Siege of Siwana - Revision history

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	\|caption=The Siwana fort		\|caption=The Siwana fort
	\|date=1308		\|date=1308
	\|combatant1= Paramaras of Siwana		\|combatant1= [[Paramaras of Siwana]]
	\|combatant2={{flag\|Delhi Sultanate}}		\|combatant2={{flag\|Delhi Sultanate}}
	\|commander1=Sitala Deva ~~{{Executed}}~~		\|commander1=Sitala Deva
	\|commander2=[[Alauddin Khalji]]<br>[[Kamal al-Din Gurg]]		\|commander2=[[Alauddin Khalji]]<br>[[Kamal al-Din Gurg]]
	\|result=Khalji victory		\|result=Khalji victory
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	== Background ==		== Background ==

	At the beginning of the 14th century, the present-day [[Rajasthan]] had several small principalities centered around hill forts. Most of these principalities had acknowledged Alauddin's suzerainty after his conquest of the powerful [[Siege of Ranthambore (1301)\|Ranthambore]] (1301) and [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)\|Chittor]] (1303) kingdoms. However, the forts of [[Siwana]] and [[Jalore Fort\|Jalore]], located in the south-west end of Rajasthan, remained independent. Siwana, located near the [[Thar Desert]], was controlled by a [[Paramara dynasty#Branches and claimed descendants\|Paramara]] chief named Sitala Deva (also called "Satal Deo" or "Sital Dev" in medieval chronicles). A number of local chiefs acknowledged his suzerainty.{{sfn\|Kishori Saran Lal\|1950\|p=134}}		At the beginning of the 14th century, the present-day [[Rajasthan]] had several small principalities centered around hill forts. Most of these principalities had acknowledged Alauddin's suzerainty after his conquest of the powerful [[Siege of Ranthambore (1301)\|Ranthambore]] (1301) and [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)\|Chittor]] (1303) kingdoms. However, the forts of [[Paramaras of Siwana\|Siwana]] and [[Jalore Fort\|Jalore]], located in the south-west end of Rajasthan, remained independent. Siwana, located near the [[Thar Desert]], was controlled by a [[Paramara dynasty#Branches and claimed descendants\|Paramara]] chief named [[Paramaras of Siwana\|Sitala Deva]] (also called "Satal Deo" or "Sital Dev" in medieval chronicles). A number of local chiefs acknowledged his suzerainty.{{sfn\|Kishori Saran Lal\|1950\|p=134}}

	According to the Delhi courtier [[Amir Khusrau]]'s ''Dawal Rani'', the Delhi army had been besieging the Siwana fort for 5–6 years without any success.{{sfn\|Banarsi Prasad Saksena\|1992\|p=396}} The legendary poem ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'' claims that on one occasion, the [[Chahamanas of Jalor\|Jalore Chahamana]] ruler [[Kanhadadeva]] sent an army in Sitala Deva's aid. The joint force defeated the Delhi army, killing the invading commanders Nahar Malik and Khandadhara Bhoja.{{sfn\|Dasharatha Sharma\|1959\|p=163}}		According to the Delhi courtier [[Amir Khusrau]]'s ''Dawal Rani'', the Delhi army had been besieging the Siwana fort for 5–6 years without any success.{{sfn\|Banarsi Prasad Saksena\|1992\|p=396}} The legendary poem ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'' claims that on one occasion, the [[Chahamanas of Jalor\|Jalore Chahamana]] ruler [[Kanhadadeva]] sent an army in Sitala Deva's aid. The joint force defeated the Delhi army, killing the invading commanders Nahar Malik and Khandadhara Bhoja.{{sfn\|Dasharatha Sharma\|1959\|p=163}}
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	The Delhi army tried to capture the fort using many methods, including a shower of arrows from the siege engines. For over three months, the defenders foiled their attempts, by throwing fire and stones at them.{{sfn\|Kishori Saran Lal\|1950\|p=135}} Meanwhile, the invaders had been constructing a ''pasheb'', an inclined mound reaching up to the fort [[battlement]]s. Once the mound was completed, Alauddin's army scaled the fort walls, and defeated the defenders after a full day of battle.{{sfn\|Banarsi Prasad Saksena\|1992\|p=396}}		The Delhi army tried to capture the fort using many methods, including a shower of arrows from the siege engines. For over three months, the defenders foiled their attempts, by throwing fire and stones at them.{{sfn\|Kishori Saran Lal\|1950\|p=135}} Meanwhile, the invaders had been constructing a ''pasheb'', an inclined mound reaching up to the fort [[battlement]]s. Once the mound was completed, Alauddin's army scaled the fort walls, and defeated the defenders after a full day of battle.{{sfn\|Banarsi Prasad Saksena\|1992\|p=396}}

	The ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'' claims that Sitala Deva was betrayed by a man named Bhayala, with whose ~~helped~~ Alauddin defiled the main water tank of Siwana with cows' blood. As the cows are [[cow in Hinduism\|sacred to Hindus]], Siwana lost its main source of water. Facing a desperate situation, the women of the fort committed ''[[jauhar]]'' (mass self-immolation), while the men decided to fight to their deaths.{{sfn\|Dasharatha Sharma\|1959\|p=164}}		The ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'' claims that Sitala Deva was betrayed by a man named Bhayala, with whose help Alauddin defiled the main water tank of Siwana with cows' blood. As the cows are [[cow in Hinduism\|sacred to Hindus]], Siwana lost its main source of water. Facing a desperate situation, the women of the fort committed ''[[jauhar]]'' (mass self-immolation), while the men decided to fight to their deaths.{{sfn\|Dasharatha Sharma\|1959\|p=164}}

	Sital Deva tried to flee to [[Chahamanas of Jalor\|Jalor]], but the Delhi soldiers ambushed and killed him on 10 November 1308. His head was later presented to Alauddin. The contemporary writer [[Amir Khusrau]] states that he was a man of huge stature, and Alauddin was astonished on seeing his giant head.{{sfn\|Kishori Saran Lal\|1950\|p=135}} The 16th-century historian [[Firishta]] incorrectly states that Sitala Deva ultimately surrendered by sending a golden statue of himself to Alauddin and asking for a pardon (which was granted). Firishta appears to have confused Sital Deva with the Kakatiya king Prataparudra.{{sfn\|Kishori Saran Lal\|1950\|p=135}}		Sital Deva tried to flee to [[Chahamanas of Jalor\|Jalor]], but the Delhi soldiers ambushed and killed him on 10 November 1308. His head was later presented to Alauddin. The contemporary writer [[Amir Khusrau]] states that he was a man of huge stature, and Alauddin was astonished on seeing his giant head.{{sfn\|Kishori Saran Lal\|1950\|p=135}} The 16th-century historian [[Firishta]] incorrectly states that Sitala Deva ultimately surrendered by sending a golden statue of himself to Alauddin and asking for a pardon (which was granted). Firishta appears to have confused Sital Deva with the Kakatiya king Prataparudra.{{sfn\|Kishori Saran Lal\|1950\|p=135}}

	After the conquest, Siwana was renamed Khayrabad. It was assigned to Malik Kamal al-Din 'Gurg', who later led the army that [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore\|captured Jalore]].{{sfn\|Peter Jackson\|2003\|p=198}}		After the conquest, Siwana was renamed Khayrabad. It was assigned to Malik Kamal al-Din 'Gurg', who later led the army that [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore\|captured Jalore]].{{sfn\|Peter Jackson\|2003\|p=198}}

	== References ==		== References ==
	{{Reflist\|2}}		{{Reflist\|2}}
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	=== Bibliography ===		=== Bibliography ===

	{{~~ref begin~~}}		{{refbegin}}
	* {{cite book \|author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena \|chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji \|editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami \|title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) \|volume=5 \|edition=Second \|year=1992 \|publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ \|oclc=31870180 }}		* {{cite book \|author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena \|chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji \|editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami \|title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) \|volume=5 \|edition=Second \|year=1992 \|publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ \|oclc=31870180 }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Dasharatha Sharma \|title=Early Chauhān Dynasties \|publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass \|year=1959 \|isbn=9780842606189 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ \|oclc=3624414 }}		* {{cite book \|author=Dasharatha Sharma \|title=Early Chauhān Dynasties \|publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass \|year=1959 \|isbn=9780842606189 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ \|oclc=3624414 }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Kishori Saran Lal \|author-link=K. S. Lal \|title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) \|year=1950 \|publisher=The Indian Press \|location=Allahabad \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ \|oclc=685167335 }}		* {{cite book \|author=Kishori Saran Lal \|author-link=K. S. Lal \|title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) \|year=1950 \|publisher=The Indian Press \|location=Allahabad \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ \|oclc=685167335 }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Peter Jackson \|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) \|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 \|year=2003 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}		* {{cite book \|author=Peter Jackson \|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) \|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 \|year=2003 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
	{{~~ref end~~}}		{{refend}}

	{{Alauddin Khalji}}		{{Alauddin Khalji}}
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	[[Category:Sieges of the Middle Ages\|Siwana]]		[[Category:Sieges of the Middle Ages\|Siwana]]
	[[Category:Sieges involving the Indian kingdoms\|Siwana]]		[[Category:Sieges involving the Indian kingdoms\|Siwana]]
			[[Category:Conflicts in 1308\|Siwana]]

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2022-01-03T14:45:48Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 20:15, 3 January 2022
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	In 1308, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] captured the [[Siwana]] fort located in present-day [[Rajasthan]], India.		In 1308, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] captured the [[Siwana]] fort located in present-day [[Rajasthan]], India.

	Alauddin's forces had been besieging the fort for several past years, but had been unsuccessful in capturing it. In ~~August-September~~ 1308, Alauddin personally arrived from Delhi, and took charge of the operations at Siwana. The Delhi army breached the fort after a few months. Faced with a defeat, Sitala Deva, the ruler of the Siwana, tried to flee, but was captured and killed.		Alauddin's forces had been besieging the fort for several past years, but had been unsuccessful in capturing it. In August–September 1308, Alauddin personally arrived from Delhi, and took charge of the operations at Siwana. The Delhi army breached the fort after a few months. Faced with a defeat, Sitala Deva, the ruler of the Siwana, tried to flee, but was captured and killed.

	== Background ==		== Background ==

imported>Nick Number: sp siege WP:TYPO

2021-03-12T03:51:27Z

sp siege WP:TYPO

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict = Siege of Siwana
|place=[[Siwana]]
|image=Fort view from below.jpg
|caption=The Siwana fort
|date=1308
|combatant1= Paramaras of Siwana
|combatant2={{flag|Delhi Sultanate}}
|commander1=Sitala Deva {{Executed}}
|commander2=[[Alauddin Khalji]]<br>[[Kamal al-Din Gurg]]
|result=Khalji victory
}}
<mapframe text="Delhi and Siwana in present-day India" width="400" height="400" zoom="6" longitude="74.83" latitude="27.16">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Siwana]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.4245092, 25.651696] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Delhi]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.2273958, 28.661898] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>
In 1308, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] captured the [[Siwana]] fort located in present-day [[Rajasthan]], India.

Alauddin's forces had been besieging the fort for several past years, but had been unsuccessful in capturing it. In August-September 1308, Alauddin personally arrived from Delhi, and took charge of the operations at Siwana. The Delhi army breached the fort after a few months. Faced with a defeat, Sitala Deva, the ruler of the Siwana, tried to flee, but was captured and killed.

== Background ==

At the beginning of the 14th century, the present-day [[Rajasthan]] had several small principalities centered around hill forts. Most of these principalities had acknowledged Alauddin's suzerainty after his conquest of the powerful [[Siege of Ranthambore (1301)|Ranthambore]] (1301) and [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|Chittor]] (1303) kingdoms. However, the forts of [[Siwana]] and [[Jalore Fort|Jalore]], located in the south-west end of Rajasthan, remained independent. Siwana, located near the [[Thar Desert]], was controlled by a [[Paramara dynasty#Branches and claimed descendants|Paramara]] chief named Sitala Deva (also called "Satal Deo" or "Sital Dev" in medieval chronicles). A number of local chiefs acknowledged his suzerainty.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=134}}

According to the Delhi courtier [[Amir Khusrau]]'s ''Dawal Rani'', the Delhi army had been besieging the Siwana fort for 5–6 years without any success.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=396}} The legendary poem ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'' claims that on one occasion, the [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Jalore Chahamana]] ruler [[Kanhadadeva]] sent an army in Sitala Deva's aid. The joint force defeated the Delhi army, killing the invading commanders Nahar Malik and Khandadhara Bhoja.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=163}}

== Siege ==

In 1308, Alauddin decided to personally lead an expedition to Siwana.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=396}} He started his march from Delhi on 2 July 1308,{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=135}} and took charge of the siege operations in Siwana in August–September 1308.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=198}} The Delhi army surrounded the fort from all sides, with Alauddin leading the contingent stationed on the eastern side of the fort. Malik [[Kamal al-Din Gurg|Kamal al-Din 'Gurg']] (or Kamaluddin) was in-charge of the [[siege engine]]s (''munjaniqs'').{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=396}}

The Delhi army tried to capture the fort using many methods, including a shower of arrows from the siege engines. For over three months, the defenders foiled their attempts, by throwing fire and stones at them.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=135}} Meanwhile, the invaders had been constructing a ''pasheb'', an inclined mound reaching up to the fort [[battlement]]s. Once the mound was completed, Alauddin's army scaled the fort walls, and defeated the defenders after a full day of battle.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=396}}

The ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'' claims that Sitala Deva was betrayed by a man named Bhayala, with whose helped Alauddin defiled the main water tank of Siwana with cows' blood. As the cows are [[cow in Hinduism|sacred to Hindus]], Siwana lost its main source of water. Facing a desperate situation, the women of the fort committed ''[[jauhar]]'' (mass self-immolation), while the men decided to fight to their deaths.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=164}}

Sital Deva tried to flee to [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Jalor]], but the Delhi soldiers ambushed and killed him on 10 November 1308. His head was later presented to Alauddin. The contemporary writer [[Amir Khusrau]] states that he was a man of huge stature, and Alauddin was astonished on seeing his giant head.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=135}} The 16th-century historian [[Firishta]] incorrectly states that Sitala Deva ultimately surrendered by sending a golden statue of himself to Alauddin and asking for a pardon (which was granted). Firishta appears to have confused Sital Deva with the Kakatiya king Prataparudra.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=135}}

After the conquest, Siwana was renamed Khayrabad. It was assigned to Malik Kamal al-Din 'Gurg', who later led the army that [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore|captured Jalore]].{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=198}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |oclc=3624414 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Alauddin Khalji}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate|Siwana, Siege of]]
[[Category:Last stands|Siwana, Siege of]]
[[Category:Thar Desert]]
[[Category:Sieges of the Middle Ages|Siwana]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Indian kingdoms|Siwana]]