JyotikaSBaliarsingh: Creating new pg...

2025-12-07T06:10:36Z

Creating new pg...

New page

{{Short description|Military campaign lead in 1558}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
The '''siege of Santhome (1558)''' was a military campaign led by [[Rama Raya]] of Vijayanagara against the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] settlement of [[Santhome]] of Mylapore. Portuguese records provide limited details, Indian sources suggest that [[Rama Raya]]’s forces, numbering around 500,000 troops, surrounded the city while a separate [[Vijayanagara]] contingent besieged [[Goa]] to prevent reinforcements. The Portuguese opted for negotiation over resistance. A ransom of 100,000 pagodas was imposed, and five leading citizens were taken hostage until full payment was made.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="fps"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/forgotten_empire_vijayanagar_-_robert_sewell/page/n247/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Forgotten Empire Vijayanagar - Robert Sewell|pages=193–194}}</ref>

==Background==
The Franciscan Friars, who had been present in [[Santhome]] and [[Negapatam]] from the outset, were responsible for the desecration of several [[Hindu temples]] and the destruction of idols, replacing them with [[Christian churches]] and chapels. By 1542, they had constructed two churches in [[Negapatam]] one dedicated to St. Francis and the other to Nossa Senhora da Saude leading to the conversion of around three thousand people to [[Catholicism]]. Shortly after, the Jesuits arrived and continued the Franciscans’ efforts, further expanding missionary activities. The [[Brahmins]] deeply concerned about these actions, brought the matter to the attention of the Regent of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. However, he refrained from taking any action against the Portuguese probably because of the need to uphold favorable ties with them, especially to ensure a consistent supply of warhorses, which were vital for the empire’s military campaigns.<ref name="bps">{{Cite book |last=Rev Henry Heras |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77307/page/n115/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Aravidu Dynasty Of Vijayanagar |date=1927|pages=67–69}}</ref><ref name="cps">{{Cite book |last=M.h. Rama Sharma |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.480302/page/n248/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The History Of The Vijayanagar Empire |date=1917|page=212}}</ref><ref name="fps">{{Cite book |last=Sastri K. A. Nilakanta. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.505532/page/280/mode/1up?view=theater |title=A History Of South India (1958) |date=1958 |pages=280–281|publisher=Oxford University Press.}}</ref>

==Planning==
In the early summer of 1558, [[Rama Raya]] carefully planned his military campaign, organizing his forces into two divisions. One was placed under his direct command, while the other was entrusted to his cousin, Rama Raya Vitthala, a seasoned warrior who had proven his abilities in the conflicts against [[Travancore]] in 1544 and the [[Pandyas]] in 1549. This contingent, numbering approximately 100,000 troops, included 10,000 cavalry, 100 war elephants, and a limited number of artillery pieces. Accompanying him was the Keladi prince, Dodda Sankanna Nayaka, an experienced commander known for his decisive victory over the rebellious Jambur chief Virupanna. Sankanna Nayaka’s forces consisted of around 20,000 soldiers, 1,000 cavalry, and 50 elephants. Together, their mission was to march toward [[Goa]] focusing their attack on its vulnerable southern approach.<ref name="aps">{{Cite book |last=Unknown |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-21st-issue-2/page/155/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Journal of Indian history and culture |date=2015|pages=156–160}}</ref>

During the first half of the year, Portuguese fleets were occupied in their long voyages across the [[Atlantic]] and [[Indian Oceans]], leaving their territories vulnerable. Viceroy Francisco Barreto, who governed from 1555 to 1558, had no reason to anticipate an attack from [[Vijayanagara]], an ally of the Portuguese. However, this attack was only a diversion. While Vitthala Nayaka led a siege on [[Goa]] Rama Raya commanded the main force, a massive army of nearly 500,000 troops, in a direct assault on [[Santhome]] of Mylapore. Santhome was of great religious importance to the Portuguese making its conquest highly symbolic. Moreover, with Portuguese forces in [[Goa]] occupied by Vitthala Nayaka's offensive, no reinforcements could be dispatched to defend [[Mylapore]].<ref name="aps"/><ref name="fps"/>

==Expedition==
Portuguese chroniclers like Da Couto and Faria y Sousa mention only the campaign against [[Santhome]] claiming that a Portuguese renegade convinced [[Rama Raya]] to launch the attack, aiming to capture its vast riches, estimated at over 2,000,000 gold pagodas. However, the identity of this traitor remains unknown. With an army of half a million soldiers and a formidable artillery force, [[Rama Raya]] advanced toward the city. News of his approach caused panic among the settlers, This led the city’s leaders to gather for a council to decide their course of action. Among them, a merchant named Pero da Taide Inferno advocated for armed resistance against the attack. Others believed that resistance was futile and instead recommended negotiating a settlement.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="fps"/>

Pero da Taide, refusing to support negotiations, departed [[Santhome]] on a ship bound for [[Bengal]]. To appease [[Rama Raya]] four prominent citizens of the city presented him with a gift worth 4,000 cruzados, though its exact details remain unknown. The city itself was lavishly adorned with flowers and fine cloth to welcome the regent. However, instead of entering [[Rama Raya]] established his camp outside and ordered his captains to gather all residents, regardless of age or status, and detain them without harm. The city’s wealth was then presented before him, but it amounted to only 100,000 pardaos far less than expected. Enraged at the deception, he had the renegade executed by trampling under an [[Elephant|elephant]]. He then agreed to release the captives in exchange for a ransom of 100,000 pagodas, with half payable immediately and the rest within six months. To ensure Obedience, he took five prominent citizens as hostages but ordered all confiscated property to be returned to its rightful owners. A notable incident occurred when a silver spoon was reported missing from a house after inquiries the [[Vijayanagara]] captains ensured its return. Satisfied with the outcome, [[Rama Raya]] returned to his capital and later released the hostages pleased with their conduct.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="fps"/>

==Aftermath==
[[Rama Raya]]’s campaign successfully restrained Portuguese aggression, preventing them from engaging in further hostilities for the rest of his rule. No records exist of Portuguese attacks on [[Vijayanagara]]’s vassals until the empire’s eventual downfall. Trade and commerce between the two powers continued unhindered, leading to the growth and prosperity of Portuguese settlements. Missionary activities, which had previously caused tensions, were largely put on hold. the Portuguese focused on strengthening their fortifications, a decision that proved crucial in the years following [[Vijayanagara]]’s collapse. Meanwhile, the empire suffered a devastating defeat at the hands of the Deccan Sultans in the [[Battle of Tallikota]] in 1565.<ref name="aps"/>

Rama Raya’s death and the destruction of Vijayanagara’s capital marked the end of the empire’s dominance. Though the kingdom persisted in a weakened state, shifting its capital to Penukonda and later to Chandragiri, it never recovered its former strength. This decline had significant consequences for the Portuguese. They lost a crucial trading partner and no longer enjoyed the autonomy and protection they had benefited from for over fifty years. However, in the immediate aftermath, they faced no direct setbacks. With Vijayanagara no longer a formidable force, the Portuguese were free to expand their influence along the coast without opposition and soon resumed their aggressive maritime activities unchecked by the weakened remnants of the empire.<ref name="aps"/>
==See also==
* [[Portuguese Empire]]
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
* [[Santhome]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:1558 in India]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara Empire]]

Siege of Santhome - Revision history

JyotikaSBaliarsingh: Creating new pg...