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{{Infobox religious group||group=Sikhism in Assam|pop=|langs=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]{{•}}[[Assamese language|Assamese]]|image=Guru Dwara Dhubri.jpg|flag=|regions=[[Nagaon district]]|religions=[[Sikhism]]|image_caption=Local gurdwara in Dhubri, Assam|flag_size=}}'''Assamese Sikhs''', also known as '''Axomiya Sikhs''' or '''Asomiya Sikhs''', are a [[Sikhs|Sikh community]] found in [[Assam]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Birinder Pal |title=The Sikh World |date=May 1, 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429848384 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Pashaura |chapter=10. Sikhs in India: Sikhs Outside Punjab |doi=10.4324/9780429455322-13 |quote=The Axomiya Sikhs settled in the villages of Nagaon district (Assam) too claim that their ancestors in the Maharaja's army were sent there in 1820 to support the Ahom king. The Sikh commander was killed, and the surviving soldiers eventually settled in the villages of Chaparmukh and Barkola. They are agriculturalists primarily still (Singh 2018). |editor-last2=Mandair |editor-first2=Arvind-Pal Singh}}</ref> The Sikh community of Assam consists of both local Assamese Sikhs and [[Punjabi Sikhs]] and their descendants. The Assamese Sikhs differ phenotypically from Punjabi Sikhs, instead resembling the local populace in-appearance.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==

=== Sikh gurus ===
[[File:'Nanak meets the temptresses in Kamrup Desa', Janamsakhi mural painting depicting a scene from Guru Nanak's life from the Ram Rai Darbar complex at Dehradun.jpg|thumb|'Nanak meets the temptresses in Kamrup Desa', Janamsakhi mural painting depicting a scene from Guru Nanak's life from the [[Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib|Ram Rai Darbar complex]] at [[Dehradun]]]]
[[Guru Nanak]] is said to have travelled to the [[Kamrup region]] (or ''Karudesh'') in the early part of the 16th century.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Himadri |title=Beyond Punjab: Sikhs in East and Northeast India |date=Jan 30, 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000800289 |chapter=Chapter 4: Assam |doi=10.4324/9781003347842-4}}</ref> Surindar Singh Kohli claims Guru Nanak entered Assam in the year 1505.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kohli |first=Surindar Singh |title=Travels of Guru Nanak |publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University |year=1969 |pages=45}}</ref> According to Surjit Singh Gandhi, Guru Nanak visited Dhubri via a route from northern Bihar and northwest Bengal whilst other scholars claim Guru Nanak used the path later known as the [[Grand Trunk Road|Sher Shah Suri Road]]. After Dhubri, he visited a location near Guwahati.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist. |year=2007 |isbn=9788126908578 |volume=1: 1469-1606 C.E. |pages=99–100}}</ref>

The Sikh tales, known as ''[[janamsakhis]]'', of his travel in the region involve magic and witches, with the region being ruled by a woman named Nur Shah. As per the legend, Nur Shah and her entourage of witches tried to bewitch the Sikh guru and [[Bhai Mardana|Mardana]] using magic spells, then they tried dancing and singing, and lastly tried giving them valuable material goods, however they ultimately failed and ended-up ultimately surrendering to the guru. The guru then gave them ''[[Nāma|naam]]'' and requested them to stop practicing magic.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |title=Black Magic, Witchcraft and Occultism: Secret Cultural Practices in India |date=Jun 9, 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000905267 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Afterwards, Nanak left Kamrupa via the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] river and returned to [[Puri]] in [[Odisha]]. There are no historical sources to corroborate the tale, which is similar to other contemporary stories that link Assam to being a land of sorcery and magic, with the Sikh sources claiming the region to be ''Istri Desh'' ("land of women") and associated with [[Tantra]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> It is further narrated that Guru Nanak visited Dhanpur and met with [[Sankardev|Shankardev]], a Vaishnavist. A chronicle by Mohammad Kazim records the existence of a tribe named Nanak. Guru Nanak is then said to have travelled further east to ''Asa Desh'', east of the Brahmaputra, which was ruled by a figure named [[Suhungmung|Raja Swarg Narain]], descended from Samundrak. There, the guru is claimed to have travelled to Gola Ghat Nagar and onwards to the Dhanasri Valley between the Naga and Mikir Hills, where he apparently encountered cannibals known as ''Koda Rakshas'', possibly the Kodan tribe. From there, Guru Nanak returned to Gauhati via a river and continued to [[Shillong]].<ref name=":4" />

[[File:The Kamakhya Document - documenting Guru Tegh Bahadur's presence in the Kamarupa region of Assam, preserved by a Panda of the Kamakhya temple.jpg|thumb|251x251px|Document on Guru Tegh Bahadur's presence in the Kamarupa region of Assam]]
Contemporary Assamese documents also record the visit of the ninth [[Sikh guru]], [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], to the area in 1669 to assist Raja Ram Singh against the local Ahom ruler.<ref name=":1" /> However, the Sikh sources seem to confuse many dates, places, and persons when recording the ninth guru's stay in Assam but he likely did have a presence in the region.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |title=The Mughals and the North-East: Encounter and Assimilation in Medieval India |date=Jul 17, 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000905250 |chapter=21: The Curious Community of Asomiya Sikhs: The Mughal Connection? |quote=}}</ref> While in Assam, it is claimed by Sikh accounts that the guru brokered peace between [[Ram Singh I|Raja Ram Singh]] and the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] ruler [[Supangmung|Raja Chakradhwaj Singha]] (Supangmung).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Dharam |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur: His Life, Travel and Message |last2=Singh |first2=Paramvir |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |year=2022 |isbn=9789354095832 |quote=There took place one battle between the opposing forces of Ram Singh and the Ahom king, named Chakradhwaj, but it remained inconclusive. According to Sikh chronicles, the Guru was able to arrange a truce between the opposing forces and opened the way for a negotiated settlement. The Guru succeeded in bringing about a rapprochement between them and thus more bloodshed was avoided. To celebrate the happy conclusion, soldiers of Ram Singh's camp raised a high mound on the bank of the Brahmputra, each soldier contributing five shields of earth. On the top of this mound now stands Thara Sahib or Damdama Sahib ...}}</ref><ref name="ps189">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi |title=The history of Sikh gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-8382-075-2 |pages=187–89}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kohli |first=Mohindar |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur: testimony of conscience |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-7201-234-2 |pages=25–27}}</ref> Whilst [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] was in [[Dhaka]], Raja Ram Singh petitioned that the [[Akal Sena]] assist him in his crushing of a rebellion led by King [[Supangmung|Chakradhwaj Singha]] of the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom Kingdom]] in [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]] (located in [[Assam]]) in [[Northeast India|north-eastern India]]. The Guru agreed to the request because he had plans to visit that region anyways to rebuild a monument of [[Guru Nanak]]'s ''udasi'' (travel tour) to the area. The Guru and his forces reached the region in February 1669. Whilst stationed in [[Dhubri]], Kamrup near the bank of a river, an encampment of the Akal Sena with Guru Tegh Bahadur had come under attack from the other side of the river by local Assamese forces. The Sikhs were able to defeat the enemy using archery. Afterwards, the Guru made peace with the locals after the latter informed him that they were rebelling to resist the conquests of the Mughal empire and to protect their sovereignty. Later-on, the [[Ahom king]] honoured the Guru at the [[Kamakhya Temple|Kamakhya shrine]] after Guru Tegh Bahadur brokered peace between the [[Mughal army|imperial Mughal army]] under the command of Raja Ram Singh and the local Ahom resistance.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Randhir |first=G. S. |title=Sikh Shrines in India |date=February 1990 |publisher=Publications Division of the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |isbn=9788123022604 |pages=83–87 |chapter=Assam}}</ref> It is further believed that Tegh Bahadur established a Sikh shrine at Dhubri in Goalpara district, known locally as ''Dumdume Gurdwara'', at the location of Guru Nanak's previous visit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Some Sikhs remained in Assam to tend to the shrines.<ref name=":1" /> Furthermore, as per legend a local figure named Raja Ram was blessed with a son named Rattan Rai by Guru Tegh Bahadur, with this son later gifting Guru Gobind Singh various things, including [[Prasadi (elephant)|an elephant]].<ref name=":5" />

=== Mercenaries and militia ===
[[Sikhism]] has been present in Assam for over 200 years.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Himadri |title=Sikhs And Sikhism In Eastern And North-Eastern India (C. 1700-2000) |url=http://sikhinstitute.org/sikhs_living_outside/5-himadribanerjee.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809161202/http://sikhinstitute.org/sikhs_living_outside/5-himadribanerjee.html |archive-date=2014-08-09 |access-date=2021-01-03 |website=Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In the 18th century, some Sikh and Punjabi mercenaries resided at the Sikh shrines in the region, with them adopting the local culture and language. The Axomiya Sikhs of [[Nagaon district]] may be descended from them. During the [[Dundiya rebellion]] of the early 1790s, some Sikhs, possibly from northern Bihar or descended from Sikhs who remained in Assam to tend to shrines, participated in the ''barkandaze'' forces, which partially consisted of upcountry militamen of Punjabi and Hindustani-origin. According to [[Rajanikanta Bordoloi]], the Assamese figure Haradatta Chaudhuri hired 300 Punjabis for his barkandaze force, supplying them food rations and paying them a monthly salary. However, these barkandaz later joined the Ahoms for better pay. The barkandaz Sikhs were inducted into the [[Ahom Army]] as a [[militia]], and were given land for their service, with them possibly being deployed at the settlement of Raha near the tribal frontier in the Raha Chaki as per oral history. These Sikhs lost touch with their homeland and underwent a process of Assamization, marrying local Assamese women.<ref name=":1" />

The community in the villages of Nagaon district claims to trace its origins to Sikh soldiers sent by the [[Sikh Empire]] to support the Ahom ruler [[Sudingphaa|Chandrakanta Simha]] in 1820, fighting in 1823 at the [[Burmese invasions of Assam|Battle of Hadirachaki]] against invading Burmese forces.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> According to the Assamese Sikh legend, the Sikh commander of these soldiers (reputably named Bir Chaitanya Singh), whose battalion numbered around five-hundred was killed and the surviving men travelled with his widow (known only as ''mata-ji'') to the rivulet of Titaimori Suti, where they settled initially at Chaparmukh village.<ref name=":1" /> They later settled in the villages of Chaparmukh and Barkola, adopting a life of agriculture.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> According to Himadri Banerjee, these men were not Punjabi Sikhs but rather local Assamese Sikhs from the earlier barkandaze, as they had extensive knowledge of the local geography and hydrology. According to Banerjee, during the [[Burmese invasions of Assam|Burmese invasion]], the Ahomese authorities shifted the Sikh barkandaz from Raha to Hadirachaki, where they were defeated and after returned to Chaparmukh, where their families were situated.<ref name=":1" /> Sikh men married local Assamese women.<ref name="The Tribune Surjit Hans 24 08 20033">{{Cite web |last=Hans |first=Surjit |date=August 24, 2003 |title=The identity of North-East Sikhs |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030824/spectrum/book8.htm |website=The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum – Literature}}</ref>

In 1826, the [[Colonial Assam|British annexed Assam]] and disbanded the barkandaze forces, pushing the local Sikhs who had served in it into an agricultural lifestyle. By the early 20th century, these Assamese Sikh rural dwellers had moved to higher-ground and established Barkola, their second settlement. Later, they lived in Hatipara and Lanka.<ref name=":1" />

=== Arrival and settlement of Punjabi Sikhs ===
During British-rule, Punjabi Sikh migrants from Punjab settled in Assam due to the tea-plantations and increased accessibility due to the establishment of the Assam-Bengal Railways in the early 20th century. These Punjabi Sikh settlers, initially mostly [[Ramgarhia]]s, first established themselves in [[Guwahati]] and later in [[Margherita, Assam|Margherita]]. The Ramgarhia pioneers engaged in work related to the railways, as the century progressed they were joined by [[Jatt Sikh]]s and [[Dalit Sikh]]s{{disambiguation needed|date=August 2025}}. The first Punjabi Sikhs to arrive were a small number travelling through Guwahati on their way to Shillong in the late 19th century. The first station-master of the train station of Guwahati was a Punjabi Sikh man named Alla Singh, whom was a Ramgarhia. Alla Singh sheltered other Sikhs in his residence and helped establish a Sikh gurdwara in Guwahati in 1902, originally a tin-sheet structure until it was rebuilt with concrete in 1925–26, with it being named Ramgarhia Sabha. Post-1918, the British employed the Ramgarhia Sikhs in the area to expand the railway infrastructure to Central and Upper Assam from Guwahati, such as to Mariani. In 1922, Sundar Singh Bamra, another Ramgarhia Sikh, founded a gurdwara on railway land. Aside from railway work, the Ramgarhia Sikhs also found employment in the Assam Oil Company, which led them to going as remote as Digboi in Upper Assam. In 1926, a Ramgarhia gurdwara was established in Digboi while in 1935, another one was established in Jorhat, associated with tea-production. Many Ramgarhia Sikhs from the Gurdaspur district of Punjab would settle in Jorhat, where they worked a variety of jobs (such as in the railways, construction, oil, or transportation), such as Sohan Singh and Tehal Singh, whom were ''thekedars'' (construction contractors). Other prominent thekedars of the community were Mohan Singh Hadiabadi of Dibrugarh, Sohan Singh of Jorhat, Kishen Singh of Guwahati, and Sundar Singh of Digboi. The growing timber-trade brought the Punjabi Sikhs to Dibrugarh (1930) and Tinsukia (1932), while settlement in Margherita was caused by other opportunities. Due to the skilled-labour and artisanry of the Ramgarhia Sikhs, they became prosperous and many went from ''mistris'' to thekedars, and there was a strong sense of community and caste-solidarity amongst the Ramgarhia Sikhs of Assam. Literary works by Assamese [[Hindu]]s declared Assamese Sikhs as "predators" and "outsiders" to the [[Brahmaputra Valley]].<ref name=":1" />

The [[Singh Sabha Movement|Singh Sabha reformers]] were not aware of the existence of the Assamese Sikhs, thus they were unaffected by the religious and social reforms.<ref name=":2" /> Some Assamese Sikhs were followers of the [[Gandhian Movement]] in the 1920s and beyond, such as Atma Singh Chhetri, Ranjit Singh, Phula Singh Chhetri, Kamal Singh, Phatik Singh, Mahatab Singh, and Janga Singh. Protests were held, national schools were supported, the usage of ''[[khadi]]'' was promoted, with there being imprisonments of some Assamese Sikhs. In the 1930s and 1940s, Assamese Sikhs gradually shifted their support away from Gandhite movement out of concerns of being marginalized by Bengali Muslim peasant settlers in the region. After this, Assamese Sikhs and Assamese Hindus formed closer ties due to the ethnic issue regarding Bengali Muslims. Eventually, the Assamese Sikh Association was formed in 1939 with Jog Singh as its general-secretary and Lal Singh as its president (with the latter being a domiciled Punjabi Sikh). Local Sikhs were recruited during the Second World War.<ref name=":1" />

=== Post-independence ===
During the [[Assam Movement|Assam movement]] (1979–1985), Assamese Sikhs participated in the protests of the [[Asam Sahitya Sabha|Asom Sahitya Sabha]], despite the organization grouping "Punjabis" among the "illegal foreigners", which the Assamese Sikhs did not know if the label included them or not. In-order to assert their Assamese-ness and dissociate themselves from being viewed as Punjabis, the Assamese Sikhs founded the Asomiya Sikh Santha in 1980, which promoted literature in the local language. Due to these factors, the relations between local Assamese Sikhs and Punjabi Sikhs in Assam deteriorated, when they had initially been friendly in the early 20th century.<ref name=":1" /> A group of local Assamese Sikhs from the Nagaon villages made a pilgrimage trip to the [[Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]] in March 2009.<ref name=":2" />

== Occupation, culture, and religiosity ==
[[File:Interior of Shri Guru Singh Sabha Gurdwara, Dibrugarh during Guru Nanakdev Jayanti, 2020.jpg|thumb|Interior of Shri Guru Singh Sabha Gurdwara, Dibrugarh during Guru Nanakdev Jayanti, 2020]]
The Assamese Sikhs can be divided into two groups: those from the Nagaon villages (who are local Assamese Sikhs) and the other from the different urban centers of Assam (typically Punjabi Sikhs). Assamese Sikhs are generally poorer and tend to work in agriculture whilst Punjabi Sikhs in Assam usually work in more technical positions and are more affluent.<ref name=":2" /> Assamese Sikhs of Nagaon district in the 19th century originally existed as landless peasants an tenants holding poor-quality jungle land. They offered their services to more affluent section of the agricultural society in-exchange for being allowed to borrow livestock. It was only in the early 20th century that they began to seek additional cultivable holdings.<ref name=":1" />

Assamese Sikhs follow the Sikh religion and celebrate [[Sikh festivals]] as they also celebrate cultural festivals such as [[Magh Bihu]] and wear traditional Assamese dress.<ref name=":1" /> Their language is the [[Assamese language]].<ref name="The Tribune Surjit Hans 24 08 20033" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 23, 2012 |title=Though nearly 200 years in Assam, Sikhs say they are neglected |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/244159/though-nearly-200-years-assam.html |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> They do not speak the [[Punjabi language]] and do not read the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] in its original language.<ref name="The Tribune Surjit Hans 24 08 20033" /><ref name=":1" /> They adhere strictly to the [[Five Ks|5Ks]].<ref name="The Tribune Surjit Hans 24 08 20033" /> Some of them are ignorant of the ''[[Rehat|rahit]]''. Their form of the Sikh religion is influenced by Assamese [[Vaishnavism]]. They also believe in superstitions, such as ''bhutpret''. Another quirk is they avoid ploughing during certain days of the year. Their religious space was the ''namghar'', rather than being called [[gurdwara]]. The [[Sikh architecture|architecture of their gurdwaras]], such as the first known one at Chaparmukh (originally a thatched house and later converted into a permanent structure in the 20th century), also are unique and influenced by [[Assam-type architecture|Assamese architecture]]. At the Mataji Gurdwara in Chaparmukh, they observed ''[[Gurpurb|gurpurbs]]'' in a characteristically Assamese manner.<ref name=":1" />

== Demographics ==
As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], 20,672 Sikhs reside in Assam, constituting 0.07% of the total population of Assam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015 |website=Census of India, 2012 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> The [[2001 census of India]] recorded 22,519 Sikhs residing in Assam.<ref name="Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner 20013">{{cite web |author=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner |year=2001 |title=Census of India 2001: Population by religious communities |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012110930/https://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=3 January 2010 |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> In 2003, it was reported in ''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]'' that out of the 11,000 Sikh residents in Assam, 4,000 of them are local Assamese Sikhs. Assamese Sikhs can be found residing in the villages of Barkola, Zhaparmukh, Lanka, and Hatipara in [[Nagaon district]].<ref name="The Tribune Surjit Hans 24 08 20033" />

The Sikhs outside Punjab (incl. Assam) can be divided into three main groups: Jatt Sikhs descended from peasants, Khatri Sikhs descended from traders, and local Sikh groups. Since 1950, around 220,000 Punjabi Sikhs migrated to and settled in other states of India.<ref name=":0" /> However, these Punjabi Sikh migrants are distinguishable from the [[Indigenous peoples|autochthonous community]] of Sikhs, known as Axomiya Sikhs, who descend from earlier Sikhs from previous centuries who indigenized to Assamese culture and adopted the local language.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Gurdwaras in Assam ==
[[File:Dhubri Gurdawa2.JPG|thumb|Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib, Dhubri]]
Some local gurdwaras of Assam are:
* [[Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib]]
* Mataji Gurdwara, Chaparmukh<ref name=":1" />

== Popular culture ==
A Sikh character named Kumedan Singh features in the novel ''Padumkuari,'' (1891), with the Sikh character being portrayed as a villain, traitor, and foreigner. Sailadhar Rajkhowa also wrote a poem named ''Pashan Pratima'' ("stone images") that involve Sikh characters, such as Chaitanya Singh being loved by two girls named Fullara and Chatala, which improved the status of Sikhs in Assam. Assamese author M. R. Goswami wrote a novelette ''Tej aru Dhulire'' ''Dhusarit Pristha'' (1994) on the anti-Sikh riots of 1984.<ref name="The Tribune Surjit Hans 24 08 20033" />

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Himadri |title=The Other Sikhs: A View from Eastern India |publisher=Manohar |year=2003 |isbn=9788173044953 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Himadri |title=Beyond Punjab: Sikhs in East and Northeast India |date=Jan 30, 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000800289}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikhism in India|Assam]]
[[Category:Religion in Assam]]
[[Category:Sikh beliefs]]
[[Category:Sikh communities]]
[[Category:Sikh culture]]
[[Category:Sikh groups and sects]]
[[Category:Sikh practices]]

Sikhism in Assam - Revision history

Rockybhai3: new a stub