Simharaja - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 19:10, 28 March 2022
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	{{Infobox royalty		{{Not to be confused with\|Singhraj Adhana}}{{Infobox royalty
	\| title = [[Maharajadhiraja]]		\| title = [[Maharajadhiraja]]
	\| succession = King of Sapadalaksha		\| succession = King of Sapadalaksha
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	Simharaja was the first ruler of the family to assume the title [[Maharajadhiraja]] ("great king of kings"). This suggests that he became independent of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s, the overlords of his ancestors.{{sfn\|R. B. Singh\|1964\|p=103}}		Simharaja was the first ruler of the family to assume the title [[Maharajadhiraja]] ("great king of kings"). This suggests that he became independent of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s, the overlords of his ancestors.{{sfn\|R. B. Singh\|1964\|p=103}}

	According to the [[Harshnath\|Harsha]] inscription, Simharaja killed the Tomara chief Salavana (or Lavana), whose soldiers either fled the battlefield or were imprisoned. The prisoners were released only when the common ~~overloard~~ of these two rulers came to Simharaja and secured their release. The overlord, who is called ''Raghukule Bhuchakravarti'' ("Emperor from [[Ikshvaku dynasty\|Raghu's family]]") in the inscription, was probably a weak Gurjara-Pratihara emperor. Although the identity of this emperor is not clear; he might have been Devapala or one of his successors, such as Vijayapala or Rajyapala.{{sfn\|Dasharatha Sharma\|1959\|p=29}}{{sfn\|R. B. Singh\|1964\|p=101}} Salavana probably belonged to the [[Tomara dynasty]] of [[Delhi]]; historian R. B. Singh identifies him with Tejapala, who has been mentioned as the contemporary Tomara king in a Kumaon-Garhwal manuscript.{{sfn\|R. B. Singh\|1964\|p=102}} He probably belonged to same family as Rudra, who had been killed by Simharaja's grandfather [[Chandanaraja\|Chandana]].{{sfn\|Dasharatha Sharma\|1959\|p=29}}		According to the [[Harshnath\|Harsha]] inscription, Simharaja killed the Tomara chief Salavana (or Lavana), whose soldiers either fled the battlefield or were imprisoned. The prisoners were released only when the common overlord of these two rulers came to Simharaja and secured their release. The overlord, who is called ''Raghukule Bhuchakravarti'' ("Emperor from [[Ikshvaku dynasty\|Raghu's family]]") in the inscription, was probably a weak Gurjara-Pratihara emperor. Although the identity of this emperor is not clear; he might have been Devapala or one of his successors, such as Vijayapala or Rajyapala.{{sfn\|Dasharatha Sharma\|1959\|p=29}}{{sfn\|R. B. Singh\|1964\|p=101}} Salavana probably belonged to the [[Tomara dynasty]] of [[Delhi]]; historian R. B. Singh identifies him with Tejapala, who has been mentioned as the contemporary Tomara king in a Kumaon-Garhwal manuscript.{{sfn\|R. B. Singh\|1964\|p=102}} He probably belonged to same family as Rudra, who had been killed by Simharaja's grandfather [[Chandanaraja\|Chandana]].{{sfn\|Dasharatha Sharma\|1959\|p=29}}

	Simharaja is also said to have defeated a Muslim general. The ''[[Prabandha Kosha]]'' names the defeated general as Heji-ud-Din, and states that the battle took place at Jethan (possibly modern Jethana). The ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'' calls him Hetim, and states that Simharaja captured four of his elephants after killing him. The identity of the defeated general is uncertain, but he might have been a subordinate of the [[Emir\|Amir]] of [[Multan]].{{sfn\|R. B. Singh\|1964\|p=103}}		Simharaja is also said to have defeated a Muslim general. The ''[[Prabandha Kosha]]'' names the defeated general as Heji-ud-Din, and states that the battle took place at Jethan (possibly modern Jethana). The ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'' calls him Hetim, and states that Simharaja captured four of his elephants after killing him. The identity of the defeated general is uncertain, but he might have been a subordinate of the [[Emir\|Amir]] of [[Multan]].{{sfn\|R. B. Singh\|1964\|p=103}}

	The ''Hammira Mahakavya'' further claims that ~~Simharata~~ defeated the kings of [[Chaulukya\|Gujrata]], [[Lata (region)\|Lata]], [[Chalukyas of Kalyani\|Karnataka]], [[Chola]] and [[Anga]]. This is obviously a hyperbole, although Simharaja may have achieved some military successes against his neighbours.{{sfn\|R. B. Singh\|1964\|p=102}}		The ''Hammira Mahakavya'' further claims that Simharaja defeated the kings of [[Chaulukya\|Gujrata]], [[Lata (region)\|Lata]], [[Chalukyas of Kalyani\|Karnataka]], [[Chola]] and [[Anga]]. This is obviously a hyperbole, although Simharaja may have achieved some military successes against his neighbours.{{sfn\|R. B. Singh\|1964\|p=102}}

	== Personal life ==		== Personal life ==

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{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharajadhiraja]]
| succession = King of Sapadalaksha
| reign = c. 944-971 CE
| dynasty = [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]
| predecessor = [[Vakpatiraja I]]
| successor = [[Vigraharaja II]]
}}
'''Simharaja''' ([[IAST]]: Siṃharāja, r. c. 944-971 CE ) was an Indian king belonging to the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana dynasty]]. He ruled the Sapadalaksha country, which included parts of present-day [[Rajasthan]] in north-western India. He was the first Chahamana ruler to assume the title [[Maharajadhiraja]].

== Early life ==

Most sources mention Simharaja as the successor of his father [[Vakpatiraja I]]. However, the [[Bijolia]] inscription places one Vindhyanṛpati (or Vindhyaraja) between Vakpati and Simharaja. Historian H. C. Ray theorized that Vindhyanṛpati was a part of Vakpati's name. But according to [[Dasharatha Sharma]], Vindhyanṛpati was probably an elder brother of Simharaja and had a very short reign.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=28-29}}

== Military career ==

Simharaja was the first ruler of the family to assume the title [[Maharajadhiraja]] ("great king of kings"). This suggests that he became independent of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s, the overlords of his ancestors.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=103}}

According to the [[Harshnath|Harsha]] inscription, Simharaja killed the Tomara chief Salavana (or Lavana), whose soldiers either fled the battlefield or were imprisoned. The prisoners were released only when the common overloard of these two rulers came to Simharaja and secured their release. The overlord, who is called ''Raghukule Bhuchakravarti'' ("Emperor from [[Ikshvaku dynasty|Raghu's family]]") in the inscription, was probably a weak Gurjara-Pratihara emperor. Although the identity of this emperor is not clear; he might have been Devapala or one of his successors, such as Vijayapala or Rajyapala.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=29}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=101}} Salavana probably belonged to the [[Tomara dynasty]] of [[Delhi]]; historian R. B. Singh identifies him with Tejapala, who has been mentioned as the contemporary Tomara king in a Kumaon-Garhwal manuscript.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=102}} He probably belonged to same family as Rudra, who had been killed by Simharaja's grandfather [[Chandanaraja|Chandana]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=29}}

Simharaja is also said to have defeated a Muslim general. The ''[[Prabandha Kosha]]'' names the defeated general as Heji-ud-Din, and states that the battle took place at Jethan (possibly modern Jethana). The ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'' calls him Hetim, and states that Simharaja captured four of his elephants after killing him. The identity of the defeated general is uncertain, but he might have been a subordinate of the [[Emir|Amir]] of [[Multan]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=103}}

The ''Hammira Mahakavya'' further claims that Simharata defeated the kings of [[Chaulukya|Gujrata]], [[Lata (region)|Lata]], [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Karnataka]], [[Chola]] and [[Anga]]. This is obviously a hyperbole, although Simharaja may have achieved some military successes against his neighbours.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=102}}

== Personal life ==

The ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'' suggests that like his father, Simharaja was a devout [[Shaivite]], and commissioned a large temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] at [[Pushkar]]a. He also extended the [[Harshnath|Harshadeva temple]], and granted four villages for its maintenance: Simhagoshtha, Trailkalakaka, Ishanakupa, and Kansapallika.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=104}} The Kinsariya inscription describes him as ''naya-sutra-yuktah'', which probably indicates that he was knowledgeable about [[logic]] (see [[Nyāya Sūtras]]).{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=105}}

== Last days ==

Simharaja was succeeded by his sons [[Vigraharaja II]] and [[Durlabharaja II]] in that order. He had two other sons, Chandraraja and Govindaraja (not to be confused with the earlier Chahamana kings bearing same names).{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=33}} The Harsha inscription states that Vigraharaja revived the fortunes of his distressed family. This indicates that Simharaja suffered a tragic defeat at the end of his life. His enemies might have included the Pratiharas.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=29}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}

{{Chahamanas of Shakambhari}}

[[Category:Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]