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	\| image_size=260		\| image_size=260
	\|caption=The Simuka inscription (photograph and rubbing) at the [[Naneghat\|Naneghat Caves]], in early [[Pali script]]:<br><big>'''𑀭𑀸𑀬𑀸 𑀲𑀺𑀫𑀼𑀓 𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦𑁄 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺𑀫𑀢𑁄'''</big><br>''Rāyā Simuka - Sātavāhano sirimato''<br>"King Simuka Satavahana, the illustrious one"<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Burgess \|first1=Jas \|title=Report on the Elura Cave temples and the Brahmanical and Jaina Caves in Western India \|date=1883 \|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.1544/1544#page/n5/mode/1up}}</ref>		\|caption=The Simuka inscription (photograph and rubbing) at the [[Naneghat\|Naneghat Caves]], in early [[Pali script]]:<br><big>'''𑀭𑀸𑀬𑀸 𑀲𑀺𑀫𑀼𑀓 𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦𑁄 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺𑀫𑀢𑁄'''</big><br>''Rāyā Simuka - Sātavāhano sirimato''<br>"King Simuka Satavahana, the illustrious one"<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Burgess \|first1=Jas \|title=Report on the Elura Cave temples and the Brahmanical and Jaina Caves in Western India \|date=1883 \|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.1544/1544#page/n5/mode/1up}}</ref>
	\| reign = ~~1st~~ century BCE		\| reign = 3rd century BCE?
	\| successor = [[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)\|Kanha]]		\| successor = [[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)\|Kanha]]
	\| issue = [[Satakarni]]		\| issue = [[Satakarni]]
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	== Period ==		== Period ==
	[[File:Complete view of Inscription in cave at Naneghat.jpg\|thumb\|260px\|The [[Naneghat\|Naneghat inscription]]. Dated to 70-60 BCE, it mentions reigning king [[Satakarni I] and queen Naganika, and his probable father, the "illustrious"" Simuka.{{sfn\|Carla M. Sinopoli\|2001\|p=168}}]]		[[File:Complete view of Inscription in cave at Naneghat.jpg\|thumb\|260px\|The [[Naneghat\|Naneghat inscription]]. Dated to 70-60 BCE, it mentions reigning king [[Satakarni I]] and queen Naganika, and his probable father, the "illustrious" Simuka.{{sfn\|Carla M. Sinopoli\|2001\|p=168}}]]
	{{Satavahana}}		{{Satavahana}}
	Simuka is mentioned as the first king in a list of royals in a Satavahana inscription at [[Naneghat]].<ref name="Trübner & Company"/> The various [[Puranas]] have different names for the founder of the Andhra dynasty: Shishuka in ''[[Matsya Purana]]'', Sipraka in ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', Sindhuka in ''[[Vayu Purana]]'', Chhesmaka in ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'', and Shudraka or Suraka in Kumarika Khanda of ''[[Skanda Purana]]''.<ref name="HHW_1868">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqk9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA194 \|title=The Vishnu Purana \|volume=IV \|translator=H. H. Wilson \|editor=Fitzedward Hall \|publisher=Trübner & Co \|year=1868 \|pages=194–202 }}</ref> These are believed to be corrupted spellings of Simuka, resulting from copying and re-copying of manuscripts.<ref name="Ajay Mitra Shastri 1998 42"/>		Simuka is mentioned as the first king in a list of royals in a Satavahana inscription at [[Naneghat]].<ref name="Trübner & Company"/> The various [[Puranas]] have different names for the founder of the Andhra dynasty: Shishuka in ''[[Matsya Purana]]'', Sipraka in ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', Sindhuka in ''[[Vayu Purana]]'', Chhesmaka in ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'', and Shudraka or Suraka in Kumarika Khanda of ''[[Skanda Purana]]''.<ref name="HHW_1868">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqk9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA194 \|title=The Vishnu Purana \|volume=IV \|translator=H. H. Wilson \|editor=Fitzedward Hall \|publisher=Trübner & Co \|year=1868 \|pages=194–202 }}</ref> These are believed to be corrupted spellings of Simuka, resulting from copying and re-copying of manuscripts.<ref name="Ajay Mitra Shastri 1998 42"/>

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Period: Fixed misogny

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = Founder of [[Satavahana dynasty]]
| image=Simuka inscription at Naneghat Caves.jpg
| image_size=260
|caption=The Simuka inscription (photograph and rubbing) at the [[Naneghat|Naneghat Caves]], in early [[Pali script]]:<br><big>'''𑀭𑀸𑀬𑀸 𑀲𑀺𑀫𑀼𑀓 𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦𑁄 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺𑀫𑀢𑁄'''</big><br>''Rāyā Simuka - Sātavāhano sirimato''<br>"King Simuka Satavahana, the illustrious one"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Jas |title=Report on the Elura Cave temples and the Brahmanical and Jaina Caves in Western India |date=1883 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.1544/1544#page/n5/mode/1up}}</ref>
| reign = 1st century BCE
| successor = [[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)|Kanha]]
| issue = [[Satakarni]]
| dynasty = [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]]
| religion=[[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Ajivikas]]}}
'''Simuka''' ([[Brahmi script|Dhamma lipi]]'''𑀲𑀺𑀫𑀼𑀓''', ''Si-mu-ka'') was an Indian king belonging to the [[Satavahana dynasty]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|2006|p=336}} He is mentioned as the first king in a list of royals in a Satavahana inscription at [[Nanaghat]].<ref name="Trübner & Company">{{cite book |author1=James Burgess |author2=Georg Bühler |title=Report on the Elura Cave Temples and the Brahmanical and Jaina Caves in Western India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bn8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA69 |year=1883 |publisher=Trübner & Company |pages=69 }}</ref> In the [[Puranas]], the name of the first Andhra (Satavahana) king is variously spelt as Shivmukha, Sishuka, Sindhuka, Chhismaka, Shipraka, Srimukha, etc. These are believed to be corrupted spellings of "Simuka", resulting from copying and re-copying of manuscripts.<ref name="Ajay Mitra Shastri 1998 42">{{cite book |author=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=The Sātavāhanas and the Western Kshatrapas: a historical framework |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0puAAAAMAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Dattsons |isbn=978-81-7192-031-0 |page=42 }}</ref>

Based on available evidence, Simuka cannot be dated with certainty.<ref name="US_2008">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA381 |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India |author=Upinder Singh |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=9788131711200 |pages=381–384 }}</ref> According to one theory, he lived in 3rd century BCE; but he is generally thought to have lived in the 1st century BCE. Epigraphical evidence strongly suggests a 1st century BCE date for Simuka: Simuka seems to be mentioned as the father the acting king [[Satakarni]] in the [[Naneghat|Naneghat inscription]] dated to 70-60 BCE, itself considered on palaeographical grounds to be posterior to the [[Nasik Caves]] inscription of [[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)|Kanha]] (probably Simuka's brother) in [[:File:Nasik cave 19.jpg|Cave 19]], dated to 100-70 BCE.<ref name="Alcock">Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History by Susan E. Alcock [https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC&pg=PA168 p.168]</ref> Recent analysis of sources puts Simuka´s reign possibly around 120 - 96 BCE.<ref>Ollett, Andrew, (2017). ''Language of the Snakes: Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India'', University of California Press, Okland, (Table 2, Appendix A), p. 189.</ref>

According to the Puranic lists of future kings, "137 years after the accession of [[Chandragupta Maurya]], the [[Sungas]] will rule for 112 years and then the [[Kanva dynasty|Kanvayanas]] for 45 years whose last king Susharman will be killed by the [[Andhra Dynasty|Andhra]] Simuka". If the accession of Chandragupta Maurya is dated to 324 BCE, then Simuka started to rule 294 years later, in 30 BCE.<ref name="TPV">{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Thakur Prasad |title=The Palaeography Of Brahmi Script |date=1971 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.130329/page/n96 87]-88 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.130329}}</ref>

== Period ==
[[File:Complete view of Inscription in cave at Naneghat.jpg|thumb|260px|The [[Naneghat|Naneghat inscription]]. Dated to 70-60 BCE, it mentions reigning king [[Satakarni I] and queen Naganika, and his probable father, the "illustrious"" Simuka.{{sfn|Carla M. Sinopoli|2001|p=168}}]]
{{Satavahana}}
Simuka is mentioned as the first king in a list of royals in a Satavahana inscription at [[Naneghat]].<ref name="Trübner & Company"/> The various [[Puranas]] have different names for the founder of the Andhra dynasty: Shishuka in ''[[Matsya Purana]]'', Sipraka in ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', Sindhuka in ''[[Vayu Purana]]'', Chhesmaka in ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'', and Shudraka or Suraka in Kumarika Khanda of ''[[Skanda Purana]]''.<ref name="HHW_1868">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqk9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA194 |title=The Vishnu Purana |volume=IV |translator=H. H. Wilson |editor=Fitzedward Hall |publisher=Trübner & Co |year=1868 |pages=194–202 }}</ref> These are believed to be corrupted spellings of Simuka, resulting from copying and re-copying of manuscripts.<ref name="Ajay Mitra Shastri 1998 42"/>

The ''Matsya'' and ''Vayu'' Puranas mention that the first Andhra king overthrew the [[Kanva dynasty|Kanva]] king Susharman (c. 40–30 BCE). Based on identification of Simuka with this king, some scholars believe that Simuka's reign started in 30 BCE.<ref name="TPV"/> Scholars supporting this theory include [[Dineshchandra Sircar|D. C. Sircar]], [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri|H. C. Raychaudhuri]] and others.<ref name="SC_1974">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA37 |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |author=Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1974 |pages=17–56 |isbn=9788120829411 }}</ref>

The ''Matsya Purana'' mentions that the Andhra dynasty ruled for 450 years. It is known that the Satavahana rule continued till the beginning of the early 3rd century CE. Therefore, the beginning of the Satavahana rule can be dated to 3rd-2nd century BCE. In addition, ''[[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indica]]'' by [[Megasthenes]] (350 – 290 BCE) mentions a powerful tribe named "Andarae", whose king maintained an army of 100,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants. If Andarae is identified with the Andhras, this can be considered additional evidence of Satavahana rule starting in 3rd century BCE. According to this theory, Simuka was an immediate successor of the Mauryan emperor [[Ashoka]] (304–232 BCE). According to these scholars, the Kanva ruler Susharman was overthrown by a successor of Simuka. The ''Brahmanda Purana'' states: "the four Kanvas will rule the earth for 45 years; ''then'' (it) will ''again'' go to the Andhras". This indicates Satavahanas had been in power before the Kanvas subjugated them; the Kanva rule was ultimately overthrown by a Satavahana king. Scholars supporting this theory include [[Anant Sadashiv Altekar|A. S. Altekar]], [[K. P. Jayaswal]], [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] and others.<ref name="SC_1974"/>

According to Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya, Simuka was the person who revived the Satavahana rule after the Kanva [[interregnum]], and thus a founder of the 'second' Satavahana dynasty; the compilers of the Puranas have confused his name with the founder of the original dynasty.<ref name="SC_1974"/> According to [[Charles Higham (archaeologist)|Charles Higham]], the coin-based evidence suggests that Simuka's reign ended sometime before 120 BCE.<ref name="CH_2009">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA299 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |author=Charles Higham |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=9781438109961 |page=299 }}</ref> Himanshu Prabha Ray also dates Simuka to somewhere before 100 BCE,<ref name="SEA_2001">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC&pg=PA166 |title=Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History |editor=Susan E. Alcock |editor-link=Susan E. Alcock |chapter=On the edge of empire: form and substance in the Satavahana dynasty |author=Carla M. Sinopoli |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |pages=166–168 |isbn=9780521770200 }}</ref> Andrew Ollett, in a recent analysis, regards the possible period of his reign as 120 - 96 BCE.<ref>Ollett, Andrew, (2017). ''Language of the Snakes: Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India'', University of California Press, Okland, Table 2, Appendix A, p. 189.</ref>

== Biography ==
Not much is known about Simuka. According to [[Jainism|Jain]] legends, he adopted Jainism; but, in the last years of his life, he became a tyrant, for which he was deposed and killed.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nda1AAAAIAAJ |title=From stone age to feudalism |author=Kambhampati Satyanarayana |publisher=People's Publishing House |year=1975 |page=111 }}</ref> According to Puranas, last king of [[Kanva dynasty]] was killed and succeeded by first king of Andhra dynasty (or Satavahana dynasty). According to the Puranas: "The Andhra Simuka will assail the [[Kanva dynasty|Kanvayanas]] and Susarman, and destroy the remains of the [[Shunga dynasty|Sungas]]' power and will obtain this earth."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raychaudhuri |first1=Hem Channdra |title=Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty |date=1923 |publisher=Calcutta, Univ. of Calcutta |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft/page/216 216] |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft}}</ref> He is named as Balipuccha is some texts.{{sfn|Thapar|2013|p=296}}

Simuka was succeeded by his brother [[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)|Kanha]], who further extended the empire westward at least as far as [[Nashik]], where an inscription in the name of Kanha is known.<ref name="US_2008"/><ref name="SC_1974"/> According to ''Matsya Purana'', Krishna (that is, Kanha) was succeeded by Mallakarni, but according to other Puranas, he was succeeded by [[Satakarni]]. The [[Naneghat]] cave inscription of Satakarni lists his family members: it mentions Simuka's name, but not that of Kanha. Based on this, historians conclude that Satakarni was Simuka's son, and succeeded Kanha.<ref name="SC_1974"/>{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|2006|p=346}}

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===

* {{citation|title=Political History Of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC|date=2006|first=Hemchandra|last=Raychaudhuri|isbn = 9788130702919|author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri}}
* {{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGApAAAAYAAJ|title=Andhra: history and coinage|first=Vincent Arthur|last=Smith|year=1902}}
* {{citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}

[[Category:1st-century BC Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Satavahana dynasty]]

Simuka - Revision history

->GünniX: brackets fixed

106.209.232.192: /* Period */Fixed misogny