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{{distinguish|text=[[Sikandar Shah Miri]], the Sultan of Kashmir (r. 1389–1413)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sikandar Khan Lodi
| title = [[Sultan of Delhi]]<br>[[Lodi Dynasty|Sultan of the Lodi Dynasty]]<br>[[Sultan of Hindustan]]<br>Abu Al-Muzaffar Ghazi Sultan Sikandar Khan Lodi
| image = Tomb of Sikandar Lodi in Lodi Garden 08.jpg
| caption = The tomb of Sikandar Lodi
| reign = 17 July 1489 – 21 November 1517
| coronation = 17 July 1489
| full name =
| predecessor = [[Bahlul Khan Lodi]]
| successor = [[Ibrahim Lodhi|Ibrahim Khan Lodi]]
| spouse =
| issue = [[Ibrahim Lodhi|Ibrahim Khan Lodi]]

[[Mahmud Khan Lodi]]

[[Ismail Khan Lodi]]

[[Hussain Khan Lodi]]

[[Jalal Khan Lodi]]

[[Daulat Khan Lodi]]

| royal house =
| dynasty = Lodi dynasty
| father = [[Bahlul Khan Lodi]]
| mother = Bibi Ambha
| birth_date = 17 July 1458
| birth_place = [[Delhi]]
| death_date = 21 November 1517 (aged 59)
| death_place = [[Agra]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial = [[Lodi Gardens]], [[Delhi]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| succession = 30th [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
}}
'''Sikandar Khan Lodi''' (died 21 November 1517), born '''Nizam Khan''', was [[Sultan]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] between 1489 and 1517.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=122–125}}</ref> He became ruler of the [[Lodi dynasty]] after the death of his father [[Bahlul Khan Lodi]] in July 1489. The second and most successful ruler of the Lodi dynasty of the Delhi sultanate, he was also a poet of the Persian language and prepared a diwan of 9000 verses.<ref>Ram Nath Sharma, ''History Of Education In India'', Atlantic (1996), p. 61</ref> He made an effort to recover the lost territories which once were a part of the Delhi Sultanate and was able to expand the territory controlled by the [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi Dynasty]].

==Biography==
[[File:Qutub5.jpg|thumb|The top two storeys of the [[Qutub Minar]] were reconstructed in marble by Sikandar Lodi]]
Sikandar was the second son of [[Sultan]] [[Bahlul Lodi]], who had founded the Lodi ruling dynasty of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/345985/Lodi-dynasty#ref222519 Lodī dynasty] - Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>

Sikandar was a capable ruler who encouraged trade across his territory. He expanded Lodi rule into the regions of [[Gwalior]] and [[Bihar]]. He made a treaty with [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]] and his kingdom of [[Bengal]]. In 1503, he commissioned the building of the present-day city of [[Agra]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=176}}

==Conflict with Man Singh Tomar==
The newly crowned [[Man Singh Tomar|Raja Man Singh Tomar]] was not prepared for an invasion from Delhi, and decided to avoid a war by paying Bahlul Lodi a tribute of 800,000 ''tanka''s (coins).{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=155}} In 1489, Sikandar Lodi succeeded Bahlul Lodi as the Sultan of Delhi. In 1500, Manasimha provided asylum to some rebels from Delhi, who had been involved in a plot to overthrow Sikandar Lodi. The Sultan, wanting to punish [[Man Singh Tomar|Raja Man Singh Tomar]], and to expand his territory, launched a punitive expedition against [[Gwalior]]. In 1501, he captured [[Dholpur]], a dependency of Gwalior, whose ruler Vinayaka-deva fled to Gwalior.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=174}}

[[File:Tomb of Sikandar Lodi with its enclosure wall and bastions, gates & compound.jpg|thumb|[[Tomb of Sikandar Lodi|Sikandar Lodi's tomb]]|alt=]]
Sikandar Lodi then marched towards Gwalior, but after crossing the [[Chambal River]], an epidemic outbreak in his camp forced him to halt his march. [[Man Singh Tomar|Raja Man Singh Tomar]] used this opportunity to reconcile with Lodi, and sent his son Kunwar Vikramaditya to the Lodi camp with gifts for the Sultan. He promised to expel the rebels from Delhi, on the condition that Dholpur be restored to Vinayaka-deva. Sikandar Lodi agreed to these terms, and left. Historian [[Kishori Saran Lal]] theorizes that Vinayaka Deva hadn't lost Dholpur at all: this narrative was created by the Delhi chroniclers to flatter the Sultan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=175}}

In 1504, Sikandar Lodi resumed his war against the Tomar King's of Gwalior. First, he captured the [[Mandrayal]] fort, located to the east of Gwalior.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=175}} He ransacked the area around Mandrayal, but many of his soldiers lost their lives in a subsequent epidemic outbreak, forcing him to return to Delhi.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=176}} Sometime later, Lodi moved his base to the newly established city of [[Agra]], which was located closer to Gwalior. He captured Dholpur, and then marched against Gwalior, characterizing the expedition as a ''[[jihad]]''. From September 1505 to May 1506, Lodi managed to ransack the rural areas around Gwalior, but was unable to capture the [[Gwalior Fort]] because of [[Man Singh Tomar|Raja Man Singh Tomar]]'s hit-and-run tactics. A scarcity of food resulting from Lodi's destruction of crops forced Lodi to give up the siege. During his return to [[Agra]], [[Man Singh Tomar|Raja Man Singh Tomar]] ambushed his army near Jatwar, inflicting heavy casualties on the invaders.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=177}}

Having failed to capture the Gwalior fort, Lodi decided to capture the smaller forts surrounding Gwalior. Dholpur and Mandrayal were already in his control by this time. In February 1507, he captured the Uditnagar (Utgir or Avantgarh) fort lying on the [[Narwar]]-Gwalior route.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|pp=177-178}} In September 1507, he marched against Narwar, whose ruler (a member of the Tomara clan) fluctuated his allegiance between the Tomaras of Gwalior and the [[Malwa Sultanate]]. He captured the fort after a year-long siege.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=179}} In December 1508, Lodi placed Narwar in charge of Raj Singh Kachchwaha, and marched to Lahar (Lahayer) located to the south-east of Gwalior. He stayed at Lahar for a few months, during which he cleared its neighbourhood of rebels.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=179}} Over the next few years, Lodi remained busy in other conflicts. In 1516, he made a plan to capture Gwalior, but an illness prevented him from doing so. [[Man Singh Tomar|Raja Man Singh Tomar]] died in 1516, and Sikandar Lodi's illness also led to his death in November 1517.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1963|p=184}}

==Patron and Poet==
Sikander patronized learning and scholarship during his reign.{{sfn|Ahmad|1953|p=219}} His influence initiated a renaissance of poetry and music in Delhi, with the Hindu poet Dungar teaching at a Muslim college.{{sfn|Imamuddin|1986|p=784}} He was not just a generous patron of writers, but also a talented scholar and poet who wrote Persian poetry under the pen name Gul Rukhi.{{sfn|Ahmad|1953|p=219}}

The ''Lahdjat Sikandar Shahi wa-lata'if-i la-mutanahi'', a rare musical composition, was put together as a result of the Sikandar's patronage of musical training.{{sfn|Imamuddin|1986|p=784}} This composition demonstrated Sikandar's deep interest in Indian music.{{sfn|Ahmad|1953|p=219}}

== Religion ==
Because Sikandar's mother was a Hindu, he tried to prove his Islamic credentials by resorting to strong [[Sunni]] orthodoxy as a political expediency. He destroyed Hindu temples, and under the pressure from the [[ulama]], allowed the execution of a [[Brahmin]] who declared Hinduism to be as veracious as Islam. He also banned women from visiting the [[mazar (mausoleum)|mazars]] (mausoleums) of Muslim saints, and banned the annual procession of the spear of the legendary Muslim martyr [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud|Salar Masud]].{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=10}}

Before Sikandar's time, the judicial duties in smaller villages and towns were performed by local administrators, while the Sultan himself consulted the scholars of the Islamic law ([[sharia]]). Sikandar established sharia courts in several towns, enabling the [[qazi]]s to administer the sharia law to a larger population. Although such courts were established in areas with significant Muslim population, they were also open to the non-Muslim population, including for non-religious matters such as property disputes.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=10}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
*{{cite journal |title=The Labjat-I-Sikandar Shahi, a unique and exhaustive book on Indian Music of the time of Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517) |first=Nazir |last=Ahmad |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=16 |year=1953 |pages=219-225 }}
*{{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |title=Twilight of the Sultanate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8QeAAAAMAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |oclc=500687579 }}
*{{cite book |first=J. S. |last=Grewal |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |edition=Revised |series=The New Cambridge History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |url-access=registration |year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63764-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/10 10] }}
*{{cite encyclopedia |first=S.M. |last=Imamuddin |encyclopedia=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=V: Khe-Mahi |title=Lodis |pages=782-785 |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1986 |editor-first1=C.E. |editor-last1=Bosworth |editor-first2=E. |editor-last2=van Donzel |editor-first3=B. |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first4=Ch. |editor-last4=Pellat }}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Bahlul Lodi]]
| title=[[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
| years=1489–1517
| after=[[Ibrahim Lodi]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodi, Sikandar}}
[[Category:1517 deaths]]
[[Category:Sultans of the Lodi dynasty]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:1458 births]]

Sikandar Khan Lodi - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article