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Formulated a fresh page structure.

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{{short description|Religious community}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Sikhism in Greater Vancouver
| image = [[File:Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver.jpg|250px|[[Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver]]]]
| image_caption = [[Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver]]
| pop = 222,160
| total_ref = <ref name="religion2021"/>
| total_year = 2021
| langs = [[Canadian English|English]]{{·}}[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]{{·}}[[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]]
| rels = [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]]
| related_groups = [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]]
}}
'''Sikhism in Greater Vancouver''' is one of the main religions across [[Greater Vancouver|the region]], especially among the [[Indo-Canadian]] population. The [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikh]] community in Vancouver is the oldest, largest and most influential across Canada, having begun in the late 19th century.<ref name=DusenberyIdeoPubp101>Dusenbery, "Canadian Ideology and Public Policy," p. 101.</ref>

By 1995, Vancouver had one of the two largest Sikh populations in the world outside of [[Sikhism in India|India]].<ref>International Journal of Punjab Studies, Volume 2. [[SAGE Publications]], 1995. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=izxuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22outside+of+India%22 178]. "[...]and also in the two largest populations of Sikhs outside of India — in Britain, in London, and in Canada, in Vancouver."</ref> In 2003, Sikhs became the largest group in Greater Vancouver who did not practice [[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]].<ref>Nayar, ''The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA3 3].</ref> In 2011, there were 155,945 Sikhs in Greater Vancouver, representing 6.8% of the region's population.<ref name="religion2011"/><ref name=StatsCanada>"[http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/indo-canadian/annexes.asp Annexes]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140904100704/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/indo-canadian/annexes.asp Archive]). ''Report of Meetings with Representatives of the Indo‑Canadian Community''. [[Government of Canada]]. Retrieved on October 21, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915022&Data=Count&SearchText=Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Religion&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 2011 Census]</ref>

{{As of|2021|alt=As of [[2021 Canadian census|2021]]}}, the Sikh population in [[Metro Vancouver Regional District|Metro Vancouver]] is 222,165, forming 8.5% of the total regional population.<ref name="religion2021"/>

==History==
[[File:Streetcars passing at the 400 Block of Granville Street, Vancouver, in 1908.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Sikhs on [[Granville Street]] in Vancouver, 1908]]
[[File:GurdwaraSukhSagar1931.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Queensborough, New Westminster]] Sikh temple, 1931.]]
{{Historical populations
| title = Sikh Population History<br>in [[Metro Vancouver Regional District|Metro Vancouver]]
| type = Canada
| align = right
| footnote = ''Source: [[Statistics Canada]]''<br /> <ref name="religion1981">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03
|title=1981 Census of Canada : volume 2 - provincial series : population; language, ethnic origin, religion, place of birth, schooling |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.838030/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="religion1991">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |title=R9101 - Population by Religion (29), Showing Age Groups (13) Education (20% Data) - Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census91/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=66&PRID=0&PTYPE=4&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=1991&THEME=114&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="religion2001">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |title=Religion (13) and Age Groups (8) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=68339&PRID=0&PTYPE=55430,53293,55440,55496,71090&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2001&THEME=56&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="religion2011">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105399&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="religion2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |title= Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|1981 | 22390
|1991 | 48865
|2001 | 99005
|2011 | 155945
|2021 | 222165
}}
At the turn of the century the [[Mayor of Vancouver]] did not permit [[cremation]], so when the first Sikh died in 1907, he could not be cremated in the Vancouver city limits. [[Christian Missionaries|Christian missionaries]] did not permit him to be buried with whites. Even though the missionaries promoted burial, the Sikhs instead cremated the man in a distant wilderness. This prompted Sikhs to establish their own religious institutions.<ref>Hans, p. 221-222.</ref>

Beginning in the 1930s, within the Vancouver area, many clean-shaven, or ''[[sahajdhari]]'', Sikhs began hanging up their hats and entering the gurdwaras with uncovered heads (an akin to men leaving their hats on while attending Christian churches). Turban-wearing, or ''[[Kesadhari|kesdhari]]'', Sikhs objected to this practice.<ref name=JohnstonHughp7>Johnston, Hugh, p. 7.</ref>

Until the 1960s Sikh religious organizations were the primary political interest groups of the [[Indo-Canadians|Indo-Canadian]] community in the Vancouver region.<ref name=JohnstonHughp1>Johnston, Hugh, p. 1.</ref> At that time there were three gurdwaras in Metro Vancouver: the two [[Khalsa Diwan Society]] (KDS) gurdwaras in Vancouver and [[New Westminster, British Columbia|New Westminster]], and the Akali Singh gurdwara in Vancouver.<ref name=JohnstonHughp5>Johnston, Hugh, p. 5.</ref> The political structure of the Sikh community began to shift in the early 1970s since newcomers to politics began vying for influence against established political leaders as immigration increased the size of the community.<ref name=JohnstonHughp1/> In 1981 there were 22,392 Sikhs in Vancouver, virtually all of them being [[Punjabis|ethnic Punjabi]].<ref name=JohnstonHughp3>Johnston, Hugh, p. 3.</ref> That year, Dusenbery wrote that the maturation of Punjabi Sikhs who were children of immigrants, the increase in immigration, and the rise of [[Gora Sikhs|''gora'']] (White) Sikh converts from Canada and the United States changed the character of the Vancouver Sikh community in the period 1971-1981.<ref name=DusenberyIdeoPubp101/> Several turbanned Sikhs began criticizing the practice of entering gurdwaras with uncovered heads in the 1970s.<ref name=JohnstonHughp8>Johnston, Hugh, p. 8.</ref> By 1977, Vancouver's Sikh community, along with that of the [[Greater Toronto Area]], were one of the two largest Canadian Sikh communities.<ref name=Campbellthesisp4>Campbell, ''[https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/20481/UBC_1977_A8%20C36_2.pdf?sequence=1 The Sikhs of Vancouver: A Case Study in Minority-Host Relations]'', p. 4 (PDF document p. 12/136). "Vancouver and Toronto have the largest Sikh communities and Canada."</ref>

Organizations that favored the establishment of [[Khalistan]] began assuming control of Greater Vancouver gurdwaras after [[Operation Bluestar]] occurred in 1984.<ref>Nayar, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora," p. 22.</ref> In 1988 Hugh Johnston wrote that in regards to the city's Punjabi community, "being Punjabi is coming to mean, exclusively, being Sikh",<ref name=JohnstonHughp1/> and that "it seems likely that Punjabi culture" in Vancouver would be exclusively "an aspect of Sikh identity" and exclude Hindus, who disagreed on the Khalistan issue.<ref name=JohnstonHughp2>Johnston, Hugh, p. 2.</ref>

Around 1995 moderate Sikhs politically challenged more extremist Sikhs in gurdwaras in Vancouver and Surrey. A December 1996 attack on the Guru Nanak temple in Surrey led by extremists and a January 1997 fight occurred.<ref>"[http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=3959879e-8f47-43a4-85bf-12e3862730bb Oct. 28, 2000: Friday's charges came after a 15-year probe]." ''[[The Vancouver Sun]]''. July 30, 2007. Retrieved on December 5, 2014.</ref>

==Varieties of Sikhism==
{{Sikhism sidebar}}Hugh Johnston, in 1988, wrote that there are political divisions and religious divisions within the Sikh community of Vancouver.<ref name=JohnstonHughp1/> In 2008 Elizabeth Kamala Nayar stated that Vancouver media reporting on orthodox Sikhs is often negative and that orthodox Sikhs "are portrayed negatively as ‘backward’ and ‘violent’."<ref name=NAYARmISSP2627>Nayar, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora," p. 26-27. "[...]while in Vancouver Sikh fundamentalists are portrayed negatively as ‘backward’ and ‘violent’,[...]In fact, in Vancouver, there is not only the link made between fundamentalism and turban-wearers, but the reportage on orthodox Sikhs is generally made in a bad light."</ref> She also stated that journalists of mainstream publications in Canada often conflate "fundamentalist" Sikhism with the pro-Khalistan movement and "moderate" Sikhism with those opposed to the Khalistan movement; she explained that this occurred when the publications discussed religious conflicts in the Sikh community Vancouver as well as conflicts involving Sikhs throughout Canada.<ref name=NAYARmISSP23>Nayar, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora," p. 23.</ref> Nayar added that in Vancouver the wearing of turbans often is associated with Sikh fundamentalism.<ref name=NAYARmISSP2627/>

[[Gora Sikhs]] (White Sikhs) are present in Greater Vancouver. Many have attempted to gain involvement with Punjabi Sikhs.<ref name=DusenberyMoralp248>Dusenbery, Verne A. "On the Moral Sensitivities of Sikhs in North America" (Chapter 9). In: Lynch, Owen M. ''Divine Passions: The Social Construction of Emotion in India''. [[University of California Press]], 1990. {{ISBN|0520066472}}, 9780520066472. Start: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3HEvGsKflwC&pg=PA239 239]. CITED: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3HEvGsKflwC&pg=PA248 248].</ref> In her book ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism]]'', Nayar wrote that "For the most part, the Gora Sikh community functions separately from the Punjabi Sikh community."<ref>Nayar, ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver]]'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA127 127].</ref> Some Gora Sikhs have criticized a focus on Indian politics and the factionalism within Punjabi Sikh gurdwaras.<ref name="DusenberyMoralp248"/>

==Gurdwaras==
Sikh [[gurdwaras]] (Sikh places of worship) in Vancouver were the city's only community centres for the Indo-Canadians until the 1960s.<ref name=JohnstonHughp1>Johnston, Hugh, p. 1.</ref> This meant that the gurdwaras at the time also gave social outlets to Punjabi Hindus and other South Asians.<ref name=JohnstonHughp5/> By 1981, gurdwaras mainly filled religious purposes.<ref>Dusenbery, "Canadian Ideology and Public Policy," p. 102.</ref> Many major gurdwaras in Greater Vancouver were initially established in isolated areas, but these areas over time became urbanized.<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep48>Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA48 48].</ref>

Sikhs often selected gurdwaras due to religious beliefs, family ties, political beliefs, and/or social reasons, and these were not necessarily gurdwaras that were the closest to them.<ref name=JohnstonHughp10>Johnston, Hugh, p. 10.</ref>

By 1988 there were six gurdwaras within a {{convert|10|mi|km|order=flip|adj=on}} radius in one area in Vancouver. Four new gurdwaras opened in Metro Vancouver in the 1980s.<ref name=JohnstonHughp10/>

===Gurdwaras in Vancouver===
The first ''[[gurdwara]]'' in Vancouver opened in 1908. It was founded by the [[Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver|Khalsa Diwan Society]] (KDS), which was established in 1906,<ref>Nayar, ''The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA16 16].</ref> This gurdwara was originally on West 2nd Avenue.<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep46>Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA46 46].</ref> making it Vancouver's oldest Sikh Society.<ref name=PGCp31>Pang, Guek-cheng. ''Culture Shock! Vancouver''. [[Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd]], August 15, 2010. {{ISBN|9814484806}}, 9789814484800. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cTOJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31].</ref> In 1969 it moved to the intersection of Southwest Marine Drive and Ross Street,<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep46/> in [[South Vancouver]].<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep48/>

The Akali Singh Gurdwara is in [[East Vancouver]], along Skeena Street.<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep48/> It opened in 1952 in response to a religious dispute. Around the time it opened, the Akali Singh Gurdwara did not permit people who had no facial hair from being a part of its management committee, but it allowed them to be a part of the auditing committee and some of the individuals who gave significant amounts of money to the gurdwara were clean-shaven.<ref name=JohnstonHughp6>Johnston, Hugh, p. 6.</ref> The construction of the current gurdwara, valued at 1.5-2 million dollars, began construction in 1981.<ref name=JohnstonHughp910>Johnston, Hugh, p. 9-10.</ref> Previously the revenue of the Akali Singh gurdwara was equal to that of the KDS,<ref name=JohnstonHughp9>Johnston, Hugh, p. 9.</ref> but around the time of the new gurdwara construction, a takeover of the gurdwara was attempted. The gurdwara prevented an internal takeover by restricting election participation to persons who were not members of other Sikh societies. As a result, a severe membership split occurred and the size was reduced. The Akali Singh was opposed to the KDS, which had a more militant attitude towards the Khalistan question.<ref name=JohnstonHughp10/>

Around 1975, a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] Sikh group purchased the Desh Baghat Mandir centre on Main Street after a failed attempt to seize control of other gurdwaras.<ref name="JohnstonHughp8"/>

===Gurdwaras in suburbs and other municipalities===
Most South Asians in [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]], as of 2001, are Sikhs.<ref name=Goodp170>Good, Kristin R. ''Municipalities and Multiculturalism: The Politics of Immigration in Toronto and Vancouver'' (Volume 34 of Studies in comparative political economy and public policy). [[University of Toronto Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|1442609931}}, 9781442609938. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ngMCCV64WrkC&pg=PA170 170].</ref> The Guru Nanak Sikh Gurdwara is on Scott Road in the City of Surrey.<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep48/> As of 2011 in regards to its orthodoxy it is a "moderate" gurdwara.<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep49>Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA49 49].</ref> As of 2004 it had 37,000 members, making it one of North America's largest Sikh temples.<ref>Brown, DeNeen L. "Vancouver Struggles With Gang Violence]." ''[[Washington Post]]''. Thursday July 22, 2004. p. A12. Online p. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4162-2004Jul21.html 1] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141103075150/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4162-2004Jul21.html Archive]). Retrieved on November 3, 2014.</ref> [[Gurdwara Dasmesh Darbar|Dasmesh Darbar Gurdwara]] is an orthodox gurdwara in Surrey.<ref name="NayarSikhSpacep4950">Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA49 49]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA50 50].</ref>

The [[Guru Nanak Sikh Gurdwara]] was established in [[North Delta, British Columbia|North Delta]] in 1973 by the Guru Nanak Sikh Society in order to serve the around 200 Sikh families living in the Surrey-[[Delta, British Columbia|Delta]] area.<ref name=JohnstonHughp10/> The society itself, the Guru Nanak Sikh Temple Society of Delta Surrey, opened that year.<ref name=JohnstonHughp18>Johnston, Hugh, p. 18.</ref> The current facility opened in 1981 along Scott Road in Surrey. Due to opposition to the gurdwara from non-Sikhs in Delta, the Delta city government asked the Guru Nanakh Sikh Society to build the new gurdwara in the Surrey side of a property that had been purchased by the society in 1973. In exchange the Delta city government gave access to the Delta sewage system.<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep49/> As of 1988 it was largest Greater Vancouver gurdwara building. The gurdwara was receiving a level income slightly below those of the two largest Vancouver-area gurdwaras by 1979.<ref name=JohnstonHughp10/> Around 1984 the International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) took control of the Guru Nanakh Gurdwara. The ISYF was a daughter organization of the World Sikh Organization (WSO), which controlled the KDS.<ref name=NAYARmISSP23/> According to Hugh Johnston, as of 1988 the gurdwara "probably" had the second largest membership in Greater Vancouver, after the KDS.<ref name=JohnstonHughp10/> In January 1998 a coalition of anti-ISYF Sikhs and Sikhs who favored the Indian Congress wrested power away from the ISYF.<ref name=NAYARmISSP23/>

The KDS had its own branch gurdwara in [[New Westminster, British Columbia|New Westminster]].<ref name=JohnstonHughp10/> In 1974, the New Westminster Khalsa Diwan became its own Sikh society.<ref name=JohnstonHughp18/> Another gurdwara had opened {{convert|5|mi|km|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} west of the KDS New Westminster and as a result the gurdwara lost membership, but it continued to operate. Hugh Johnston stated that in the 1970s the KDS New Westminster had a "sizeable income".<ref name=JohnstonHughp10/>

The gurdwara of the New Westminster Society is in [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]]. The previous membership followed Baba Mihan Singh, an individual from [[Doaba]] who had been invited to attend the New Westminster Society after he arrived in Vancouver; the New Westminster Society had employed one of his relatives as a priest. In 1979 the Nananksar Gurdwara, established by followers of Baba Mihan Singh, was being established, sapping membership from the New Westminster Society.<ref name=JohnstonHughp10/> As of 1989, the group controlling the KDS also controlled the New Westminster Society.<ref name=JohnstonHughp9>Johnston, Hugh, p. 9.</ref> Since 1984 the Nanaksar Gurdwara attracted Sikhs who were uninterested in politics.<ref name=JohnstonHughp11>Johnston, Hugh, p. 11.</ref>

The Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha Temple is a [[dalit]] gurdwara in [[Burnaby]].<ref name=Dalitrej>"[http://www.canada.com/ch/chchnews/story.html?id=28425808-dc96-4290-ae14-47d76db5e271 Temple allowed to restrict members because of class]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224118/http://www.canada.com/ch/chchnews/story.html?id=28425808-dc96-4290-ae14-47d76db5e271 Archive]). ''[[Vancouver Sun]]''/[[CanWest News Service]] at [[canada.com]]. July 12, 2008. Retrieved on October 22, 2014.</ref> It opened in 1982.<ref>Chan, Cheryl. "[http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/10/10/we-are-zero-immigrant-says-she-cant-escape-sting-of-indias-caste-system-even-in-canada/ ‘We are zero’: Immigrant says she can’t escape sting of India's caste system, even in Canada]" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6TVPhKKCy?url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/10/10/we-are-zero-immigrant-says-she-cant-escape-sting-of-indias-caste-system-even-in-canada/ Archive]). ''[[National Post]]''. October 10, 2013. Retrieved on October 22, 2014.</ref> As of 2008 there were 900 members. Two [[Jat people|Jats]] filed a complaint with the [[British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal]] after they were denied membership, but the tribunal ruled that the gurdwara was minority-serving and had the right to reject the Jats.<ref name=Dalitrej/>

==See also==
*[[List of Canadian Sikhs]]
*[[Sikhism in Canada]]
* [[Indo-Canadians in Greater Vancouver]]

==References==
* Campbell, Michael Graeme. 1977. ''[https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/20481/UBC_1977_A8%20C36_2.pdf?sequence=1 The Sikhs of Vancouver: A Case Study in Minority-Host Relations]'' (M.A. thesis) ([https://www.webcitation.org/6TRL9q082?url=http://web.archive.org/web/20141019120551/https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/20481/UBC_1977_A8%20C36_2.pdf?sequence=1 Archive]), Political Science Department, [[University of British Columbia]], Vancouver. [https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/20481 Profile at] the UBC
* Dusenbery, Verne A. 1981. "Canadian Ideology and Public Policy: The Impact on Vancouver Sikh Ethnic and Religious Adaptation". In ''[[Canadian Ethnic Studies]]'', Vol. 13: 3, Winter.
* Hans, Raj Kumar. 2003. "Gurdwara as a Cultural Site of Punjabi Community in British Columbia, 1905 – 1965." In ''Fractured Identity: The Indian Diaspora in Canada'', Sushma J. Varma & Radhika Seshan (eds.). Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
* Johnston, Hugh. 1988. "The Development of Punjabi Community in Vancouver since 1961". In ''[[Canadian Ethnic Studies]]'', Vol. 20:2.
* Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth. ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism]]''. [[University of Toronto Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0802086314}}, 9780802086310.
* Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth. "The Making of Sikh Space: The Role of the Gurdwara" (Chapter 2). In: DeVries, Larry, Don Baker, and Dan Overmyer. ''Asian Religions in British Columbia'' (Asian Religions and Society Series). [[UBC Press]], January 1, 2011. {{ISBN|0774859423}}, 9780774859424. Start: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA43 43].
* Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora: The Experience of Orthodox Sikhs in Vancouver." ''[[Sikh Formations]]'' 4, No. 1 2008), p. 17-32. - {{doi|10.1080/17448720802075397}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Walton-Roberts, Margaret. 1998. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Walton-Roberts/publication/250171093_THREE_READINGS_OF_THE_TURBAN_SIKH_IDENTITY_IN_GREATER_VANCOUVER/links/53f749e90cf2823e5bd635cf Three Readings of the Turban: Sikh Identity in Greater Vancouver]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002355/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Walton-Roberts/publication/250171093_THREE_READINGS_OF_THE_TURBAN_SIKH_IDENTITY_IN_GREATER_VANCOUVER/links/53f749e90cf2823e5bd635cf Archive]). In ''[[Urban Geography]]'', Vol. 19: 4, June. - DOI [https://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.19.4.311 10.2747/0272-3638.19.4.311] - [https://www.academia.edu/1419124/Three_readings_of_the_turban_Sikh_identity_in_Greater_Vancouver Available at] [[Academia.edu]] and at [[ResearchGate]].

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikhism in Canada|Greater_Vancouver]]
[[Category:Culture of Vancouver]]
[[Category:Religion in Vancouver]]
[[Category:Greater Vancouver]]

Sikhism in Greater Vancouver - Revision history

Harman Abrawan: Formulated a fresh page structure.