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{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2015}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Silver carp
| image = Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Hungary.jpg
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Zhao, H.H. |date=2011 |title=''Hypophthalmichthys molitrix'' |volume=2011 |page=e.T166081A6168056 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T166081A6168056.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
| display_parents = 3
| authority = ([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1844)
| synonyms = *''Leuciscus molitrix'' Valenciennes, 1844
* ''Leuciscus hypophthalmus'' [[John Richardson (naturalist)|Richardson]], 1845
* '' Cephalus mantschuricus'' Basilewsky, 1855
* ''Onychodon mantschuricus'' (Basilewsky, 1855)
* ''Abramocephalus microlepis'' [[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1869
* ''Hypophthalmichthys dabryi'' [[Alphone Guichenot|Guichenot]], 1871
* ''Hypophthalmichthys dybowskii'' [[Solomon Herzenstein|Herzenstein]], 1888
}}
[[File:Silver carp (8741578836).jpg|thumb|Silver carp caught in Michigan]]
[[File:Hypophthalmichthys molitrix.jpg|thumb|225px|right|{{center|Juvenile silver carp}}]]
The '''silver carp''' ('''''Hypophthalmichthys molitrix''''') is a species of [[freshwater]] [[cyprinid]] [[fish]], a variety of [[Asian carp]] native to [[China]] and [[eastern Siberia]], from the [[Amur River]] drainage in the north to the Xi Jiang River drainage in the south.<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase|Hypophthalmichthys|molitrix}}</ref> Although a [[threatened species]] in its natural habitat, it has long been [[fish farming|cultivate]]d in China. By weight, more silver carp are produced worldwide in [[aquaculture]] than any other species of fish except for the [[grass carp]]. Silver carp are usually farmed in [[polyculture]] with other [[Asian carp]], or sometimes with [[catla]] or other fish species.

The species has also been [[Introduced species|introduced]], or spread by connected waterways, to at least 88 countries around the world. The reason for importation was generally for use in aquaculture, but enhancement of [[wild fisheries of the world|wild fisheries]] and [[water quality]] control have also been intended on occasion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlinvasive/5/|publisher=Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management|last1=Kolar|first1=C. S.|last2=Chapman|first2=D. C.|last3=Courtenay Jr|first3=W. R.|last4=Housel|first4=C. M.|last5=Williams|first5=J. D.|last6=Jennings|first6=D. P.|year=2005|title=Asian carps of the genus Hypophthalmichthys (Pisces, Cyprinidae)―a biological synopsis and environmental risk assessment}}</ref> In some of these places, the species is considered [[invasive species|invasive]].<ref name=factsheet /><ref name=Simmonds>{{cite web|last1=Conover|first1=G.|last2=Simmonds|first2=R.|last3=Whalen|first3=M.|year=2007|title=Management and control plan for bighead, black, grass, and silver carps in the United States|publisher=Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force, Asian Carp Working Group|location=Washington, DC|url=http://www.asiancarp.org/Documents/Carps_Management_Plan.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213222134/http://www.asiancarp.org/documents/Carps_Management_Plan.pdf|archive-date=2017-02-13}}</ref><ref name=Sass>{{cite journal|last1=Irons|first1=K. S.|last2=Sass|first2=G. G.|last3=McClelland|first3=M. A.|last4=Stafford|first4=J. D.|year=2007|title=Reduced condition factor of two native fish species coincident with invasion of non‐native Asian carps in the Illinois River, USA Is this evidence for competition and reduced fitness?|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|volume=71|issue=sd|pages=258–273|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01670.x|s2cid=86780557|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/528ad70f2d2cee950c11d9c6ac9ab446712ff7ba}}</ref>

The silver carp reaches a typical length of {{convert|60|-|100|cm|in|abbr=on}} with a maximum length of {{convert|140|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name=MaccrackenIllinois>{{cite book | author=Maccracken, J. | title=Bureau County Illinois Fishing & Floating Guide Book | year=2016 }}</ref> and weight of {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=fishbase/>

==Diet==
The silver carp is a [[filter feeder]], and possesses a specialized feeding apparatus capable of filtering particles as small as 4 µm. The [[gill raker]]s are fused into a sponge-like filter, and an epibranchial organ secretes mucus, which assists in trapping small particles. A strong [[buccal cavity|buccal]] pump forces water through this filter. Silver carp, like all ''Hypophthalmichthys'' species, have no [[stomach]]s; they are thought to feed more or less constantly, largely on [[phytoplankton]], and also consume [[zooplankton]] and [[detritus]]. In places where this plankton-feeding species has been introduced, they are thought to [[competition (biology)|compete]] with native [[planktivorous]] fishes, which in [[North America]] include [[American paddlefish|paddlefish]] (''Polyodon spathula''), [[bigmouth buffalo]] (''Ictiobus cyprinellus''), [[American gizzard shad|gizzard shad]] (''Dorosoma cepedianum''), and young fish of almost all species.<ref name="Kolar07">{{cite journal|last=Willink|first=P. W.|year=2009|title=Bigheaded Carps: A Biological Synopsis and Environmental Risk Assessment|journal=Copeia|volume=2009|issue=2|pages=419–421|doi=10.1643/ot-09-041|s2cid=85598132}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minder |first=Mario |last2=Pyron |first2=Mark |date=2017-05-30 |title=Dietary overlap and selectivity among silver carp and two native filter feeders in the Wabash River |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eff.12365 |journal=Ecology of Freshwater Fish |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=506–512 |doi=10.1111/eff.12365 |issn=0906-6691}}</ref>

Because they feed on [[plankton]], they are sometimes successfully used for controlling water quality, especially in the control of noxious [[blue-green algae]] ([[cyanobacteria]]). Certain species of blue-green algae, notably the often toxic ''[[Microcystis]]'', can pass through the gut of silver carp unharmed, picking up nutrients in the process. Thus, in some cases, blue-green [[algae bloom]]s have been exacerbated by silver carp, and ''Microcystis'' has also been shown to produce more toxins in the presence of silver carp. These carp, which have natural defenses to their toxins, sometimes can contain enough algal toxins in their systems to become hazardous to eat.<ref name="Kolar07"/>

==Ecology and conservation==
The silver carp in its natural range [[anadromous|migrate upstream]]s for [[spawn (biology)|spawn]]ing; [[fish egg|egg]]s and [[fish larva|larva]]e then drift downstream, and young fish hatch in the [[floodplain]] zone. Larvae and small juveniles feed on [[zooplankton]], switching to [[phytoplankton]] once a certain size is reached. The species is somewhat sensitive to [[hypoxia (environmental)|low oxygen condition]]s.

The species is currently classified as [[near-threatened species|near threatened]] in it original range, as its habitat and reproductive behavior are impacted by [[environmental impact of reservoirs|construction of dams]], [[water pollution|pollution]], and [[overfishing]]. Population declines appear to have been particularly significant in the Chinese parts of its range.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

==Sport fishing==
{{Main|Carp fishing}}
Silver carp are filter feeders, thus are difficult to catch on typical [[angling|hook-and-line]] gear. Special methods have been developed for these fish, the most important being the "suspension method", usually consisting of a large [[dough]] ball that disintegrates slowly, surrounded by a nest of tiny [[fishing hook|hook]]s embedded in the [[fishing bait|bait]].<ref name=Kolar07 /> The entire apparatus is suspended below a large bobber. The fish feed on the small particles released from the dough ball and bump against the dough ball, with the intention of breaking off more small particles that can be filtered from the water, eventually becoming hooked on the tiny hooks.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

In some areas, using "snagging gear", in which large weighted [[treble hook]]s are jerked through the water, is legal to snag the fish. In the United States, silver carp are also popular targets for [[bowfishing]]; they are shot both in the water and in the air. In the latter case, [[powerboat]]s are used to scare the fish and entice them to jump out of the water, and the fish are shot when they are airborne.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

==Related species==
Two other species are in the genus ''Hypophthalmichthys'', the [[bighead carp]] (''H. nobilis'') and the [[largescale silver carp]] (''H. harmandi''). The genus name ''Aristichthys'' has also sometimes been used for bighead carp, but is deprecated.<ref>[http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/OtherDocuments/ACBSRAFinalReport2005.pdf ACBSRA Final Report 2005] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203012418/http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/OtherDocuments/ACBSRAFinalReport2005.pdf |date=February 3, 2007 }}</ref> The bighead carp differs from the silver carp in its behavior (it does not leap from the water when startled) and also in its diet. Bighead carp are also filter feeders, but they filter larger particles than silver carp, and in general consume a greater proportion of zooplankton in their diets than silver carp, which consume more phytoplankton. In at least some parts of the [[United States]], bighead and silver carp hybridize in the wild and produce fertile offspring.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

The largescale silver carp is closely related to the silver carp, but its native range is to the south of that of the silver carp, mostly within [[Vietnam]]. Unlike bighead and silver carp, largescale silver carp have not been widely introduced around the world for use in aquaculture, although at least one introduction was made to some waters of the [[Soviet Union]], where they hybridized with the introduced silver carp.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

==In North America==
Silver carp were imported to North America in the 1970s to control algal growth in [[aquaculture]] and municipal wastewater treatment facilities, but escaped from captivity soon after their importation,<ref name=factsheet>{{cite web|url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=549|title=USGS NAS silver carp fact sheet}}</ref> and are now considered a highly [[invasive species]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Conover|first1=G.|last2=Simmonds|first2=R.|last3=Whalen|first3=M.|year=2007|title=Management and control plan for bighead, black, grass, and silver carps in the United States|publisher=Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force, Asian Carp Working Group|location=Washington, DC|url=http://www.asiancarp.org/Documents/Carps_Management_Plan.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213222134/http://www.asiancarp.org/documents/Carps_Management_Plan.pdf|archive-date=2017-02-13}}</ref>

Silver carp, with the closely related bighead carp, often reach extremely high [[population densities]], and are known to have undesirable effects on the local [[freshwater ecosystem|environment]]s and native species, including the [[bigmouth buffalo]].<ref name="Sass"/><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Lackmann|first1=Alec R.|last2=Andrews|first2=Allen H.|last3=Butler|first3=Malcolm G.|last4=Bielak-Lackmann|first4=Ewelina S.|last5=Clark|first5=Mark E.|date=2019-05-23|title=Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity|journal=Communications Biology|language=En|volume=2|issue=1|page=197|doi=10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0|pmid=31149641|pmc=6533251|issn=2399-3642|doi-access=free}}</ref> They have spread into the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]], [[Illinois River|Illinois]], [[Ohio River|Ohio]], [[Missouri River|Missouri]], [[Tennessee River|Tennessee]], [[Wabash River]]s, and many of their tributaries in the United States, and are abundant in the [[Mississippi River System|Mississippi catchment]] from [[Louisiana]] to [[South Dakota]] and [[Illinois]]. [[Dam]]s seem to have slowed their advance up the Mississippi River, and until late November 2008, silver carp had not been captured north of central [[Iowa]] on the Mississippi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/35410349.html|title=Jumping silver carp discovered in Wisconsin waters|author=Dan Egan|newspaper=Journal Sentinel|date= 2 December 2008}}</ref> Dams that do not have [[navigation lock]]s are complete barriers to natural upstream movement of silver carp, unless fishermen unintentionally assist this movement by the use of silver carp as bait.<ref name=factsheet/><ref name="rainer092020" />

In 2020, [[Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources]] found silver carp in [[Alabama]]'s [[Pickwick Lake|Pickwick]] and [[Wheeler Lake|Wheeler reservoir]]s on the Tennessee River, but the species has not expanded its range in Alabama’s waterways.<ref name="rainer092020">{{cite news |last1=Rainer |first1=David |title=WFF Cautiously Optimistic About Spread of Silver Carp |url=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/ALDNR/bulletins/29eb8cc |access-date=4 September 2020 |work=Outdoor Alabama Weekly |agency=Alabama Department of Conservation & Natural Resources |issue=4 September 2020 |publisher=Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources |date=4 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] (TVA) has considered several methods to control the spread of Asian carp, including fish barriers at 10 locks controlled by the TVA. One is a [[bioacoustics]] [[fish screen|fish fence]], which uses a combination of [[hydroacoustics|sound]], light and [[bubble (physics)|air bubble]]s. These barriers are installed at [[Barkley Dam|Barkley Lock and Dam]] in [[Kentucky]], and are currently being studied for their effectiveness in deterring Asian carp. Other types of barriers used for Asian carp include [[carbon dioxide]] and [[electricity]]. The TVA has conducted [[environmental impact assessment|environmental impact studies]] to minimize the impact of the barriers on native species. The TVA has also considered adjusting [[Volumetric flow rate|flow rate]]s during Asian carp spawning periods, which are usually during high-water events, as Asian carp eggs are only semibuoyant and will sink to the bottom and die with low river flow.<ref name="rainer092020" />

[[File:Silver carp jumping out of the Illinois River.webm|thumb|Silver carp jumping out of the [[Illinois River]]]]
The silver carp is sometimes called the "flying" carp for its tendency to leap from the water when startled; it can leap up to {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} into the air.<ref name="Moritz08">{{cite news|author=Moritz, R.|date=7 September 2008|title=Pesky 'flying' carp causing problems in SE Arkansas|url=http://www.arkansasnews.com/archive/2008/09/07/News/347862.html|newspaper=Arkansas News}}</ref> Boaters traveling in uncovered high-speed watercraft have been reported to be injured by running into airborne fish while at speed. A leaping silver carp broke the jaw of a teenager [[tubing (recreation)|being pulled on an inner tube]],<ref name=Moritz08/> and [[water skiing]] in areas where silver carp are present is extremely dangerous.<ref>{{cite news|title=Great Flying Carp! Fish A Threat To Boaters, Skiers|url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/InNews/flyingcarp2004.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040327022104/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/FISH/InNews/flyingcarp2004.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 March 2004|publisher=[[The Courier-Journal]]|date=12 March 2004}}</ref> Peculiarly, the extreme jumping behavior appears to be unique to silver carp of North America; those in their native Asian range and introduced to other parts of the world are much less prone to jumping. Although theories have been proposed (for example, the high densities the species reaches in parts of North America, or that the introduced North American population may have been based on a small number of particularly "jumpy" individuals), the reason for these geographic differences is not known for certain.<ref>{{cite conference | doi=10.1121/2.0000279| title=Broadband sound can induce jumping behavior in invasive silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)|volume=27 |issue=1 | pages= 010021| conference=Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics |series=| year=2016| last1=Vetter| first1=Brooke J.| last2=Mensinger| first2=Allen F.| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author1=Kolar, K.S. | author2=Chapman, D.C. | author3=Courtenay, W.R. Jr. | author4=Housel, C.M. | author5=Williams, J.D. | author6=Jennings, D.P. | year=2007 | title=Bigheaded carps: a biological synopsis and environmental risk assessment | series=American Fisheries Society Special Publication | volume=33 | isbn=978-1-888569-79-7 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Hypophthalmichthys molitrix}}
* [https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/silver-carp Species Profile - Silver Carp (''Hypophthalmichthys molitrix'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]] lists general information and resources for silver carp.
* [https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3033/ Facts About Invasive Bighead and Silver Carps], United States Geological Survey
* [https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlinvasive/5/ Asian Carps of the Genus ''Hypophthalmichthys'' (Pisces, Cyprinidae) ― A Biological Synopsis and Environmental Risk Assessment]

{{carp|state=expanded}}
{{commercial fish topics}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q76115}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Silver Carp}}
[[Category:Carp]]
[[Category:Hypophthalmichthys]]
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Sport fish]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of China]]
[[Category:Fish of East Asia]]
[[Category:Fish of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Achille Valenciennes]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1845]]
[[Category:Cyprinid fish of Asia]]

Silver carp - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article