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[[File:Sindhi Literature.JPG|thumb|alt=Sindhi literature on display in a bookshop|upright=1.1|Sindhi literature in [[Islamabad]]]]
'''Sindhi literature''' ({{lang-sd|سنڌي ادب}}), [[Sindhi language|Sindhi-language]] literature in the [[Pakistan]]i province of [[Sindh]], consists of [[Sindhi poetry|poetry]] and prose. It was influenced by a number of cultures over a thousand years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Culture and Literature|url=http://www.sindh.gov.pk/dpt/history%20of%20sindh/culture.htm|website=Government of Sindh|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004103146/https://sindh.gov.pk/dpt/history%20of%20sindh/culture.htm|archive-date=4 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Arabs Period 712-1030==
Before Arabs Local Hindu ruled over Sindh. But after 712 Arabs conquered [[Sindh]] and established their government. They were foreigners that's why they didn't pay attention to [[Sindhi language]], but in spite of all that Sindhi writers and poets played a crucial rule in Sindhi and Arabic language. This period usually known as early period of Sindhi literature.

===In that Period following development occurred===

* Qur'an was translated into Sindhi language.
* All previous books which were written in Sindhi language translated into Arabic.
* In this period Sindhi [[ode]] (Qasida) founded.
* Too much Sindhi language improved and language got new shape.
* Sindhi Scholars and writers poets play very important role in Arabic language.
* In this period Sindhi language not only taught but also written too.
* Many books written into Sindhi language which were taught into religious seminaries.
* The earliest book about Sindh history " Chaach Nama" also written in this period.

===Some prominent Sindhi Scholars writers and poets===

* [[Abu Mashar Sindhi]]
*[[Abu Raja Sindhi]]
* [[Manak Sindhi Writer|Manak]] (ماڻڪ)
* [[Abu Zilah Sindhi]]
* [[Imam Oza'i]]
* [[Abu Nasar Sindhi]]
* Abu Ishaq
* [[Katha Jam Sindhi]]
* [[Haroon Dayebali]]
* [[Qadri Mansoor Sindhi]]
* [[Ibn Ditta]]
* [[Abu Atta Sindhi]]
* [[Manak bin Salih]]
* [[Abu Abdul Mailk]]
* [[Hafiz Abu Muhammad]]
* [[Abu Abdullah Sindhi poet|Abu Abdullah]]
* [[Sindhi bin Shahaq]]
* [[Mansoor Sindhi]]
* [[Suleh Bin Bhalo]]
* [[Abu Jafar Sindhi]]
<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=Encyclopedia Sindhiana volume 4|publisher=Sindhi language Authority|year=2010|page=360}}</ref>
<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=سنڌي ادب جو مختصر جائزو|publisher=Roshni publication Kandiyaro Authority|year=2010|page=1}}</ref>
<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=سنڌي ادب تحقيق۽ تنقيدي مطالعو|publisher=Advanced publishers|year=2016|page=6}}</ref>

==Soomra Period 1030-1350==
When Arabs rule declined in Sindh, The Native Sindhi speaking rulers emerged they defeated Arabs and become rules of Sindh this period widely known as classical period of Sindhi literature, even though rulers were Sindhi speaking but Persian remained official language and Arabic as a religious language. They ruled over Sindh nearly 170 years, in that period Sindhi language expanded and new literary idea expressed in Gech (گيچ) and Gahi (ڳاھ).<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=Encyclopedia Sindhiana volume 4|publisher=Sindhi language Authority|year=2010|page=400}}</ref>

===Romantic stories of this period===
* '''Sasue & Phunoo''', this romantic story belong to soomra ruled. Sasi belonged to [[Bhambore]] whereas Phunoo belonged [[Makran]], Both married, after that Phunoo took him back then Sasui came out in the search of Phunoo, this story is full of troubles tension and hardship, many Sindhi poets gave this story in their poetry especially Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, And this is the earliest ever story of soomra ruled.
* '''Umar Marvi''' is second famous Romantic story that period which was widely sung in Sindhi language poets, Umar was the Soomra ruler of [[Umarkot]] he fall in love with Marvi, he picked up her and then captivated her in palace of Umarkot, where he impressed from Marvi affection towards her native people, finally he got her Free. This story took place in Sindhi literature as a true patronism as well as real love to Homeland.
* '''Mumal Rano''' this third famous story Soomra ruler Hameer. Rano was son in law of Hameer Ruler who fall in love with one Gujrati girl finally, he got her.
* '''Soni Mehar ''' this is the fourth romantic story of this period
* '''Liyla Chanesar''' this story too belongs soomra period .
* '''Sorath Rai Deyaj''', this story date back to soomra period,
* ''' Daman Sonaro''' this is semi romanotic belongs to that time when Soommra government was in Lar.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=سنڌي ادب تحقيق۽ تنقيدي مطالعو|publisher=Advanced publishers|year=2010|page=38}}</ref>

=== Epic poetry of this period ===
When Soommra and Gujar fought from 1150-1250, many poets composed Gah over that battles. Dodo and Chanesar war was another chapter which was composed by Sindhi poets.

===Religious poetry===
In the Soomra time when different Islamic sect missionary arrived in Sindh to preach the Islam in the wake first Suharwardi , Qadari then Isailmi Shia Leaders started preaching in Sindh. Most popular Isailmi sect Ginan poetry played pivotal role in Sindhi literature, first of all in 1079 , Syed Noor Deen Ismaili Imam arrived in Sindh, he used to preach in Local language, then Shamas Sabzwari Multani came n Sindh his Ginan too present in Sindhi language, But most popular Ginan belongs to Pir Shahab u deen and his son Pir Sadar u Deen (1290-1409), they set up 40 letters Sindhi language alphabet, which was called Khawajqi Sindhi, Ginan was religious poetry, in which morals lesson were taught,<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2KPGwAACAAJ|title=سنڌي ادب جو مختصر جائزو|publisher=Roshni publication Kandiyaro|year=2010|page=18}}</ref>

=== Literay Technics of This Period ===
* Gahi ( ڳاھِ), This is the early form of Sindhi beet . Gahi is type evental and descriptive beet.this word derived from Gahe (ڳاءِ).
* Epic poetry, (Razmia poetry) this type of poetry widely representx the battle and its history, warriors and their memory.
* Romantic poetry, it's another type of Sindhi language poetry in which romance love stories have been represented.
* Semi romanotic poetry, it like also romantic poetry,
* Ginan , it's religious type of poetry first propagandized by Ismailis Shia religious missionary, and this further moved and gave shaped to Beet.
* Madih ( مدح), is type of poetry in which any Famous religious personalities goodness mentioned, the first Madih poet of Sindhi language was [[Juman Charan]].
* Religion poetry, in this poetry Islamic principles are mentioned and composed by various Sindhi poets.
* Geech ( ڳيچ)
* Evental verses ( واقعاتي بيت)

===Overview of Soomra Period===

* this period's romantic stories became part of others poets like Sachal Sermast and Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai.
* History of Sindh had written on the base of poverty of this period.
* In this period 40 letters Sindhi language alphabet was set up which was called Khwujki Sindhi.
* Ismailis Diyan laid down Ginan in Sindhi language.
* Prose type poetry started.
* Different types poetry Technics came into being.
* In this period poetry was sung in beet type Gah.
* In this period hejh goya(such poverty in which bad things are mentioned) type poetry too present.
* Because of this period Sindhi literature widened.
* This period is also called the Bhaten and Bhanan period.
* This is also called the classical and romantic period.
* In this period epic poetry too present.
* This period poverty reflects the Social life of that time.
===Poets===
* [[Pir Sadar Deen]] (1290-1409)
* [[Pir Noor Deen]] (death 1095)
* [[Pir Shams Deen]] (1165-1276)
* [[Samag Charn]] (سمنگ چارڻ) (1200-1300)
* [[Bhago Bhan]] (1300-1360)
* [[Haan Faqeer]]
* [[Bhariyo Shah]]
* [[Shah Hussain Aplani]] (1248 death)
* [[Markhan Shaikhan]] (first Geech poetess )
* [[Baba Fareed Gang Shakr]]

===Epic stories===
* Dodo Chaniser
* Morero Meharbar
* Jam Hali and Hameer Soomro war
* Soomra and Gujar wars

==Samma Period 1350-1520==
Samma were allied of Soomra, but with the passage of time, the final Soomra ruler Hameer was defeated by Samma ruler Jam unar. And they became the Ruler of [[Thatta]]. Even though this period is considered the constructive period of sindhi literature, in this period Persian remained official language and Arabic as a religious language, this period resembled to Soomra but language's vocabulary enhanced as well as power of expression.the borders of Sindh reached [[Multan]] , Bhawalwapur, Pasni, Khatiyawar, [[Makran]], [[Sibi]], Kuch, [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]] too. Thatta became the center of knowledge and more than 5000 religious seminaries present in Thatta.

===Romantic stories===
===Religion Poerty===

===Madih Poetry===
===Poets===
===Overview===

==Argon Period 1521-1555==

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==Turkhan Period 1555-1592==

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==Moghul Period 1592-1700==

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==Kalhora Period 1700-1782==

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==Talpur Period 1782-1843==

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== British Period 1843-1947 ==

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==After independent 1947 And Current Period==

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== Sufi literature and poetry ==
{{Modern Asian literature}}
{{Islamic Culture}}
{{History of literature5}}
The earliest references to Sindhi literature are contained in the writings of [[Arab]] historians; [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] was among the earliest Eastern languages into which the [[Quran]] was translated in the eighth or ninth century AD. Evidence exists that Sindhi poets recited verses before Muslim caliphs ruled in [[Baghdad]]. Secular treatises were also written in Sindhi about [[astronomy]], [[medicine]], and [[history]] during the eighth and ninth centuries. [[Pir Nooruddin]], an [[Ismaili]] missionary who lived in Sindh in 1079, wrote [[Sufi]] poetry in the Sindhi language. His verses, known as ''ginans'', are an example of early Sindhi poetry. Because Pir Nooruddin was a Sufi and an Islamic preacher, his verses are full of references to (and descriptions of) [[mysticism]] and religion.

[[Shamsuddin Sabzwari|Pir Shams Sabzwari Multani]], Pir Shahabuddin and [[Pir Sadardin]] also wrote Sindhi poetry, and some verses by Baba [[Farid Ganj Shakar]] were written in Sindhi. [[Pir Sadruddin]] (1290–1409 AD) was another major Sufi Sindhi poet, composing verse in Sindhi's [[Lari]] and [[Kutchi language|Katchi]] dialects. He also wrote in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Saraiki language|Seraiki]], [[Hindi]], and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. Sadruddin modified the language's old script, which was commonly used by the [[lohana]] caste of Sindh [[Hindu]]s who embraced Islam as a result of his teaching; he called them [[Khuwaja]]s or [[Khoja]]s.

During the [[Samma dynasty]] (1351-1521), Sindh produced notable scholars and poets; the Sammas were some of the original inhabitants of Sindh. This era has been called the "original period for Sindhi poetry and prose".{{quote without source|date=August 2019}} Mamui Faqirs' (Seven Sages) riddles in verse are associated with this period. Ishaq Ahingar (Blacksmith) was also a notable contemporary poet. Sufi scholar and poet [[Qazi Qadan]] (died 1551) composed [[Doha (poetry)|Doha]] and Sortha poetry, and was a landmark in the history of Sindhi literature. [[Shah Abdul Karim Bulri]], [[Shah Lutufullah Qadri]], [[Shah Inayat Rizvi]], [[Makhdoom Lutufullah|Makhdoom Nuh]] of [[Haala|Hala]], [[Lakho Lutufullah]], and [[Mahamati Pirannath]] are among other authors of Sindhi mystic, romantic and epic poetry.

=== {{anchor|Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai}}Kalhora and Talpur dynasties ===
[[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]] (1689–1752) lived during the [[Kalhora dynasty]], a significant period in the history of Sindhi literature. The Sindhi language was standardized at this time, and classical Sindhi poetry flourished with Shah Latif's work. Shah Latif invented a variant of the [[tanbur]], a musical instrument played when poetry is sung. His compilation, ''[[Shah Jo Risalo]]'', includes "[[Sassi Punnun]]" and "[[Umar Marvi]]".

Shah Latif traveled to remote regions of Sindh, studying its people and their attachment to its land, culture, music, art and crafts. He described Sindh and its people in [[Fable|folk tales]], expressing ideas about the universal brotherhood of mankind, [[patriotism]], the struggle against injustice and tyranny, and the beauty of human existence. Also a musician, Shah Latif composed fifteen ''[[svara]]s'' (melodies). Each line of his poetry is sung on a specific ''svara''. [[Khawaja Muhammad Zaman of Luari]], whose poetry appears in [[Abdul Rahim Garhori]]'s ''Shara Abyat Sindhi'', was another notable Kalhora Sufi poet.

[[Sachal Sarmast]], [[Sami (poet)|Sami]] and [[Khalifo Nabi Bux Laghari]] were celebrated poets of the [[Talpur dynasty|Talpur]] period (1783–1843). [[Khalifo Nabi Bux]] was an epic poet known for his depictions of patriotism and the art of war. [[Rohal]], [[Qadir Bux Bedil|Bedil]], [[Muhammad Mohsin Bekas|Bekas]], [[Syed Misri Shah]], [[Hammal Faqir]], [[Sufi Dalpat]], [[Syed Sabit Ali Shah]], [[Khair Shah]], [[Fateh Faqir]] and [[Manthar Faqir Rajar]] were other noteworthy poets of the pre- and early British era.

=={{anchor|Early Modern Period}}Early modern period==
Modern Sindhi literature began with the region's 1843 conquest by the British, when the [[printing press]] was introduced.

Magazines and newspapers revolutionized Sindhi literature, and books were translated from a number of European languages (particularly [[English language|English]]). People were hungry for knowledge and new forms of writing. [[Mirza Kalich Beg]] wrote more than four hundred books (including poetry, novels, short stories and essays) about science, history, economics and politics during the last two decades of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth. Thousands of books were published at that time, and [[Hakeem Fateh Mohammad Sehwani]], [[Kauromal Khilnani]], [[Dayaram Gidumal]], [[Parmanand Mewaram]], [[Lalchand Amardinomal]], [[Bherumal Meharchand Advani|Bheruamal Advani]], [[Hotchand Molchand Gurbakhshani|Dr. Gurbuxani]], [[Jhetmal Parsram]], [[Miran Mohammad Shah]], Shamsuddin Bulbul and [[Maulana Din Muhammad Wafai]] were pioneers of modern Sindhi literature.

In India [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Sindhi|Sahitya Akademi Award for Sindhi literature]] is given annually since 1959.

== {{anchor|Modern Sindhi literature}}Modern era ==

After [[World War I]], Sindhi literature was affected by the [[October Revolution]] and other socioeconomic changes. Literature became more objective and less romantic, and [[progressivism]] was an influence.

The struggle for freedom from the [[United Kingdom|British]] gathered momentum, sparking interest in the history and [[cultural heritage]] of Sindh. Scholars such as [[Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi|Allama I. I. Kazi]], his wife [[Elsa Kazi]], [[Rasool Bux Palijo]], [[G. M. Syed]], [[Umar Bin Muhammad Daudpota|Umer Bin Mohammad Daudpota]], [[Ali Muhammad Rashidi|Pir Ali Muhammad Shah Rashidi]], [[Hassam-ud-Din Rashidi|Pir Husamuddin Shah Rashidi]], [[Maulana deen Muhammad Wafai]], [[Chetan Mariwala]], [[Jairamdas Daulatram]], [[Hasho Kewalramani]], [[Bherumal Meharchand Advani]], Abdul Majeed Sindhi (Memon), Badaruddin Dhamraho, [[Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo]], [[AllahDad Bohyo|Allah Dad Bohyo]], [[Tirath Wasant]] published works on history and [[culture]].

[[Mir Hasan Ali]] and [[Mir Abdul Hussain Sangi]], [[Khalifo Gul]], [[Fazil Shah]], [[Kasim (Sindhi poet)|Kasim]], [[Hafiz Hamid]], [[Mohammad Hashim]], [[Mukhlis]], [[Abojho]], [[Surat Singh]], [[Khaki]], [[Mirza Qalich Baig]], [[Zia (Persian poet)|Zia]] and [[Aziz]] pioneered poetry in Persian [[meter (poetry)|meter]]. "Bewas" (a pseudonym), [[Hyder Bux Jatoi]] and [[Dukhayal]] are modern poets.

The novel and short story became the main prose forms, and hundreds of each were translated from [[Europe]]an languages to the [[languages of Pakistan]]. [[World War II]] saw the emergence of novelists and short-story writers such as [[Narain Das Bhambhani]], [[Gobind Malhi]], Sushila J. Lalwani, Lokram Dodeja, [[Sundri Uttamchandani]], [[Popati Hiranandani]], [[Dr. Moti Prakash]], Sharma, Kala Sharma, G L Dodeja, Padan Sharma, [[Ghulam Rabbani Agro]], [[Usman Deplai]], [[Jamal Abro]], [[Shaikh Ayaz]], Rasheed Bhatti, Hameed Sindhi, Hafeez Akhund, [[Amar Jaleel]], [[Naseem Kharal]], Sirajul Haq Memon, [[Agha Saleem]], [[Anis Ansari]], [[Tarique Ashraf|Tariq Ashraf]], [[Ali Baba]], Eshwar Chander, Manak, [[Asghar Sindhi]], [[Adil Abbasi]], Ishtiaq Ansari, [[Shaukat Shoro]] Kehar Shaukat, Mushtaq Shoro, [[Shaukat Shoro]], Madad Ali Sindhi, Rasool Memon, Akhlaq Asnari, Reta Shahani, [[Rehmatullah Manjothi]], Aziz Kingrani Badal Jamali, [[Ishaque Ansari]], Jan Khaskheli, [[Hasan Mansoor]], Pervez, Shakoor Nizamani, Tariq Qureshi, Munawwar Siraj, Ismail Mangio, Fayaz Chand Kaleri, [[Ayaz Ali Rind]], Altaf Malkani. Sindhi drama has also flourished, and Aziz Kingrani has written scores of plays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livevisionusa.com/ptv_reviews.htm|title=:: LIVEVISION :: - Entertainment|website=www.livevisionusa.com|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ismaili.net/html/modules.php?op=modload&name=phpBB2&file=viewtopic&p=66569&sid=e9c44dd959459bb562fc53fda95c67e7|title=Ismaili.NET WEB :: First Ismaili Electronic Library and Database|website=www.ismaili.net|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref>

Young writers have experimented with new forms of prose and poetry. [[Free verse]], [[sonnet]]s and [[ballad]]s have been written in addition to classical poetry forms such as [[Kafi]], [[Vaee]], ''[[beit]]'', [[Geet (song)|Geet]] and [[Dohira]].

Notable Sindh poets are [[Makhdoom Muhammad Zaman Talib-ul-Mola]], [[Ustad Bukhari]], [[Shaikh Ayaz]], Darya Khan Rind, [[Ameen Faheem]], and [[Imdad Hussaini]]. Mubarak Ali Lashari is a literary critic and the author of ''[[Kuthyas Kawejan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesindhtimes.com/entertainment/new-book-of-renowned-critic-mubarak-ali-lashari-published/|title=New book of renowned critic Mubarak Ali Lashari published|first=The Sindh|last=Times|date=March 6, 2016}}</ref>

[[Noor-ud-din Sarki]] and [[Abdul Ghafoor Ansari]] founded [[Sindhi Adabi Sangat]], an organization of Sindhi-language writers originally centered in [[Karachi]], in 1952. Chapters now exist in other parts of Pakistan and overseas.

== {{anchor|Children's Sindhi Literature}}Children's literature ==
The children's novels ''Lakho Phulani'' ({{lang-sd|لاکو ڦلاڻي}} and ''Naon Chateeha Lakhinoo'' ({{Lang-sd|نئون ڇٽيهہ لکڻو|lk=no}}) were written by [[Shamsuddin Ursani]]. ''[[Gul Phul]]'' is a popular children's magazine which was edited by author [[Akbar Jiskani]].
<ref>http://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/news-archives/8694/editor-passesaway/ {{dead link|date=August 2019}}</ref> ''[[Laat]]'', a magazine published by Mehran Publication, was founded by Altaf Malkani and [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhatti (writer)|Zulfiqar Ali Bhatti]] (author of the spy novel ''Khofnaak Saazish''. The [[Sindhi Adabi Board]] has published books for children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/Catalogue/children_Litrature/Main_Children.HTML|title=Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (Children Litrature)|website=www.sindhiadabiboard.org}}</ref> ''[[Waskaro]]'', a magazine which began publication in 1990, contains short stories, poems and articles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=انسائيڪلوپيڊيا%20سنڌيانا|title=انسائيڪلوپيڊيا سنڌيانا : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)|website=www.encyclopediasindhiana.org}}</ref> The [[Sindhi Language Authority]] has also published books for children.

== See also ==
*[[Sindhology]]
*[[Sindhis]]
*[[List of Sindhi-language poets]]
*[[Noori Jam Tamachi]]
*[[Pakistani literature]]
*[[Doha (Indian literature)]]
*[[Parween Musa Memon]]

==Further reading==

* ''Sindhi Sahitya Charitre'' - Kannaḍa language translation by Sumatheendra Nadig of ''History of Sindhi Literature'' by L. H. Ajwani. Sahitya Akademi, Rabindra Bhavan, New Delhi 110001 (1981).
* "Indo-Persian Literature in Sindh" in ''The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature'' by R. M. Chopra, Iran Culture House, New Delhi (2012).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.voiceofsindh.net The Largest Sindhi Adbi website in Sindhi language]
*[http://www.sindhiana.com Sindhi literature magazine of Sindh - Sindhiana]
*[https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/thebhittai&date=2009-10-25+22:53:28 Shah Jo Risalo - The Selection, translated into English by: Elsa Kazi]
*[http://www.sindhisangat.com Sindhi Sangat - promoting and preserving the Sindhi heritage, culture and language. ]

{{Pakistani literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhi Literature}}
[[Category:Sindhi literature| ]]
[[Category:Literature by ethnicity]]
[[Category:Pakistani literature]]
[[Category:Pakistani literature by language]]
[[Category:Indian literature by language]]

Sindhi literature - Revision history

MarisaBlackwelde: improved article

imported>Certes: poerty->poetry - Fix a typo in one click