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← Older revision		Revision as of 04:47, 8 December 2022
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	{{for\|Pakistan-occupied Kashmir politician\|Sikandar Hayat Khan (Pakistan-occupied Kashmir politician)}}		{{for\|Pakistan-occupied Kashmir politician\|Sikandar Hayat Khan (Pakistan-occupied Kashmir politician)}}
	{{short description\|Indian politician and statesman (1892–1942)}}		{{short description\|Indian politician and statesman (1892–1942)}}
	{{Use Pakistani English\|date=July ~~2022~~}}		{{Use Pakistani English\|date=July 2020}}
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	{{Infobox officeholder		{{Infobox officeholder
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	\| battles = [[World War I]] <br />[[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]		\| battles = [[World War I]] <br />[[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
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	''[[Khan Bahadur]]'' Captain Sir '''Sikandar Hayat Khan''', {{post-nominals\|country=GBR\|size=small\|sep=,\|KBE}} (5 June 1892 – 26 December 1942), also written '''Sikandar Hyat-Khan''' or '''Sikandar Hyat Khan''', was an Indian politician and statesman from the [[Punjab (British India)\|Punjab]] who served as the [[Prime Minister of the Punjab\|Premier of the Punjab]], among other positions.<ref name="TFT">{{Cite news \|last=Jeanne Zaino \|date=6 January 2018 \|title=The five rivers' famous son (Sikandar Hayat Khan) \|work=The Friday Times (newspaper) \|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/the-five-rivers-famous-son/ \|access-date=7 July ~~2022~~}}</ref>		''[[Khan Bahadur]]'' Captain Sir '''Sikandar Hayat Khan''', {{post-nominals\|country=GBR\|size=small\|sep=,\|KBE}} (5 June 1892 – 26 December 1942), also written '''Sikandar Hyat-Khan''' or '''Sikandar Hyat Khan''', was an Indian politician and statesman from the [[Punjab (British India)\|Punjab]] who served as the [[Prime Minister of the Punjab\|Premier of the Punjab]], among other positions.<ref name="TFT">{{Cite news \|last=Jeanne Zaino \|date=6 January 2018 \|title=The five rivers' famous son (Sikandar Hayat Khan) \|work=The Friday Times (newspaper) \|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/the-five-rivers-famous-son/ \|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>

	==Early life==		==Early life==

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>Ahmednawabkhan: /* Background and early life */Fixed tribe and village name

2020-12-17T17:36:13Z

Background and early life: Fixed tribe and village name

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[[Khan Bahadur]] Captain (retd)<ref>He was later made an honorary Lieutenant Colonel during World War 2 but his actual military rank was of a captain</ref> [[Sardar]] [[Sir]] '''Sikandar Hayat Khan''', [[KBE]], (born 1892 - died 1942) was an important [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] statesman and popular leader. He was Governor and then Premier of this province in [[British India]].
[[Image:SikanderHayatKhan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan c 1932]]

==Background and early life==
Sikandar Hayat was the son of [[Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan]], [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]], of the [[Khattar]] tribe of [[Wah]].<ref>Dr Iftikhar H Malik, ''Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan:A Political Biography'' Islamabad:NIHCR Press, 1985, p.3</ref>

After initial education at the Aligarh school and the [[MAO College]] at Aligarh (later to become the [[Aligarh Muslim University]]), he went for higher education to the [[King's College London]]. On returning home, in 1915, he enrolled as an Assistant Recruiting Officer in the Punjab, to help the [[British Indian Army]]'s efforts during the [[First World War]];<ref name="Malik, p.16">Malik, p.16</ref> and was later one of the very first natives to receive the King's Commission, as a [[Captain]] of the [[67th Punjabis]] (later the 1st Battalion of the [[2 Punjab Regiment]]) in 1919.<ref name="Malik, p.16"/> After the war he started his own business ventures and also entered grassroots politics in his area.

==Later life and career==
In the 1920s, Sikandar Hayat Khan slowly began to make his mark as a statesman, and in collaboration with Sir [[Fazli Husain]] and Sir [[Chotu Ram]] became one of the founders of the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)]]. This was a secular party representing all Punjabis of different creeds mostly united by the ''zamindar'' (rural/agrarian) interest, and it soon became the most popular political group in the province. Due to his special services at this time, in various ways, the Government of British India granted a [[knighthood]] to Sir Sikandar.<ref>''Sir Sikandar: The Soldier-Statesman of the Punjab'', Special Memorial Volume published by the Government of the Punjab, Lahore, 1943, p.8</ref> Between 1932 and 1934 he also had the unique honour of being the only native to be appointed acting Governor of the Punjab under British rule.<ref>''Sir Sikandar:Soldier-Statesman'', p.56</ref>

Thereafter, for a brief while, Sir Sikandar also worked as Deputy-Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]]<ref>Malik, p.40</ref> but in July 1936, on the demise of Sir Fazli Husain, he returned to take on leadership of the Unionist party for the general elections held in Winter of the same year, winning by a simple majority and forming a coalition government along with the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Sikh]] [[Akali Dal]]. Sikandar was now chosen as Leader of the House and the [[Premier]] or Chief Minister of the Punjab. He remained in this position from 1937 to December 1942, when he died of a sudden heart failure.<ref>Malik, pp.104-105</ref>

==Role in the Second World War==
Between 1939 and 1942, when he died, Sir Sikandar supported the British struggle against [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] and believed in cooperating with the British government in the [[Second World War]]. He believed that this support would be good for [[India]] and help it towards independence after the War ended.<ref>Malik, pp.90-92; and ''Sir Sikandar:Soldier-Statesman'' , p.73</ref> He was very active in maximizing recruitment of troops from the Punjab as part of the 'war effort' and even made morale-boosting tours of the [[Middle East]] where most Indian (especially Punjabi)troops where serving.<ref>Malik, p;54</ref> The [[Muslim League]] leadership agreed with this perspective of his and also announced full cooperation with the [[British Raj]], or government, to achieve their own ends.<ref>Malik, p.84</ref>

==Muslim League and Lahore Resolution==
Soon after winning the general elections in 1937, Sir Sikandar felt conscious of the need to maintain a balanced stance in a volatile and divided Punjabi political system.<ref>Sir Penderel Moon, ''Divide & Quit'', London:chatto & Windus, 1962, pp.19-20</ref> He thus decided to also negotiate with the [[All India Muslim League]] under the leadership of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. As a result, he and Jinnah signed the [[Jinnah-Sikandar Pact]] at [[Lucknow]] in October 1937, merging the Muslim elements of his powerful Unionist party with the Muslim League, as a move towards forming a common, united front for safeguarding their community rights and interests in India.<ref>Stanley Wolpert, ''Jinnah of Pakistan'', Karachi;OxfordUP, 1993, pp.150-151 {{ISBN|0-19-577389-6}}</ref> He was also later one of the chief supporters and architects of the [[Lahore Resolution]], March 1940, calling for an autonomous or semi-independent Muslim majority region within the larger Indian confederation<ref>Malik, p.86</ref>—which demand later led to the demand for an independent Pakistan.

==Death and Legacy==
At the time of his sudden death in December 1942, Sir Sikandar was honoured by the people of Lahore and granted burial outside the old [[Badshahi Mosque]] there, on the other side from Allama [[Muhammad Iqbal]], the poet. Much of his work was left half done, in particular his plan to help the British war effort<ref>Sir [[Winston Churchill]], in his condolence message to the Indian government and people on Sir Sikandar's death stated: ''To the Government and People of the Punjab and India--My sincere sympathy with the great loss they have sustained by the premature death of their wise and valiant leader, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan. I had the pleasure of meeting him in the Middle East on various occasions and recognizing in him both a gallant soldier and a true statesman with a broad and valiant outlook: loyal to his province, loyal to India and to the common cause of Freedom'' .Indian Press Information Department Release, 27 December 1942</ref> towards eventual Indian freedom, and his attempts to weld the Punjab together and save it from communal friction.<ref>Malik, p.111; and Imperial War Museum Archives, London UK ID INR 9, Newsreel http://www.colonialfilm.org.uk/node/6040 Retrieved 28 October 2012</ref> Many historians have opined that Sir Sikandar's early demise at the age of 50 was, arguably, a major blow to the Indian freedom movements, especially to the Punjab. He wished to preserve this intact, within a larger Indian Confederation whereby his own Muslim community could enjoy full and maximum freedom and self-governance without truncating India or the Punjab region.<ref>Sir Penderel Moon ''Divide and Quit'' London: Chatto & Windus, 1962, p.35</ref> He was too well aware of the potential bloodbath and conflict resulting from any such division or separation<ref name="Moon, p.38">Moon, p.38</ref> which, alas, was witnessed on such massive scale at the time of the August 1947 [[Partition]] of India and Pakistan. It would thus not be wrong to say that Sir Sikandar's presence would certainly have been a 'moderating influence—and his death must be reckoned a great misfortune [at the time]''.<ref name="Moon, p.38"/>

Indirectly, however, in due course, his eldest son [[Shaukat Hayat Khan]], would take on a significant role in assisting the All India Muslim League in winning an independent Pakistan, finally, in a somewhat different interpretation of the father's intentions.

==Related pages==
* [[Lahore Resolution]]
* [[Working Committee of the All-India Muslim League]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Sir Sikandar Hayat}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:People of British India]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Leaders of All India Muslim League]]
[[Category:Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]

Sikandar Hayat Khan - Revision history

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>Ahmednawabkhan: /* Background and early life */Fixed tribe and village name