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{{short description|River in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, tributary of the Jhelum River}}
{{About|the river in Jammu and Kashmir|the river in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh |Sindh River}}
{{cleanup|reason=Unencyclopedic language.|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Sind River
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = Nallah Sindh.jpg
| image_size = 290 px
| image_caption = Sind River
| map =
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| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = Union territory
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kashmir Valley]]
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Ganderbal]]
| subdivision_type5 =
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| length = {{convert|108|km|mi|abbr=on}}
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| discharge1_avg = {{convert|290|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
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| source1 = {{Coord|34|12|14.860|N|75|35|21.94|E|display=inline,title}}
| source1_location = [[Machoi Glacier]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation = {{convert|4800|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = {{Coord|34|11|2.382|N|74|40|36.21|E|display=inline}}
| mouth_location = [[Jhelum river]] at Shadipora
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|1600|m|abbr=on}}
| progression =
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The '''Sind River''' or the '''Sindh River''' is a [[river]] in the [[Ganderbal district]] of the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. It is a major tributary of the [[Jhelum River]] and is 108 kilometres long.

==Geography==
[[File:Sind River11.jpg|thumb|right|Sind River at Gatribal]]
[[File:Nallah sindh.jpg|thumb|right|Sind seen from Duderhama Bridge]]
[[File:Nallah Sindh Valley.jpg|thumb|right|Sind Valley]]
The Sind River forms the [[Sind Valley]]. The [[River source|source]] of the river lies in the [[Machoi Glacier]] at an elevation of {{Convert|4800|m|ft|abbr=on}}, east of the [[Amarnath temple]] and south of the [[Zoji La]].<ref name="Source of Sind Nallah">{{cite book | author=Lulu | title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&q=Sind+river+has+its+source+in+inner+himalayas&pg=PA37 | access-date=11 October 2013 | publisher=Lulu.com | isbn=9780963479860 | page=37–}}</ref><ref name="Source of Sind River">{{cite book | author=Kalhana | title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmi | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rcwLQDFh-EC&q=source+of+Sind+river&pg=RA1-PA12 | access-date=11 October 2013 |year=2001 | publisher=Elibron.com, 2001 | isbn=9781402173486 | page=12–}}</ref> It flows through Panjtarni (a camping site of [[Amarnath yatra]]) southwards up to Domail where it joins a tributary which doubles its flow from the [[Kolhoi Glacier]]. It then flows mostly westwards along the [[NH 1D]] and is fed by many glacial streams on its way to [[Ganderbal|Ganderbal town]]. At Kichpora Preng it is fed by the Wangath river which flows down from the [[Gangabal Lake]]. The major tributaries of the river are: the Amarnath stream, Kolhoi Grar, Shitkadi Nallah, Gund Nallah, Surfraw Nallah and Wangath Nallah.

Surfraw Nallah is a big Nallah which joins the Sind river at Surfraw (Soraf raw). This Nallah is also known for its beauty and fish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/india_information/iNDUS_PROJECTS.htm|title=Upper Sindht II, Water Resources Projects in Indus Basin|publisher=nih.ernet.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710143538/http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/india_information/iNDUS_PROJECTS.htm|archive-date=10 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Sind river is navigable from [[Ganderbal|Ganderbal town]] onwards as the waterflow slows down. It joins the [[Jhelum River]] at Shadipora, 17 kilometres northwest of [[Srinagar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.villages.ws/india/jammu_kashmir/bandipora/shadipora_sumbal_0248368.htm|title=Shadipora|publisher=wikiedit.org}}</ref> The river also passes through the famous alpine hill station [[Sonamarg]] where river [[rafting]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Srinagar/Sonmarg-Two-die-in-rafting-accident/Article1-713725.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912083409/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Srinagar/Sonmarg-Two-die-in-rafting-accident/Article1-713725.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2012|title=Sonamarg, two died in river rafting|publisher=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2012-04-19}}</ref> tournaments are organised annually by the Tourism Department of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonamarg.org/hello-world/|title=Sonamarg, Kashmir-Travel and tourist guide|publisher=sonamarg.org}}</ref> It is also the only river in Jammu and Kashmir on which three [[hydroelectric]] power plants are functional. The waters of the river are used for [[irrigation]] by way of different canals<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikashmir.net/geography/chapter2.1.html|title=Geography of Jammu and Kashmir State|publisher=ikashmir.net}}</ref> and for domestic use after going through water treatment plants.

==Fish==
The Sind River is the natural habitat of [[trout]], and various other fish. The most famous among them are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.growfish.com.au/content.asp?ContentId=7373|title=Gippsland Aquaculture Industry Network-Gain|publisher=growfish.com.au|access-date=2012-02-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220165637/http://www.growfish.com.au/content.asp?ContentId=7373|archive-date=20 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[brown trout]],<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Petr|editor-first=T.|title=Fish and fisheries at higher altitudes : Asia|year=1999|publisher=FAO|location=Rome|isbn=92-5-104309-4|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4HESCeJyZcC&q=Vishansar+Lake&pg=PA72}}</ref> (''Salmo trutta'') [[rainbow trout]] (''Oncorynchus mykiss''), snow trout (''Schizothorax plagiostomus''), Shuddgurn and Anyour.

===Ecological issues===
[[File:Sind River.jpg|thumb|right|Sind River at Benhama village]]
[[Trout]] and hence [[trout fishing]] are at risk along the Sind river. This is for several reasons.

The [[sand extraction|extraction of sand]]/bajri by engagement of heavy machines is [[habitat destruction|destroying the natural habitat]] of trout and other fish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Apr/26/sand-extraction-human-waste-destroy-trout-habitat-46.asp|title=sand extraction, human waste destroy trout habitat|publisher=greaterkashmir.com|access-date=2011-04-26}}</ref> Waste from the use of [[pesticides]], [[DDT]] and [[insecticides]] by farmers kills many fish every day. The change in [[topography]] leads to the destruction of aquatic fauna of the river.
In various riverine villages people catch fish through the conventional way of angling and using nets. These methods are replaced today by resorting to unconventional and illegal methods. The most ecologically destructive method is using [[bleaching powder]], procured from officials of the PHE department. Bleaching powder not only kills fish but other aquatic life as well. This process is very common during summers, especially in the Wayil catchment area.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

The Fisheries Department and other government agencies have not been able to effectively intervene. Mismanagement of water diversion to power canals is another concern for the survival of fish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jammukashmirholidays.com/ganderbal.aspx|title=Jammu Kashmir Holidays|publisher=jammukashmirholidays.com}}</ref>

==Major projects on the Sind==
* Upper Sind Hydroelectric Power project 1st Sumbal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2010/Apr/27/upper-sindh-partially-resumes-generation-88.asp|title=Upper Sindh partially resumes generation|publisher=greaterkashmir.com|access-date=2010-04-27}}</ref>
* Upper Sind Hydroelectric Power Project 2nd Kangan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2009/Sep/15/upper-sindh-project-still-not-working-72.asp|title=Upper Sindh Project still not working|publisher=greaterkashmir.com|access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref>
* Lower Sind Hydroelectric Power project Ganderbal.
* [[Rangil water treatment plant]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirnow.com/kashmir_news/7048-Rangil-water-treatment-plant-operate-soon.html|title=Rangil Water Treatment Plan to operate soon|publisher=kashmirnow.com|access-date=2008-09-18}}</ref>

==Major bridges==
* Wayil Road Bridge of [[NH 1D]]. It is a steel structure bridge for two way vehicular traffic at a time.
*Shithkadi Bridge of [[NH 1D]]. It is a steel structure bridge for two way vehicular traffic at a time.
*Hariganiwan Link Road Bridge. It is one of the major steel bridge on River Sind for two way Vehicular traffic at time.
*Ramwari Gund Link Road Bridge is another steel bridge on River Sind & The Construction work is in progress.
* Duderhama Road Bridge, connecting [[Ganderbal]] town.

==See also==
* [[Ganderbal]]
* [[Ganderbal District]]
* [[Manasbal Lake]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kashmir Valley}}
{{Hydrography of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Indus basin]]
[[Category:Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Geography of Ganderbal district]]

Sind River - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article