title=Women Writing in India: The twentieth century (Volume 2 of Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the Present) \| author=Susie J. Tharu, Ke Lalita \| publisher=Feminist Press, 1993 \| isbn=978-1-55861-029-3 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZYf9Xf9bcC \| quote=''... Sindoor is a red powder worn by married women in the parting of the hair ...'' \| date=1993-04-01 }}</ref> In [[Hindu]] communities the sindoor is a [[Visual markers of marital status\|visual marker of marital status of a woman]] and ceasing to wear it usually implies [[widowhood]].

	The main component of traditional sindooram is usually [[cinnabar]] (cinnabar is [[mercury sulfide]], a toxic mineral), [[turmeric]] and lime.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Williams\|first1=Victoria\|title=Etiquette and Taboos around the World: A Geographic Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Customs\|date=2017\|publisher=Greenwood\|isbn=978-1-4408-3820-0\|pages=113\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I2DwAAQBAJ&q=sindoor+is+made+from&pg=PA113}}</ref><ref>Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Sindoor Using Different Natural/Herbal Ingredients. S. Samariya, S. Dwivedi, S. Patil, D. Panigrahi, H. Joshi – International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching & Practices 2013, Vol.4, Issue 3, 752-754</ref> Some commercial sindoor products contain synthetic ingredients, some of which are not manufactured to proper standards and may contain lead.<ref name="ref22horoz" /><ref>[https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=1312 The Hazards of Synthetic Sindoor]</ref>		The main component of traditional sindooram is usually [[cinnabar]] (cinnabar is [[mercury sulfide]], a toxic mineral), [[turmeric]] and lime.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Williams\|first1=Victoria\|title=Etiquette and Taboos around the World: A Geographic Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Customs\|date=2017\|publisher=Greenwood\|isbn=978-1-4408-3820-0\|pages=113\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I2DwAAQBAJ&q=sindoor+is+made+from&pg=PA113}}</ref><ref>Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Sindoor Using Different Natural/Herbal Ingredients. S. Samariya, S. Dwivedi, S. Patil, D. Panigrahi, H. Joshi – International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching & Practices 2013, Vol.4, Issue 3, 752-754</ref> Some commercial sindoor products contain synthetic ingredients, some of which are not manufactured to proper standards and may contain lead.<ref name="ref22horoz" /><ref>[https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=1312 The Hazards of Synthetic Sindoor]</ref>
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	[[File:Subrata Ganguly - Howrah 2013-10-14 3508.JPG\|thumb\|Woman from [[Howrah, India]] with sindoor.]]		[[File:Subrata Ganguly - Howrah 2013-10-14 3508.JPG\|thumb\|Woman from [[Howrah, India]] with sindoor.]]
	[[File:Sindur Play - Howrah 2013-10-14 3496.JPG\|thumb\|Women applying sindoor to each other during [[Durga Puja]] festival in [[Kolkata, India]].]]		[[File:Sindur Play - Howrah 2013-10-14 3496.JPG\|thumb\|Women applying sindoor to each other during [[Durga Puja]] festival in [[Kolkata, India]].]]
	Sindoor is traditionally applied at the beginning or completely along the parting-line of a woman’s hair (also called ''mang'' in Hindi or ''simandarekha'' in Sanskrit) or as a [[Bindi (decoration)\|dot on the forehead]]. Sindoor is the mark of a married woman in [[Hinduism]]. Single women wear the bindi in different ~~colors~~ for special occasions but do not apply sindoor in their parting of the hairline. Widows do not wear sindoor or [[bindi (decoration)\|bindis]], signifying that their husband is no longer alive.		Sindoor is traditionally applied at the beginning or completely along the parting-line of a woman’s hair (also called ''mang'' in Hindi or ''simandarekha'' in Sanskrit) or as a [[Bindi (decoration)\|dot on the forehead]]. Sindoor is the mark of a married woman in [[Hinduism]]. Single women wear the bindi in different colours for special occasions but do not apply sindoor in their parting of the hairline. Widows do not wear sindoor or [[bindi (decoration)\|bindis]], signifying that their husband is no longer alive.

	The sindoor is first applied to the woman by her husband on the day of her wedding; this is called the Sindoor Daanam ceremony. After this, she applies it herself every day.		The sindoor is first applied to the woman by her husband on the day of her wedding; this is called the Sindoor Daanam ceremony. After this, she applies it herself every day.

	A similar ~~coloring~~ ritual is known as pasupu kumkuma, named after another name for sindoor, [[kumkuma]].		A similar colouring ritual is known as pasupu kumkuma, named after another name for sindoor, [[kumkuma]].

	The wiping off of the sindoor is very significant for a widow. There are many rituals associated with this practice. The most common is when a mother-in-law or older sister-in-law wipes off the sindoor when a woman becomes a widow. The widow will break her bangles and remove her [[Bindi (decoration)\|bindi]] as well, and many will also remove their nose ring and toe rings. The parting of hair is symbolic of a river of red blood full of life. When the sindoor is removed then the river becomes barren, dry and empty. This custom is prevalent in rural areas and is followed by all castes and social ranks.<ref>[http://www.bollywoodshaadis.com/articles/significance-of-sindoor-for-an-indian-married-woman-2022] The Real Significance Of ‘Ek Chutki Sindoor’ for Hindu Married Women</ref>		The wiping off of the sindoor is very significant for a widow. There are many rituals associated with this practice. The most common is when a mother-in-law or older sister-in-law wipes off the sindoor when a woman becomes a widow. The widow will break her bangles and remove her [[Bindi (decoration)\|bindi]] as well, and many will also remove their nose ring and toe rings. The parting of hair is symbolic of a river of red blood full of life. When the sindoor is removed then the river becomes barren, dry and empty. This custom is prevalent in rural areas and is followed by all castes and social ranks.<ref>[http://www.bollywoodshaadis.com/articles/significance-of-sindoor-for-an-indian-married-woman-2022] The Real Significance Of ‘Ek Chutki Sindoor’ for Hindu Married Women</ref>
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	==Hinduism==		==Hinduism==
	Female figurines excavated at [[Mehrgarh]], [[Baluchistan]] seem to imply application of [[sindoor]] to the parting of women's hair in [[Harappa]] culture. According to the legends, [[Radha]] the consort of Lord [[Krishna]] turned the [[kumkum]] into a flame-like design on her forehead. In the famous epic [[Mahabharata]], [[Draupadi]] the wife of the [[Pandavas]] wipes off her sindoor in disgust and despair at the happenings in [[Hastinapura]]. Use of sindoor is frequently mentioned in the [[puranas]] ''[[Lalitha Sahasranama]]'' and ''[[Soundarya Lahari]]''.<ref>[http://www.surfindia.com/matrimonials/history-significance-sindoor.html History and Significance of Sindoor]</ref>		Female figurines excavated at [[Mehrgarh]], [[Baluchistan]] seem to imply application of sindoor to the parting of women's hair in [[Harappa]] culture.{{cn\|date=November 2021}} According to the legends, [[Radha]] the consort of Lord [[Krishna]] turned the [[kumkum]] into a flame-like design on her forehead. In the famous epic [[Mahabharata]], [[Draupadi]] the wife of the [[Pandavas]] wipes off her sindoor in disgust and despair at the happenings in [[Hastinapura]]. Use of sindoor is frequently mentioned in the [[puranas]] ''[[Lalitha Sahasranama]]'' and ''[[Soundarya Lahari]]''.<ref>[http://www.surfindia.com/matrimonials/history-significance-sindoor.html History and Significance of Sindoor]</ref>

	[[Adi Shankaracharya]] writes in ''[[Soundarya Lahari]]'':<ref>http://www.sankaracharya.org/soundarya_lahari.php Soundarya Lahari translated by P. R. Ramachander</ref>		[[Adi Shankaracharya]] writes in ''[[Soundarya Lahari]]'':<ref>http://www.sankaracharya.org/soundarya_lahari.php Soundarya Lahari translated by P. R. Ramachander</ref>