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2021-01-29T20:11:03Z

Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 22 templates: hyphenate params (16×);

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{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Jain
| deity_of = [[Tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkara]]
| image = Shri Simandhar Swami.jpg
| caption = Shri Simandhar Swami
| alt = Simandhar Swami
| other_names =
| symbol = [[Bull]]
| color = White
| spouse =Mata Rukmani
| father =Shreyans Kumar
| mother =Mata Satyaki
| children =
| height =
| age =
| tree =
| predecessor =
| successor =
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Simandhara''' is a ''[[Tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkara]]'', an [[arihant (Jainism)|arihant]], who is said to be currently living in another world in the [[Jain Cosmology|Jain cosmological universe]].

==Residence in Jain cosmology==

''[[Tirthankara]]'' Simandhar Swami resides at ''Mahavideh Kshetra'', another land within the Jain cosmological universe (see [[Jain cosmology]]).{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=}}<ref name="Simandhar Swami Mahavideh Kshetra">{{citation|last=University |first=Jain |title=Mahavideh Kshetra |url=http://www.jainuniversity.org/PDFs/eng-lib/2.3.pdf |publisher=Jain University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516172440/http://www.jainuniversity.org/PDFs/eng-lib/2.3.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Darshan|first=Jain|title=Mahavideh Kshetra|url=http://www.jsmconline.org/JainDarshan/2005Dec.pdf|publisher=Jain Darshan }}</ref>

The five lands of the Bharat Kshetra are currently in the 5th Ara (a degraded time-cycle in which Tirthankaras do not take birth).<ref name="Kaal Chakra">{{cite web|last=Jainism |first=My |title=Kaal Chakra |url=http://www.myjainism.com/PDF/Kaal_Chakra.pdf |publisher=My Jainism |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223452/http://www.myjainism.com/PDF/Kaal_Chakra.pdf |archive-date= 2 December 2013 }}</ref>{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=30–32}} The most recent ''Tirthankara'' present on ''Bharat Kshetra'' (present world) was [[Vardhamana Mahavira]], whom historians estimate lived between 599-527 BCE, the last in a cycle of 24 Tirthankaras.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jain Meditation |url=http://www.jainmeditation.org/pages/godhood.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427202217/http://www.jainmeditation.org/pages/godhood.html |archive-date=27 April 2012 }}</ref>{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=1–41}}

On Mahavideh Kshetra, the 4th Ara (a spiritually elevated time-cycle) exists continuously. There, Tirthankaras perpetually are born.<ref name="Jain Tirthankaras">{{cite web|last=Tirthankaras|first=Jain|title=24 Tirthankaras|url=http://www.jaintirthankars.com/24tirthankars.html|publisher=Jain Tirthankaras }}</ref><ref name="Kaal Chakra"/> There are 5 Mahavideh Kshetras, each being a separate land. At present, there are 4 Tirthankars residing in each Mahavideh Kshetra. Thus there are a total of 20 Tirthankaras residing there, Simandhar Swami being one among them.<ref name="Simandhar Swami Mahavideh Kshetra"/><ref name="Atmadharma.com">{{cite web|last=Atmadharma.com|title=Adhyatma Pravachanratnatray|url=http://www.atmadharma.com/shastras/adhyatmapravachanratnatray_guj_scn.pdf|publisher=Atmadharma.com }}</ref>

==Biography per Jain tradition==

Simandhar Swami is a living Tirthankar, an [[arihant (Jainism)|Arihant]], who is said to be currently present on another world in the Jain mythological universe.{{sfn|Pravin K Shah|pp=1–3}}<ref name=Arihants>{{cite web|last=Umich|title=Arihants|url=http://www.umich.edu/~umjains/jainismsimplified/chapter01.html|publisher=Umich.edu}}</ref>
The Arihant Simandhar Swami is believed to be currently 150,000 earth years old (equivalent to 49 years at Mahavideh Kshetra), and has a remaining lifespan of 125,000 earth years.<ref>http://www.trimandir.org/lord-simandhar-swami/about-simandhar-swami/</ref>{{sfn|Gnani Purush Dadashri|2005|page=24}}
He lives in the city of Pundarikgiri, the capital of Pushpakalavati, one of 32 geographical divisions on Mahavideh Kshetra.<ref name="Simandhar Swami Mahavideh Kshetra"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Gyan |first=Jain |title=Mahavideh Kshetra |url=http://www.jaingyan.com/the-mahavideh-kshetra-is-located-in-the-middle-of-jambudwip/ |publisher=Jain Gyan |access-date=27 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013453/http://www.jaingyan.com/the-mahavideh-kshetra-is-located-in-the-middle-of-jambudwip/ |archive-date= 3 December 2013 }}</ref>{{sfn|Gnani Purush Dadashri|2005|page=15}} Pundarikgiri is ruled by King Shreyans, who is Simandhar Swami's father. His mother is Queen Satyaki. While pregnant with Simandhar Swami, Queen Satyaki had a sequence of [[Auspicious dreams in Jainism|auspicious dreams]] indicating that she would give birth to a Tirthankara.<ref name="Simandhar Swami">{{cite web|last=World|first=Jain|title=Simandhar Swami|url=http://www.jainworld.com/jainbooks/tirthankar/apendix-8.htm|publisher=Jain World|access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.jaina.org/resource/resmgr/Religious_Article/Arihant_Simandhar_Swami.pdf|title=Arihant Simandhar Swami|first=Deepika|last=Dalal|publisher=[[JAINA]]|page=3}}</ref> Simandhar Swami was born with three complete aspects of Gnan, Self-knowledge:

* Mati Gnan (see [[Jain epistemology]]), knowledge of the 5-sense realm
* Shruta Gnan (see [[Jain epistemology]]), knowledge of all forms of communication
* Avadhi Gnan (see [[Jain epistemology]]), clairvoyant knowledge{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=3}}

As a young adult, he married Rukamani Devi and then, later in life, took [[diksha]], renunciation from worldly life.<ref name="Simandhar Swami"/>

Simandhar Swami's height is 500 dhanushya, approximately 1,500 feet, which is considered an average height for the people of Mahavideh Kshetra.<ref name="Simandhar Swami Mahavideh Kshetra"/>

== Worship ==
=== Iconography ===
Simandhara is usually depicted in a sitting or standing meditative posture with the symbol of a bull beneath him.{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=101}} Every ''Tīrthankara'' has a distinguishing emblem that allows worshippers to distinguish similar-looking idols of the ''Tirthankaras''.{{Sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica}}{{Sfn|Krishna|2014|p=34}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=225}}

<gallery>
File:Digamber Jain mandir ujjain 2013-09-22 02-16.JPG|Simandhara in Digambar Jain temple, Ujjain
File:Trimandir 05.jpg|Idol of Simandhar Swami at Trimandir, Vadodara
</gallery>

=== Main temples ===
* [[Adalaj#Adalaj Trimandir|Trimandir, Adalaj]]

<gallery>
File:Trimandir 02.jpg|Trimandir, [[Vadodara]]
File:Adalaj Trimandir Temple.jpg|Adalaj Trimandir Temple
File:Derasar,Lower Parel,Mumbai - panoramio (1).jpg|Simandhara Swami Derasar at [[Parel]], [[Mumbai]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{commons category|Simandhar Swami}}
* [[Akram Vignan Movement]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{citation |last=Bhagwan |first=Dada |title=Shree Simandhar Swami |year=2005 |publisher=Mahavideh Foundation |location=Ahmedabad }}
* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-26605-X |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] }}
*{{cite book|last=Humphrey and Laidlaw|title=The archetypal actions of ritual: a theory of ritual illustrated by the Jain rite of worship|year=1994|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Indiana University|isbn=0198279477|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jbXAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y}}
* {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |author-link=Padmanabh Jaini |title=The Jaina Path of Purification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C |date=1998 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=81-208-1578-5 }}
*{{citation |last=King |last2=Brockington |title=Intimate Other, The Love Divine in Indic Religions |year=2005 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2801-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WhgDL6SwGeQC }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |author-link=Natubhai Shah |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-1938-1 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Pravin K |title=Jain Philosophy and Practice 1 |publisher=JAINA Education Committee |isbn=8185568014 |url=http://www.terapanthinfo.org/pdf/books/JainPhilosophy.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Pravin K Shah}} }}
*{{Citation|url=http://download.dadabhagwan.org/books/English/PDF/Simandhar-swami.pdf|title=The Current Living Tirthankara Shree Simandhar Swami|first=Gnani Purush|last=Dadashri|publisher=Dada Bhagwan Aradhana Trust }}
* {{citation |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies Of India |date=1953 |orig-year=April 1952 |editor-first=Joseph |editor-last=Campbell |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |publisher=[[Routledge]] & Kegan Paul Ltd |location=[[London]], E.C. 4 |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6}}
* {{citation | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596895/Tirthankar | title=Britannica Tirthankar Definition | publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |ref = {{SfnRef|Encyclopædia Britannica}} }}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DF_af8_547EC|title=Sacred Animals of India|first=Nanditha |last=Krishna|publisher=Penguin UK |date=2014|isbn=9788184751826}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC|title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: (Jaina iconography)|volume=1|first=Umakant Premanand |last=Shah|date=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications| author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah |isbn=9788170172086}}

{{Jain Gods}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simandhar Swami}}
[[Category:Tirthankaras]]

Simandhara - Revision history

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