->Srimant ROSHAN at 04:31, 4 December 2021

2021-12-04T04:31:19Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Simhana
| succession = King of [[Devagiri]]
| reign = c. 1200-1246
| dynasty = [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna (Yadava)]]
| predecessor = [[Jaitugi|Jaitugi I]]
| successor = [[Krishna of Devagiri|Krishna]]
| birth_date = c. 1186
| death_date = 1246
| father = [[Jaitugi I]]
| mother = [[Bhagirathidevi]]
| spouse = {{unbulleted list |Jehadevi|Kavaladevi}}
| issue = {{ubl|Yuvraj Jaitugi II (father of [[Krishna of Devagiri|Krishna]] and [[Mahadeva of Devagiri|Mahadeva]])|}}
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Simhana''' ([[IAST]]: Siṃhaṇa, also known as '''Singhandev'''; r. c. 1200-1246 was the most powerful ruler of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]].Chakravarti Singhandev Maharaj; He was the most powerful ruler of the Yadav dynasty in the Deccan region of India. Maharaj Singhandev was born in 1186 at Sinnar. His mother's name was Bhagirathibai, his father's name was Jaitugidev. Meanwhile, his grandfather Bhillamdev was a Chalukya feudal lord. Later, Maharaj Bhillamdev declared himself independent in 1187 and established the Seun Empire. He built a fort at Devagiri in 1187 and made Devagiri his capital. He ruled Maharashtra from 1187 to 1191. In 1189, he defeated the Hoysala ruler Ballal in a battle at Suratur. He was succeeded by his son Maharaj Jaitugidev, who ruled from 1191-1200. On the other hand, in northern India, Mohammad Gori decisively defeated Prithviraj Chauhan, the emperor of Ajmer, in 1192 for Ghiath al-Din Muhammad, after which he defeated Jaichand, the king of Kanaiz. Al-Din Muhammad sent Mohammad Gori to invade Maharashtra, Mohammad Gori invaded Maharashtra by capturing the two states of Malwa and Gujarat, when Maharaj Jaitugidev pushed him from the borders of Maharashtra.

After this, Mohammad Gori invaded Maharashtra three times, in 1195, in 1196 and in 1197, every time he invaded Maharashtra, he was persecuted by Maharaj Jaitugidev. Maharaj Jaitugidev went to Warangal to fight with King Mahadev of Warangal, Yuvraj Singhandev also went with him, when he was 12 years old, Maharaj Jaitugidev fought with Mahadev at Warangal, in the battle Yuvraj Singhandev was fighting bravely with enemies Maharaj Jaitugidev was victorious, Andhra came under the rule of Seun Empire, at the age of 13 Chakravarti Singhandev Maharaj was married to Jehabai, daughter of Subhedar Somnathrao of East Khandesh, after which Maharaj Jaitugidev died on 31st August 1200 at the age of 35. After his death, Maharaj Singhandev became the Chakravarti of the Seun Empire at the age of 15. In 1201, Ghurid ruler Ghiath al-Din Muhammad sent Mohammad Gori to invade Maharashtra again. Mohammad Gori invaded Maharashtra again. It is easy to capture, what did Mohammad Gori know that Chakravarti Singhandev Maharaj has been brave since childhood.

Mohammad Gori crossed the river Narmada across Vindhya and entered Maharashtra. The news that Mohammad Gori had entered Maharashtra soon reached Maharaj. Soon he went to war with Mohammad Gori. Mohammad Gori was in Vidarbha with 70,000 cavalry and 20,000 infantry. Maharaj had 35,000 cavalry, 34,000 troops, he came to Vidarbha with such an army, there was a big battle between Chakravarti Singhandev Maharaj and Mohammad Gori, in which Chakravarti Singhandev Maharaj won and Mohammad Gori lost, Mohammad Gori returned to Ghazni defeated. After the death of Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad in 1202, Mohammad Gori became the Sultan of Ghazni.

In 1206, the present conquest of Vijaypur was conquered by the Maharaja. The Maharajah granted the Jahagiri of Vijaypur to Sardar Keshavrao. In 1215, the Maharaja invaded Malwa in the north and captured Malwa, and in the south, Subhedar Mahadevrao captured Banvasi, and Maharaj gave the Jahedi of Karad Sansthan to Subhedar Mahadevrao.

In 1216, Maharaj had defeated King Bhojdev of Kolhapur, the capital Kolhapur and the kingdom of Shilahar had merged into the Seun Empire, Chakravarti Singhandev Maharaj had married King Bhojdev's daughter Kavalabai. In 1219, the Maharaja conquered the two kingdoms of Rajputana and Sindh,

In 1220, Chakravarti Singhandev Maharaj sent a strong army to Gujarat. This army was led by Sardar Someshwarrao, Sardar Someshwarrao fought with King Bhimdev at Patan, Bhimdev was defeated in this battle, and to the south, Maharaj had conquered the area north of Tungabhadra river, after which Maharaj invaded Gondwana and conquered this kingdom.

When Sultan Iltutmish of Delhi invaded the state of Vilsa in 1235 and invaded Maharashtra, he was driven as far as Gwalior and occupied the cities of Gwalior, Kashi, Mathura and Patna, followed by Mysore, Travancore and Tamil Nadu The state of Maharashtra was prosperous during the time of Maharaj, the people of Maharashtra were happy during his time, the people of Maharashtra used to consider Chakravarti Singhandev Maharaj as a deity. Chakravarti Singhandev Maharaj died on 23rd December 1246 at the age of 61.

Jijabai, the mother of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of Swarajya, was a descendant of Chakravarti Singhandev Maharaj.

== Early life ==

Simhana, whose name is also transliterated as Singhana, was the son of his predecessor [[Jaitugi]]. {{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=531}}

It is not clear when Simhana ascended the throne. Jaitgui's last known inscription is dated 1196, and Simhana's earliest known inscription is dated 1197. However, other inscriptions variously suggest that Simhana ascended the throne in 1200, 1207 or 1210. Two [[Kandagallu|Kandagal]] inscriptions, dated 1208 and 1220, are stated to have been issued in the 8th and 20th year of his reign respectively, thus suggesting that he ascended the throne in 1200. A third inscription from the same place suggests that he ascended the throne in 1210. The Kallaru stone inscription suggests that he ascended the throne in 1208-09. The Elavata, Kadkal and Kuppataru inscriptions suggest another date for his ascension. Simhana had definitely not ascended the throne in 1197, because Jaitugi is known to have appointed the [[Kakatiya]] ruler Ganapati as his vassal in 1198.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=531}}

Historian [[A. S. Altekar]] theorizes that Simhana was formally associated with his father's administration as the [[heir apparent]] (''yuvaraja'') after 1200, which may explain why some inscriptions date his ascension as early as 1200. According to Altekar, Jaitugi most probably continued to rule until 1210, when Simhana succeeded him as the king.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=531}}

On the other hand, [[T. V. Mahalingam]] theorizes that Simhana was crowned as his father's successor in 1200, and had a second coronation in 1210 to mark his conquest of the [[Hoysala]] territories. According to Mahalingam, the inscriptions that suggest an earlier date (e.g. 1200) for Simhana's coronation were found in the northern part of his kingdom. On the other hand, the inscriptions that place his coronation in 1210 were found in the southern part of his kingdom (that is, south of the [[Malaprabha River]]). A 1226-27 inscription discovered at Doni in the southern region states that sixteen years had passed since Simhana's entry in the area (''nadu''). This suggests that Simhana conquered this southern region in c. 1210, and therefore, the inscriptions found in this region count his reign from that year.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=144}}

== Military career ==

=== Kakatiyas ===

Some later inscriptions, such as those discovered at Chikka Sakuna and Munoli, state that Simhana beheaded the king of [[Telangana|Telanga]], and placed another person on the empty throne. This suggests that he participated in his father's campaign against the [[Kakatiya]]s.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=532}} As a result of these campaigns, the Kakatiya kings Rudra and Mahadeva were killed, and Mahadeva's son Ganapati was installed on the throne as a Yadava vassal.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=529}}

Ganapati maintained cordial relations with Simhana.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=147}} During the first half of his reign, Ganapati only assumed the titles of a feudatory chief. A 1228 inscription of Ganapati claims that he defeated the [[Lata (region)|Latas]]. This suggests that he accompanied the Simhana's forces during their expedition in the Lata region of present-day southern Gujarat ([[#Lata, Chaulukyas and Vaghelas|see below]]). During the second half of his reign, Ganapati seems to have assumed an independent status. However, Simhana was an old man by this time, and remained busy with his expeditions in Gujarat.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=538}} Ganapati also avoided adopting an aggressive attitude towards the Yadavas, having spent the early part of his life in their captivity. Therefore, no major conflict happened between these two kings.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=539}}

=== Hoysalas ===

Simhana's grandfather [[Bhillama V]] had suffered a humiliating defeat against the [[Hoysala]] king [[Veera Ballala II|Ballala II]] at [[Soratur]]. The Yadavas decided to avenge this defeat by invading the Hoysala-controlled territory.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=532}} Simhana's inscriptions discovered in the region to the south of the [[Malaprabha River]] are dated as early as 1202, which suggests that the Yadavas had made inroads into this area by this time.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}} A 1206 inscription shows that by that year, the Yadavas had conquered a part of the present-day [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]], and placed it under their general Keshavadeva. By 1212, they had penetrated into the present-day [[Anantpur district|Anantpur]], [[Bellary district|Bellary]], [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]], and [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]] districts, as attested by their inscriptions discovered in these areas. By 1213, they had annexed most of the present-day [[Dharwad district]], as shown by an inscription discovered at [[Gadag]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=532}} The Gadag, [[Paithan]], and [[Tilavalli|Tiluvalli]] inscriptions state that Simhana defeated Ballala.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}}

The [[Ratta dynasty|Rattas of Saundatti]], who formerly acknowledged the Hoysala suzerainty, switched their allegiance to Simhana, and helped him in expanding the Yadava power southwards.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}} Sometime before 1215, the Yadavas captured [[Banavasi]], and Simhana's confidant Sarvadhikarin Mayideva was appointed as its governor.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=532}} In 1222, he was succeeded by Vanka Ravata, an officer from [[Karad]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=532}} By 1220, Simhana had completed his conquest of the area to the north of the [[Tungabhadra River]]. The Hoysalas were busy at their southern frontier with the [[Pandya kingdom|Pandyas]], which worked in Simhana's favour.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}}

=== Shilaharas of Kolhapur ===

In 1216, Simhana launched an expedition against the [[Shilahara#Kolhapur branch|Kohalpur Shilahara]] king [[Bhoja II (Shilahara dynasty)|Bhoja II]]. Taking advantage of the conflict between the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Chalukyas]], the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuris]], the Yadavas, and the Hoysalas, Bhoja had assumed imperial titles. By 1187, he called himself the [[Vikramaditya|Vikrama]] of the [[Kaliyuga]]. By 1205, even his protégé Somadeva had assumed imperial titles such as Paramabhattaraka ("Supreme Overlord"), Rajadhiraja ("King of kings"), and Paschima-chakravarti ("the western [[Chakravartin|Chakravarti]]"). While the Yadavas were engaged in their campaign against the Hoysalas during 1210-1215, Bhoja seems to have attacked their kingdom. As a result, Simhana invaded the Shilahara territory, and defeated Bhoja, who fled to [[Panhala fort|Panhala]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=533}}

A Yadava inscription states that Simhana was "an eagle who caused the serpent in the form of the mighty ruler Bhoja, hiding in the fort of Panhala, to take a flight." This suggests that Bhoja, who was already an old man by this time, had to flee from Panhala. Nothing is known about the ultimate fate of Bhoja or his son Gandaraditya.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=533}}

Epigraphic evidence suggests that the Shilahara kingdom, including the capital [[Kolhapur]], was annexed to the Yadava kingdom.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=533}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}} This annexation seems to have taken place before 1217, as a 1217 inscription found in the Shimoga district describes Simhana as a ''[[vajra]]'' (thunderbolt) to the Panhala fort. A 1218 inscription found at Kolhapur records the construction of a gate before the [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur|Ambabai temple]] by Simhana's officer Tailana.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=533}}

=== Paramaras ===

[[Paramara]]s, the northern neighbours of the Yadavas, ruled the [[Malwa]] region. In the past, Simhana's grandfather Bhillama had raided their territories. Simhana's contemporary Paramara king [[Arjunavarman]] married the Hoysala princess Sarvakala, who was probably a daughter of grand-daughter of the Hoysala king Ballala. Simhana's invasion of the Hoysala territory appears to have led a fresh conflict between the Paramaras and the Yadavas.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=534}}

Simhana invaded the Paramara kingdom in 1215, and according to the later Yadava court poet [[Hemadri]], this invasion resulted in the defeat and death of Arjunavarman. The veracity of Hemadri's claim is doubtful, as the 1222 Bahal inscription mentions Arjunavarman's defeat, but not his death.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=534}} The [[Tilavalli|Tiluvalli]] inscription also states that Simhana humbled the lord of Malwa.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}}

=== Lata, Chaulukyas and Vaghelas ===

The [[Chaulukya]] king [[Bhima II]] ruled the present-day [[Gujarat]], located to the north-west of the Yadava territory. Simha, the [[Chahamana]] ruler of the [[Lata (region)|Lata]] region in southern Gujarat, was originally a Chaulukya feudatory, but had later shifted his allegiance to the Paramaras. After Simhana's victory over the Paramaras, he found himself in a tough situation, and re-accepted the Chaulukya suzerainty.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=534}} The Chaulukya chronicle ''Kirti-Kaumudi'' states that the Chaulukya general Lavanaprasada (of [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela family]]) forced Simhana to retreat.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=534-535}}

In 1220, Simhana sent a stronger army to Lata. This army was led by his general Kholeshvara, who held the fief of the neighbouring [[Khandesh]] and [[Vidarbha]] regions. At this time, the Chaulukya throne had been seized by an usurper named Jayantasimha, and therefore, the Chaulukyas were unable to help Simha. According to ''Hammira-mada-mardana'', Simha and his brother Sindhuraja died fighting the Yadavas.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=535}} The 1228 [[Ambajogai|Ambe]] inscription of Kholeshvara describes his victory, and also mentions that Simha was killed in the battle.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=535-536}} Sindhuraja's son Shankha (alias Sangramasimha) was taken prisoner by the Yadavas.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=535}} Simhana later released Shankha, and allowed him to rule Lata as a Yadava feudatory.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=536}}

Shankha remained loyal to Simhana in the later years. Meanwhile, the Chaulukya general Lavanaprasada invaded Lata, and captured the important port city of [[Khambhat]]. The Chaulukya minister [[Vastupala]] was appointed as its governor in 1219. Sometime later, while the Chaulukya forces were busy suppressing a revolt in the [[Marwar]] region, Shankha attacked [[Bharuch]], but was forced to retreat by Vastupala. Subsequently, he launched another invasion of the Chaulukya kingdom with Simhana's assistance. The ''Kirti-Kaumudi'' attests that this invasion caused a massive panic in Gujarat.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=536}} The exact details of this invasion have been obscured by the various poetic legends, none of which give a date for it.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=536-537}} According to these legends, Shankha convinced Simhana and the Paramara king [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]] to send a joint expedition to Gujarat. Simhana's force was led by Kholeshvara, and Shankha himself led one of the invading armies.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=536}} Lavanaprasada resolved the threat by creating a rift between the invading allies. One of his spies stole Devapala's favourite horse, and another spy gave it to Shankha claiming that it was a gift from Devapala. Meanwhile, a forged letter was made to fall in Simhana's hands: in this letter, Devapala had purportedly assured Shankha that he would attack Simhana's army in Gujarat, and had also urged him to kill Simhana to avenge his father's death. This letter convinced Simhana that Shankha and Devapala were conspiring against him.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=537}}

It appears that Simhana withdrew from the planned invasion, and the Chaulukya-Yadava conflict came to end in c. 1232 with a peace treaty. Historian [[A. S. Altekar]] speculates that Simhana must have received considerable wealth for agreeing to this peace treaty, in addition to the confirmation of his protectorate over the Lata region. The 13th century text ''[[Lekhapaddhati]]'', which provides specimens for different types of letters, includes a text of the peace treaty between Lavanaprasada and Simhana. However, this appears to be a specimen rather than a true historical document.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=537}}

In the 1240s, Lavanaprasada's grandson Visaladeva usurped the power in Gujarat, and became a monarch. During his reign, Simhana's forces invaded Gujarat unsuccessfully. Simhana's general Rama (a son of Kholeshvara) was killed in this campaign.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=146}}

The Yadavas' conflict with Gujarat ultimately weakened both the kingdoms, and paved way for the Muslim conquest of these kingdoms half a century after Simhana's death.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=539}}

=== Southern feudatories ===

The [[Ratta dynasty|Ratta]] chiefs ruled a small principality in the present-day [[Belgaum district]], and kept shifting their allegiance between the dominant imperial powers of the region. Sometime during 1228-1238, Simhana's general Bichana appears to have conquered the Ratta principality. The last Ratta ruler was Lakshmideva II, and he is last known to have ruled in 1228. By 1238, Bichana ruled the former Ratta territory as a feudatory of Simhana.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=538}}

Bichana also subdued other chiefs, such as the Guttas of [[Dharwad]], the [[Kadambas of Hangal]], and the [[Kadambas of Goa]]. These chiefs kept shifting their allegiance between the Hoysalas and the Yadavas, and tried to become independent whenever presented with an opportunity. Bichana inflicted severe punishments on these chiefs for their insubordination. In 1237, the Gutta chief rebelled against Simhana, and even raided the Yadava territory. Simhana sent a 30,000-strong cavalry against him: this army captured the Gutti fort.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=538}}

=== Other victories ===

The Yadava records contain exaggerated accounts of Simhana's other victories. For example, one inscription states that Simhana was:{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=144}}

{{cquote|a moon to the lotus Bhoja, an axe to the forest of Arjuna, a furious storm blast to the feeble crowd of the [[Gurjara]]s, a thunderbolt on the mountain [[Magadha]], a [[Rama]] to that [[Pulastya]] the [[Chola]], a Shiva to the [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] [[halahala|poison]], the bestower of new widowhood on the dames of the lord of the horse... a river raging flood in dashing upon the massive bank Ballala, a conqueror of Vihansaraja.}}

The court poet [[Hemadri]] mentions that Simhana captured the elephant force of King Jajalla, and ended the sovereignty of King Kakkula. The name Jajalla sounds like that of the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Ratnapura Kalachuri]] rulers of present-day [[Chhattisgarh]], but no king named Jajalla was a contemporary of Simhana. The last known ruler bearing this name was Jajalla II, who had died by 1170. The name Kakkula sounds like that of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Tripuri Kalachuri]] rulers, but the last king with a similar name was Kokalla II, who had died around 200 years before Simhana's ascension.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=540}} It is possible that these victories refer to Simhana's successes in occasional clashes with local chiefs at his north-eastern frontier. His armies may have penetrated their territories, as suggested by the discoveries of a few coins of Simhana in Chhattisgarh.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=541}} Historian [[A. S. Altekar]] notes that a king named Kakakla is known to have ruled a part of southern Karnataka, and wonders if this king is Hemadri's Kakkula.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=540}}

A 1206 [[Patnadevi|Patan]] inscription claims that the kings of [[Mathura]] and [[Varanasi]] had felt the menance of the Yadava power. The accuracy of these claims is doubtful, as they are not supported by any historical evidence. The [[Ambajogai|Ambe]] inscription states that Simhana defeated king Ramapala of Varanasi, but no such king is known to have ruled Varanasi during Simhana's reign. At best, it is possible that Simhana defeated some local chiefs who claimed to be descendants of the former rulers of Mathura and Varanasi. These kings may have described themselves as the lords of Mathura and Varanasi, just like the Simhana's family claimed descent from the [[Yadavas|ancient Yadavas]] and claimed to have ruled their ancient capital [[Dvārakā|Dvaravati]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=540}}

The 1206 Patan inscription also claims that an obscure general of Simhana defeated a Muslim ruler. Simhana's army may have faced a frontier skirmish with a Muslim army during one of its expeditions in Malwa or Gujarat.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=540}}

Some Yadava inscriptions also credit Simhana and his generals (Kholeshvara, Rama and Bichana) with victories in other parts of India. According to these inscriptions, Simhana or his generals defeated the kings of [[Panchala]], [[Nepala]], [[Anga]], [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]] (or [[Vengi]]), [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], [[Chera dynasty|Chera]], [[Pallava]], and [[Sindhu Kingdom|Sindhu]]. These conventional poetic claims seem to be purely imaginary, and there is no evidence of the Yadava army having penetrated these distant regions.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=541}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=144}} At best, Pallava here may refer to [[Kopperunchinga I|Kopperunchinga]], whose [[Kadava dynasty|Kadava]] dynasty was related to the ancient [[Pallava]]s.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}}

== Territorial extent ==

Simhana is regarded as the greatest ruler of his dynasty.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=144}} The Yadava kingdom reached its greatest extent during his reign. In the north, it probably extended up to the [[Narmada River]]. In the south, his kingdom extended up to the [[Tungabhadra River]], and included [[Belavanaki|Belvola]] and [[Banavasi]]. In the west, it touched the [[Arabian Sea]], and in the east, it included the western part of [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]]: Simhana's inscriptions have been discovered in the present-day [[Anantpur district|Anantpur]] and [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]] districts.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=147}}

Simhana consolidated the Yadava rule in the newly-annexed territories by posting his trusted lieutenants there.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=144}} At his northern frontier, he assigned the fiefs of [[Khandesh]] and [[Vidarbha]] to his general Kholeshvara. At his southern frontier, he assigned the fief of southern Karnataka to his general Bichana.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=147}}

Kholeshvara was born to a [[Brahmin]] named Trivikrama, but adopted a warrior role, and defeated several small chiefs in the Vidarbha and Khandesh regions. These chiefs included Lakshmideva of Bhambhagiri (modern [[Bhamer Dhule|Bhamer]]), Hemadri of Khandesh, and Bhoja of Chanda (in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]). Since Kholeshvara came from a Brahmin family, he appears to have had a soft corner for the Brahmins, as suggest by his establishments of a number of [[agrahara]] (Brahmin settlements).{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=541}}

Bichana, the son of Chikkadeva, was born in a [[Vaishya]] family.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=541}} He played an important role in the anti-Hoysala campaigns, and one of his inscriptions claims that he advanced as far as the [[Kaveri River]], where he set up a victory pillar.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=542}} He succeeded Jagadala Purushottama-deva as Simhana's viceroy in the southern part of the Yadava kingdom, in 1230.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=541}}

== Cultural activities ==

The authorship of ''Sangita-ratnakara'', a work on music, is attributed to Simhana's court poet Sarangadeva. A commentary on this work is attributed to Simhana himself.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=147}} It is not certain if Simhana actually wrote this commentary, or if he was the patron of its actual author.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=542}}

Simhana's courtiers included two noted astronomers: Anantadeva and Changadeva. Anantadeva wrote commentaries on [[Brahmagupta]]'s ''[[Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta|Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta]]'' and [[Varahamihira]]'s ''[[Brihat Jataka|Brihat-jataka]]''. Changadeva established a college of astronomy in [[Patnadevi|Patana]] town of Khandesh region, in the memory of his grandfather [[Bhaskara II|Bhaskaracharya]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=542}}

== Last days ==

Simhana had two wives, named Jeha-devi and Kavala-devi. His son Jaitugi II (not to be confused with his father [[Jaitugi|Jaitugi I]]) is known to have been the ''yuvaraja'' (heir apparent) in 1229, but he probably died before Simhana.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}} Therefore, Simhana was succeeded by his grandson [[Krishna of Devagiri|Krishna]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=543}}

According to [[A. S. Altekar]], Krishna's inscriptions suggest that 2 November 1248 fell in the second year of his reign, while 25 December 1248 fell in the third year of his reign. Therefore, Altekar concludes that Simhana most probably died in either November of December of 1246, when Krishna succeeded him.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=543}}

According to [[T. V. Mahalingam]] (1957), there are at least six inscriptions which suggest that Simhana ruled at least until October 1247. Some Yadava inscriptions suggest that Krishna was ruling in March 1246. This indicates that Krishna was associated Simhana's administration since at least 1246, and succeeded him in the last quarter of 1247.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=144}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=A. S. Altekar |author-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts |volume=VIII: Yādavas of Seuṇadeśa |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/531155 |oclc=59001459 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828105828/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/531155 |archive-date=2016-08-28 }}
* {{cite book |author=T. V. Mahalingam |author-link=T. V. Mahalingam |chapter=The Seunas of Devagiri |editor=R. S. Sharma |editor-link=Ram Sharan Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}
{{refend}}

{{Seuna (Yadava) dynasty}}

[[Category:Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

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	{{Infobox royalty		{{Infobox royalty
	\| image = File:A virgal (herostone) in Kaitabhesvara temple at Kubatur.JPG		\| image = File:A virgal (herostone) in Kaitabhesvara temple at Kubatur.JPG
	\| caption = [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty\|Seuna]] victory stone dated to the reign of Simhana~~<~~ref~~>~~{{Cite book \|last=Rice \|first=Benjamin Lewis \|title=Epigraphia Carnatica: Inscriptions in Shimoga District \|volume=8 \|others=Part 2 \|publisher=Mysore Government Central Press \|year=1904 \|location=Mysore \|pages=5, 44, 90 \|chapter=List of Inscriptions by Chronological Order; Translations, Sorab Taluq; Text of Inscriptions in Roman Characters}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~		\| caption = [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty\|Seuna]] victory stone dated to the reign of Simhana<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Rice \|first=Benjamin Lewis \|title=Epigraphia Carnatica: Inscriptions in Shimoga District \|volume=8 \|others=Part 2 \|publisher=Mysore Government Central Press \|year=1904 \|location=Mysore \|pages=5, 44, 90 \|chapter=List of Inscriptions by Chronological Order; Translations, Sorab Taluq; Text of Inscriptions in Roman Characters}}</ref>

	\| name = Simhana		\| name = Simhana

Simhana - Revision history

CleanupBot: /* top */ Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

4Eileen59m: Minor updates and cleanup applied

->Srimant ROSHAN at 04:31, 4 December 2021