Silk Letter Movement - Revision history

PabloLabarre: general improved details after review additionally and cleaned formatting

2026-03-25T21:19:19Z

general improved details after review additionally and cleaned formatting

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:49, 26 March 2026
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	{{Short description\|1913–1920 Indian movement for independence}}		{{Short description\|1913–1920 Indian movement for independence}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=~~June 2016~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2025}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}
	The '''Silk Letter Movement''' ('Tehreek-e-Reshmi Rumal') ~~refers to~~ a movement organised by [[Deobandi]] leaders between 1913 and 1920, aimed at gaining Indian independence from [[British Raj\|British rule]] by forming an alliance with the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] and the [[German Empire]]. This plot was uncovered by the [[Punjab Province (British India)\|Punjab]] [[Criminal Investigation Department\|CID]] with the capture of letters from [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]], one of the Deobandi leaders then in [[Emirate of Afghanistan\|Afghanistan]], to [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], another leader then in Hejaz. The letters were written on [[silk]] cloth, hence the name.<ref name=Qureshi>Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924.(Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia). M. Naeem Qureshi. p79,80,81,82</ref><ref>Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947.Sarah F. D. Ansari.p82</ref>		[[File:Silk Letter Movement - India Stamp 2013.jpg\|thumb\|Stamp from 2013 commemorating the Movement.]]
	~~[[File:Silk Letter Movement - India Stamp 2013.jpg\|thumb\|India Stamp 2013]]~~		The '''Silk Letter Movement''' ('Tehreek-e-Reshmi Rumal') was a movement organised by [[Deobandi]] leaders between 1913 and 1920, aimed at gaining Indian independence from [[British Raj\|British rule]] by forming an alliance with the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] and the [[German Empire]]. This plot was uncovered by the [[Punjab Province (British India)\|Punjab]] [[Criminal Investigation Department\|CID]] with the capture of letters from [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]], one of the Deobandi leaders then in [[Emirate of Afghanistan\|Afghanistan]], to [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], another leader then in Hejaz. The letters were written on [[silk]] cloth, hence the name.<ref name=Qureshi>Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924.(Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia). M. Naeem Qureshi. p79,80,81,82</ref><ref>Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947.Sarah F. D. Ansari.p82</ref>

	==Overview==		==Overview==
	[[Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari]] went to Hejaz with Mahmood Hasan in September 1915. He returned to India in April 1916 with Ghalib Nama (Silk Letter) which he showed to freedom fighters in India and the autonomous areas, and then took to Kabul where he arrived in June 1916.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/urdu/books/tmp/1388990860%20Silk%20Letter%20Movement.pdf \|title= Silken Letters Movement\|date=2012 \|website=~~www.~~darululoom-deoband.com \|access-date=2021-03-31}}</ref>		[[Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari]] went to Hejaz with Mahmood Hasan in September 1915. He returned to India in April 1916 with Ghalib Nama (Silk Letter) which he showed to freedom fighters in India and the autonomous areas, and then took to Kabul where he arrived in June 1916.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/urdu/books/tmp/1388990860%20Silk%20Letter%20Movement.pdf \|title= Silken Letters Movement\|date=2012 \|website=darululoom-deoband.com \|access-date=2021-03-31}}</ref>

	With the onset of [[World War I]], [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] and [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi\|Mehmud Hasan]] (principal of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]) had travelled to Kabul and Hejaz respectively in October 1915 with plans to initiate a Muslim insurrection in the tribal belt of India. For this purpose, Ubaid'Allah was to propose that the [[Habibullah Khan\|Amir of Afghanistan]] declare war on [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\|Britain]], while Mahmud al Hasan sought German and Turkish help. Hasan proceeded to the [[Hejaz Vilayet]]. Ubaid Allah, in the meantime, was able to establish friendly relations with Amir. As the plans unfolded in what came to be called the Silk Letter Movement, [[Ubaidullah Sindhi\|Ubaid'Allah]] was able to establish friendly relations with Amir. At Kabul, [[Ubaidullah Sindhi\|Ubaid'Allah]], along with some students who had preceded him to [[Ottoman Empire\|Turkey]] to join the [[Caliph]]'s "''[[Jihad]]''" against Britain, decided that the pan-Islamic cause would be best served by focussing on the [[Indian Freedom Movement]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Ansari\|1986\|p=515}}</ref>		With the onset of [[World War I]], [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] and [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi\|Mehmud Hasan]] (principal of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]) had travelled to Kabul and Hejaz respectively in October 1915 with plans to initiate a Muslim insurrection in the tribal belt of India. For this purpose, Ubaid'Allah was to propose that the [[Habibullah Khan\|Amir of Afghanistan]] declare war on [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\|Britain]], while Mahmud al Hasan sought German and Turkish help. Hasan proceeded to the [[Hejaz Vilayet]]. Ubaid Allah, in the meantime, was able to establish friendly relations with Amir. As the plans unfolded in what came to be called the Silk Letter Movement, [[Ubaidullah Sindhi\|Ubaid'Allah]] was able to establish friendly relations with Amir. At Kabul, [[Ubaidullah Sindhi\|Ubaid'Allah]], along with some students who had preceded him to [[Ottoman Empire\|Turkey]] to join the [[Caliph]]'s "''[[Jihad]]''" against Britain, decided that the pan-Islamic cause would be best served by focussing on the [[Indian Freedom Movement]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Ansari\|1986\|p=515}}</ref>

	The [[Berlin ~~committee~~\|Berlin-Indian ~~committee~~]] (which became the ''Indian Independence Committee'' after 1915) also produced an [[Niedermayer-Hentig mission\|Indo-German-Turkish mission]] to the Indo-Iranian border, with the purpose of encouraging the local tribes to attack British interests.<ref>{{harvnb\|Ansari\|1986\|p=514}}</ref><ref name=Strachan788>{{Harvnb\|Strachan\|2001\|p=788}}</ref> This group met the Deobandis in [[Kabul]] in December 1915. The mission, along with bringing members of the Indian movement right to India's border, also brought messages from the [[Kaiser]], [[Enver Pasha]] and Abbas Hilmi, the displaced [[Khedive]] of [[Egypt]], expressing support for Pratap's mission and inviting the Amir to move against British India<ref name=Sims-Williams120>{{Harvnb\|Sims-Williams\|1980\|p=120}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Seidt\|2001\|p=1,3}}</ref>		The [[Berlin Committee\|Berlin-Indian Committee]] (which became the ''Indian Independence Committee'' after 1915) also produced an [[Niedermayer-Hentig mission\|Indo-German-Turkish mission]] to the Indo-Iranian border, with the purpose of encouraging the local tribes to attack British interests.<ref>{{harvnb\|Ansari\|1986\|p=514}}</ref><ref name=Strachan788>{{Harvnb\|Strachan\|2001\|p=788}}</ref> This group met the Deobandis in Kabul in December 1915. The mission, along with bringing members of the Indian movement right to India's border, also brought messages from the [[Kaiser]], [[Enver Pasha]] and Abbas Hilmi, the displaced [[Khedive]] of Egypt, expressing support for Pratap's mission and inviting the Amir to move against British India<ref name=Sims-Williams120>{{Harvnb\|Sims-Williams\|1980\|p=120}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Seidt\|2001\|p=1,3}}</ref>

	The mission's immediate aim was to rally the Amir against [[British India]]<ref name=Sims-Williams120/> and to obtain from the Afghan Government a right of free passage.<ref name=Ansari516>{{harvnb\|Ansari\|1986\|p=516}}</ref> But after the leakage of the plan, the top Deobandi leaders were arrested — [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi\|Mahmud Hasan]] was arrested in Makkah and together with [[Hussain Ahmad Madani\|Husayn Ahmad]], was exiled to Malta, later being released on account of advanced [[Tuberculosis\|T.B]].		The mission's immediate aim was to rally the Amir against [[British India]]<ref name=Sims-Williams120/> and to obtain from the Afghan Government a right of free passage.<ref name=Ansari516>{{harvnb\|Ansari\|1986\|p=516}}</ref> But after the leakage of the plan, the top Deobandi leaders were arrested – [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi\|Mahmud Hasan]] was arrested in Makkah and together with [[Hussain Ahmad Madani\|Husayn Ahmad]], was exiled to Malta, later being released on account of advanced [[Tuberculosis\|T.B]].

			== Prison of Malta ==
			Maulana Hakim Saiyed Nusrat Hussain,<ref>Safarnama Asir-i-Malta, by Hadrat Madani</ref> a freedom fighter, was arrested in 1917 by the British along with Sheikh-ul-Hind Mahmood Hasan Deobandi during the Silk Letter Movement and imprisoned in Malta Jail.<ref>{{cite web \| title=Where were Indian Muslim scholars interned in Malta? \| date=18 July 2019 \| url=https://www.basair.net/where-were-indian-muslim-scholars-interned-in-malta/# }}</ref> He was the only one among the group who died in prison, earning him the title "Shaheed-e-Malta". The remaining companions—Maulana Hussain Ahmad Madani, Maulana Waheed Ahmad Madani, and Maulana Uzair Gul Peshawari—were known as "Aseerān-e-Malta" (Prisoners of Malta)

	==Legacy==		==Legacy==
	[[File:Pranab Mukherjee releasing the Commemorative Postage Stamp on Shaikhul Hind’s “Silk Letter Movement” & 60th Session of Shaikhul Hind’s Silk Letter Movement Centenary, at a function.jpg\|thumb\|[[Pranab Mukherjee]], the former President of India, releasing commemorative stamp on the Silk Letter Movement.]]		[[File:Pranab Mukherjee releasing the Commemorative Postage Stamp on Shaikhul Hind’s “Silk Letter Movement” & 60th Session of Shaikhul Hind’s Silk Letter Movement Centenary, at a function.jpg\|thumb\|[[Pranab Mukherjee]], the former President of India, releasing commemorative stamp on the Silk Letter Movement.]]
	In January 2013, ~~The~~ [[President of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]] released a [[Commemorative stamp\|commemorative postage stamp]] on the Silk Letter Movement, to commemorate the sacrifices these groups made for the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=91529\|title=President releases a commemorative postage stamp on 'silk letter movement'\|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Indian author and historian [[Ela Mishra]] wrote ''Reshmi Rumaal Sharyantra: Ek Muslim Kraantikari Aandoloan''.<ref>{{cite web \|title=रेशमी रुमाल षडयंत्र एक मुस्लीम क्रान्तिकारी आंदोलन \|url=http://www.bookganga.com/ebooks/Books/details/5223713935060661228?BookName=Reshami%20Rumal%20Shadyantra \|website=bookganga.com \|accessdate=14 July 2019}}</ref>		In January 2013, the [[President of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]] released a [[Commemorative stamp\|commemorative postage stamp]] on the Silk Letter Movement, to commemorate the sacrifices these groups made for the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=91529\|title=President releases a commemorative postage stamp on 'silk letter movement'\|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Indian author and historian [[Ela Mishra]] wrote ''Reshmi Rumaal Sharyantra: Ek Muslim Kraantikari Aandoloan''.<ref>{{cite web \|title=रेशमी रुमाल षडयंत्र एक मुस्लीम क्रान्तिकारी आंदोलन \|url=http://www.bookganga.com/ebooks/Books/details/5223713935060661228?BookName=Reshami%20Rumal%20Shadyantra \|website=bookganga.com \|accessdate=14 July 2019}}</ref>

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
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	\| doi = 10.1017/S0026749X00007848		\| doi = 10.1017/S0026749X00007848
	\| s2cid = 145177112		\| s2cid = 145177112
	~~\| url =~~		}}.
	}}.
	*{{Citation		*{{Citation
	\| surname1 = Seidt		\| surname1 = Seidt
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	\| doi = 10.2307/1433153		\| doi = 10.2307/1433153
	\| jstor = 1433153		\| jstor = 1433153
	~~\| url =~~		}}.
	}}.
	*{{Citation		*{{Citation
	\| surname1 = Sims-Williams		\| surname1 = Sims-Williams
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	\| journal = British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies		\| journal = British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
	\| doi = 10.1080/13530198008705294		\| doi = 10.1080/13530198008705294
	~~\| url =~~		}}.
	}}.
	*{{Citation		*{{Citation
	\| surname1 = Strachan		\| surname1 = Strachan
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	\| year = 2001		\| year = 2001
	\| title = The First World War. Volume I: To Arms		\| title = The First World War. Volume I: To Arms
	~~\| url =~~
	\| publisher = Oxford University Press		\| publisher = Oxford University Press
	\| isbn= 0-19-926191-1		\| isbn= 0-19-926191-1
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	{{Hindu-German Conspiracy}}		{{Hindu-German Conspiracy}}
			{{Mahmud Hasan Deobandi}}

	[[Category:World War I]]		[[Category:World War I]]
	[[Category:Intelligence of World War I]]		[[Category:Intelligence of World War I]]
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	[[Category:Indian independence movement]]		[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
	[[Category:Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]		[[Category:Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
			[[Category:Cancelled invasions]]

UpdateBot at 17:24, 26 May 2022

2022-05-26T17:24:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:54, 26 May 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{Short description\|1913–1920 Indian movement for independence}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2016}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}
	The '''Silk Letter Movement''' (Tehreek-e-Reshmi Rumal) refers to a movement organised by [[Deobandi]] leaders between 1913 and 1920, aimed at gaining Indian independence from [[British Raj\|British rule]] by forming an alliance with the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] and the [[German Empire]]. This plot was uncovered by the [[Punjab Province (British India)\|Punjab]] [[Criminal Investigation Department\|CID]] with the capture of letters from [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]], one of the Deobandi leaders then in [[Emirate of Afghanistan\|Afghanistan]], to [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], another leader then in Hejaz. The letters were written on [[silk]] cloth, hence the name.<ref name=Qureshi>Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924.(Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia). M. Naeem Qureshi. p79,80,81,82</ref><ref>Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947.Sarah F. D. Ansari.p82</ref>		The '''Silk Letter Movement''' ('Tehreek-e-Reshmi Rumal') refers to a movement organised by [[Deobandi]] leaders between 1913 and 1920, aimed at gaining Indian independence from [[British Raj\|British rule]] by forming an alliance with the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] and the [[German Empire]]. This plot was uncovered by the [[Punjab Province (British India)\|Punjab]] [[Criminal Investigation Department\|CID]] with the capture of letters from [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]], one of the Deobandi leaders then in [[Emirate of Afghanistan\|Afghanistan]], to [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], another leader then in Hejaz. The letters were written on [[silk]] cloth, hence the name.<ref name=Qureshi>Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924.(Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia). M. Naeem Qureshi. p79,80,81,82</ref><ref>Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947.Sarah F. D. Ansari.p82</ref>
			[[File:Silk Letter Movement - India Stamp 2013.jpg\|thumb\|India Stamp 2013]]

	==Overview==		==Overview==
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	\| volume=20 \|issue=3 \|pages=509–537		\| volume=20 \|issue=3 \|pages=509–537
	\| doi = 10.1017/S0026749X00007848		\| doi = 10.1017/S0026749X00007848
			\| s2cid = 145177112
	\| url =		\| url =
	}}.		}}.

->Citation bot: Alter: title. Removed parameters. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Whoop whoop pull up | Category:World War I | #UCB_Category 199/205

2021-12-29T17:23:31Z

Alter: title. Removed parameters. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Whoop whoop pull up | Category:World War I | #UCB_Category 199/205

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:53, 29 December 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2016}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}
	The '''Silk Letter Movement''' (~~تحریکِ ریشمی رومال~~) refers to a movement organised by [[Deobandi]] leaders between 1913 and 1920, aimed at gaining Indian independence from [[British Raj\|British rule]] by forming an alliance with the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] and the [[German Empire]]. This plot was uncovered by the [[Punjab Province (British India)\|Punjab]] [[Criminal Investigation Department\|CID]] with the capture of letters from [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]], one of the Deobandi leaders then in [[Emirate of Afghanistan\|Afghanistan]], to [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], another leader then in Hejaz. The letters were written on [[silk]] cloth, hence the name.<ref name=Qureshi>Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924.(Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia). M. Naeem Qureshi. p79,80,81,82</ref><ref>Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947.Sarah F. D. Ansari.p82</ref>		The '''Silk Letter Movement''' (Tehreek-e-Reshmi Rumal) refers to a movement organised by [[Deobandi]] leaders between 1913 and 1920, aimed at gaining Indian independence from [[British Raj\|British rule]] by forming an alliance with the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] and the [[German Empire]]. This plot was uncovered by the [[Punjab Province (British India)\|Punjab]] [[Criminal Investigation Department\|CID]] with the capture of letters from [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]], one of the Deobandi leaders then in [[Emirate of Afghanistan\|Afghanistan]], to [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], another leader then in Hejaz. The letters were written on [[silk]] cloth, hence the name.<ref name=Qureshi>Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924.(Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia). M. Naeem Qureshi. p79,80,81,82</ref><ref>Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947.Sarah F. D. Ansari.p82</ref>

	==Overview==		==Overview==
	[[Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari]] went to Hejaz with Mahmood Hasan in September 1915. He returned to India in April 1916 with Ghalib Nama (Silk Letter) which he showed to freedom fighters in India and the autonomous areas, and then took to Kabul where he arrived in June 1916.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/urdu/books/tmp/1388990860%20Silk%20Letter%20Movement.pdf \|title= Silken Letters Movement\|date=2012 \|website=www.darululoom-deoband.com ~~\|format=PDF~~\|access-date=2021-03-31}}</ref>		[[Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari]] went to Hejaz with Mahmood Hasan in September 1915. He returned to India in April 1916 with Ghalib Nama (Silk Letter) which he showed to freedom fighters in India and the autonomous areas, and then took to Kabul where he arrived in June 1916.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/urdu/books/tmp/1388990860%20Silk%20Letter%20Movement.pdf \|title= Silken Letters Movement\|date=2012 \|website=www.darululoom-deoband.com \|access-date=2021-03-31}}</ref>

	With the onset of [[World War I]], [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] and [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi\|Mehmud Hasan]] (principal of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]) had travelled to Kabul and Hejaz respectively in October 1915 with plans to initiate a Muslim insurrection in the tribal belt of India. For this purpose, Ubaid'Allah was to propose that the [[Habibullah Khan\|Amir of Afghanistan]] declare war on [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\|Britain]], while Mahmud al Hasan sought German and Turkish help. Hasan proceeded to the [[Hejaz Vilayet]]. Ubaid Allah, in the meantime, was able to establish friendly relations with Amir. As the plans unfolded in what came to be called the Silk Letter Movement, [[Ubaidullah Sindhi\|Ubaid'Allah]] was able to establish friendly relations with Amir. At Kabul, [[Ubaidullah Sindhi\|Ubaid'Allah]], along with some students who had preceded him to [[Ottoman Empire\|Turkey]] to join the [[Caliph]]'s "''[[Jihad]]''" against Britain, decided that the pan-Islamic cause would be best served by focussing on the [[Indian Freedom Movement]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Ansari\|1986\|p=515}}</ref>		With the onset of [[World War I]], [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] and [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi\|Mehmud Hasan]] (principal of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]) had travelled to Kabul and Hejaz respectively in October 1915 with plans to initiate a Muslim insurrection in the tribal belt of India. For this purpose, Ubaid'Allah was to propose that the [[Habibullah Khan\|Amir of Afghanistan]] declare war on [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\|Britain]], while Mahmud al Hasan sought German and Turkish help. Hasan proceeded to the [[Hejaz Vilayet]]. Ubaid Allah, in the meantime, was able to establish friendly relations with Amir. As the plans unfolded in what came to be called the Silk Letter Movement, [[Ubaidullah Sindhi\|Ubaid'Allah]] was able to establish friendly relations with Amir. At Kabul, [[Ubaidullah Sindhi\|Ubaid'Allah]], along with some students who had preceded him to [[Ottoman Empire\|Turkey]] to join the [[Caliph]]'s "''[[Jihad]]''" against Britain, decided that the pan-Islamic cause would be best served by focussing on the [[Indian Freedom Movement]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Ansari\|1986\|p=515}}</ref>
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	==Legacy==		==Legacy==
	[[File:Pranab Mukherjee releasing the Commemorative Postage Stamp on Shaikhul Hind’s “Silk Letter Movement” & 60th Session of Shaikhul Hind’s Silk Letter Movement Centenary, at a function.jpg\|thumb\|[[Pranab Mukherjee]], the former President of India, releasing commemorative stamp on the Silk Letter Movement.]]		[[File:Pranab Mukherjee releasing the Commemorative Postage Stamp on Shaikhul Hind’s “Silk Letter Movement” & 60th Session of Shaikhul Hind’s Silk Letter Movement Centenary, at a function.jpg\|thumb\|[[Pranab Mukherjee]], the former President of India, releasing commemorative stamp on the Silk Letter Movement.]]
	In January 2013, The [[President of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]] released a [[Commemorative stamp\|commemorative postage stamp]] on the Silk Letter Movement, to commemorate the sacrifices these groups made for the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=91529\|title=President releases a commemorative postage stamp on ~~‘silk~~ letter ~~movement’~~\|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Indian author and historian [[Ela Mishra]] wrote ''Reshmi Rumaal Sharyantra: Ek Muslim Kraantikari Aandoloan''.<ref>{{cite web \|title=रेशमी रुमाल षडयंत्र एक मुस्लीम क्रान्तिकारी आंदोलन \|url=http://www.bookganga.com/ebooks/Books/details/5223713935060661228?BookName=Reshami%20Rumal%20Shadyantra \|website=bookganga.com \|accessdate=14 July 2019}}</ref>		In January 2013, The [[President of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]] released a [[Commemorative stamp\|commemorative postage stamp]] on the Silk Letter Movement, to commemorate the sacrifices these groups made for the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=91529\|title=President releases a commemorative postage stamp on 'silk letter movement'\|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Indian author and historian [[Ela Mishra]] wrote ''Reshmi Rumaal Sharyantra: Ek Muslim Kraantikari Aandoloan''.<ref>{{cite web \|title=रेशमी रुमाल षडयंत्र एक मुस्लीम क्रान्तिकारी आंदोलन \|url=http://www.bookganga.com/ebooks/Books/details/5223713935060661228?BookName=Reshami%20Rumal%20Shadyantra \|website=bookganga.com \|accessdate=14 July 2019}}</ref>

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==

imported>Owais Al Qarni at 08:20, 23 August 2021

2021-08-23T08:20:29Z

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
The '''Silk Letter Movement''' (تحریکِ ریشمی رومال) refers to a movement organised by [[Deobandi]] leaders between 1913 and 1920, aimed at gaining Indian independence from [[British Raj|British rule]] by forming an alliance with the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] and the [[German Empire]]. This plot was uncovered by the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] [[Criminal Investigation Department|CID]] with the capture of letters from [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]], one of the Deobandi leaders then in [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], to [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], another leader then in Hejaz. The letters were written on [[silk]] cloth, hence the name.<ref name=Qureshi>Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924.(Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia). M. Naeem Qureshi. p79,80,81,82</ref><ref>Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947.Sarah F. D. Ansari.p82</ref>

==Overview==
[[Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari]] went to Hejaz with Mahmood Hasan in September 1915. He returned to India in April 1916 with Ghalib Nama (Silk Letter) which he showed to freedom fighters in India and the autonomous areas, and then took to Kabul where he arrived in June 1916.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/urdu/books/tmp/1388990860%20Silk%20Letter%20Movement.pdf |title= Silken Letters Movement|date=2012 |website=www.darululoom-deoband.com |format=PDF|access-date=2021-03-31}}</ref>

With the onset of [[World War I]], [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] and [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi|Mehmud Hasan]] (principal of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]) had travelled to Kabul and Hejaz respectively in October 1915 with plans to initiate a Muslim insurrection in the tribal belt of India. For this purpose, Ubaid'Allah was to propose that the [[Habibullah Khan|Amir of Afghanistan]] declare war on [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], while Mahmud al Hasan sought German and Turkish help. Hasan proceeded to the [[Hejaz Vilayet]]. Ubaid Allah, in the meantime, was able to establish friendly relations with Amir. As the plans unfolded in what came to be called the Silk Letter Movement, [[Ubaidullah Sindhi|Ubaid'Allah]] was able to establish friendly relations with Amir. At Kabul, [[Ubaidullah Sindhi|Ubaid'Allah]], along with some students who had preceded him to [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]] to join the [[Caliph]]'s "''[[Jihad]]''" against Britain, decided that the pan-Islamic cause would be best served by focussing on the [[Indian Freedom Movement]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ansari|1986|p=515}}</ref>

The [[Berlin committee|Berlin-Indian committee]] (which became the ''Indian Independence Committee'' after 1915) also produced an [[Niedermayer-Hentig mission|Indo-German-Turkish mission]] to the Indo-Iranian border, with the purpose of encouraging the local tribes to attack British interests.<ref>{{harvnb|Ansari|1986|p=514}}</ref><ref name=Strachan788>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=788}}</ref> This group met the Deobandis in [[Kabul]] in December 1915. The mission, along with bringing members of the Indian movement right to India's border, also brought messages from the [[Kaiser]], [[Enver Pasha]] and Abbas Hilmi, the displaced [[Khedive]] of [[Egypt]], expressing support for Pratap's mission and inviting the Amir to move against British India<ref name=Sims-Williams120>{{Harvnb|Sims-Williams|1980|p=120}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Seidt|2001|p=1,3}}</ref>

The mission's immediate aim was to rally the Amir against [[British India]]<ref name=Sims-Williams120/> and to obtain from the Afghan Government a right of free passage.<ref name=Ansari516>{{harvnb|Ansari|1986|p=516}}</ref> But after the leakage of the plan, the top Deobandi leaders were arrested — [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi|Mahmud Hasan]] was arrested in Makkah and together with [[Hussain Ahmad Madani|Husayn Ahmad]], was exiled to Malta, later being released on account of advanced [[Tuberculosis|T.B]].

==Legacy==
[[File:Pranab Mukherjee releasing the Commemorative Postage Stamp on Shaikhul Hind’s “Silk Letter Movement” & 60th Session of Shaikhul Hind’s Silk Letter Movement Centenary, at a function.jpg|thumb|[[Pranab Mukherjee]], the former President of India, releasing commemorative stamp on the Silk Letter Movement.]]
In January 2013, The [[President of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]] released a [[Commemorative stamp|commemorative postage stamp]] on the Silk Letter Movement, to commemorate the sacrifices these groups made for the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=91529|title=President releases a commemorative postage stamp on ‘silk letter movement’|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Indian author and historian [[Ela Mishra]] wrote ''Reshmi Rumaal Sharyantra: Ek Muslim Kraantikari Aandoloan''.<ref>{{cite web |title=रेशमी रुमाल षडयंत्र एक मुस्लीम क्रान्तिकारी आंदोलन |url=http://www.bookganga.com/ebooks/Books/details/5223713935060661228?BookName=Reshami%20Rumal%20Shadyantra |website=bookganga.com |accessdate=14 July 2019}}</ref>

==Further reading==
*{{Citation
| surname1 = [[Syed Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]]/Muhammadullah Qasmi
| given1 = Moulana
| year = 2013
| title = Silk Letter Movement (2013)
| url = http://www.deoband.net/4/post/2013/02/darul-uloom-publishes-english-version-of-silk-letter-movement.html
| publisher = Manak Publications, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
| isbn = 978-93-7831-322-6
}}.

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Ansari
| given1 = K. H.
| year = 1986
| title = Pan-Islam and the Making of the Early Indian Muslim Socialist
| journal = Modern Asian Studies
| volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=509–537
| doi = 10.1017/S0026749X00007848
| url =
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Seidt
| given1 = Hans-Ulrich
| year = 2001
| title = From Palestine to the Caucasus-Oskar Niedermayer and Germany's Middle Eastern Strategy in 1918
| journal = German Studies Review
| volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–18
| doi = 10.2307/1433153
| jstor = 1433153
| url =
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Sims-Williams
| given1 = Ursula
| year = 1980
| title = The Afghan Newspaper Siraj al-Akhbar
| volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=118–122
| journal = British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
| doi = 10.1080/13530198008705294
| url =
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Strachan
| given1 = Hew
| year = 2001
| title = The First World War. Volume I: To Arms
| url =
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| isbn= 0-19-926191-1
}}.

*M .E. Yapp, "That Great Mass of Unmixed Mahomedanism": Reflections on the Historical Links between the Middle East and Asia, ''British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies'', Vol. 19, No. 1. (1992), pp. 3–15.
*M. Naeem Qureshi, The 'Ulamā' of British India and the Hijrat of 1920, ''Modern Asian Studies'', Vol. 13, No. 1. (1979), pp. 41–59.
*[http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/urdu/books/tmp/1388990860%20Silk%20Letter%20Movement.pdf Silk Letter Movement (PDF)]

{{Hindu-German Conspiracy}}
[[Category:World War I]]
[[Category:Intelligence of World War I]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Pan-Islamism]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]