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{{Short description|1666 conflict in Deccan}}{{About|1666 siege of Ponda|other sieges|Siege of Ponda (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Ponda
| width = 330px
| partof =
| image = File:FORT.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| alt =
| caption = [[Ponda Fort]] in 2010
| date = January 1666 A.D.
| place = [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]], [[Goa]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15|24|10|N|74|00|28|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Karnataka#India
| map_relief = -
| map_size = 290px
| map_mark = Big battle symbol.svg
| map_marksize = 8
| map_caption = Siege of Ponda (1666)
| map_label = Ponda (1666)
| territory =
| result = [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] victory<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Powell-Price|1955|p=357}} "While Shivaji have failed to capture the Bijapur fort of Ponda near Goa and returned to Raigarh"</ref>
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]]{{Efn|Mughal vassal at that time}}
| combatant2 = [[Bijapur Sultanate]]<br>'''Supported by'''<br>[[File:Flag of Portugal (1521).svg|25px]] [[Portuguese India|Portuguese Goa]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[Shivaji]]{{Efn|Mughal general at that time<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7X4vQAACAAJ&q=Phonda |title=The Marathas 1600-1818 |date=2007-02-01 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=74 |isbn=978-0-521-03316-9 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| commander2 = Muhammad Khan<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ali|1996|p=129}}</ref>
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 = 2,000<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1961|pp=234-235}} "From this place [Khelna] he [Shivaji] sent 2,000 men under a Muhammadan officer to besige Phonda"</ref>
| strength2 = unknown
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = 500 killed<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1961|p=235}} "The garrison resisted for two months (February and March) killing 500 Marathas."</ref>
| casualties2 = unknown
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Shivaji}}
}}

The '''Siege of Phonda'''<ref name=":1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Pagdi|1974|pp=157-158}}</ref> was a military conflict between the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] and the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] over the strategic fort of Phonda ([[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]]), located at the borders of [[Goa]]<ref name=":1" /> in the year 1666, led by [[Shivaji]], the first [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-AkzVA0tUUC |title=People's Raj |date=1974 |publisher=Directorate-General of Information and Public Relations. |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref> This was one of two sieges held in this location, with a [[Siege of Ponda|second siege]] in 1675.

== Prelude ==
The [[Battle of Purandar]] concluded with the signing of the [[Battle of Purandar|Treaty of Purandar]] on 11 June 1665. [[Shivaji]] relinquished control of 23 of his forts to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], and subsequently acknowledged Mughal suzerainty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLbwcH7DltYC |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay |date=1962 |publisher=The Society |pages=178 |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji, then a Mughal commander was tasked to capture the [[Panhala Fort|fort of Panhala]] and [[Ponda Fort|Phonda]] from the [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur Sultanate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C |title=The Marathas 1600-1818 |date=2007-02-01 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03316-9 |pages=[https://books.google.com.bd/books?redir_esc=y&id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&q=Ponda#v=onepage&q&f=false 74] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Shivaji]] made the decision to initiate the siege of [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] fort. The fort was being held by a Bijapuri commander named Muhammad Khan.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ali|1996|p=129}}</ref>

== The Siege ==
In January 1666, [[Shivaji]] dispatched 2,000 soldiers under a Muslim general who laid siege on the [[Ponda Fort|Fort of Ponda]] under his command.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1961|p=295}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Setumaadhavaraav |first=Pagadii |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.287415 |title=Chhatrapati Shivaajii |date=1989 |pages=64 |language=hi}}</ref> The garrison of the fort resisted for next two months killing 500 Marathas.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1961|p=235}}</ref> Meanwhile 5,000 cavalry and 1,000 infantry arrived under the command of [[Siddi Masud]], Abdul Aziz and [[Rustam Zaman|Rustam-i-Zaman]] to the [[Panhala]] region. The Bijapur army planned to attack Shivaji but failed to execute the assault, giving Shivaji the opportunity to flee.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1961|p=235}} "they formed a plan for surprising Shivaji, who lay on the top of the hill over-looking Konkan. When their Van, under Rustam, approached, he beat his drums and sounded his trumpets and thus gave his friend Shivaji timely warning to escape."</ref>

Masud Siddi charged the retreating Marathas with 600 cavalry, killing 200 of them. While returning back he intercepted Shivaji's friendly letters to Rustam. The letters were immediately sent to Adil Shah who unwillingly, pardoned Rustam but threatened to dismiss him if he fails to lift the siege of Phonda.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1961|p=235}} "At this Adil Shah wrote to Rustam that though he reluctantly pardoned this act of disloyalty, he would dismiss him unless he raised the siege of Phonda. Rustam then wrote to his agent Muhammad Khan to save Phonda by all means"</ref> Rustam communicated to Muhammad Khan to spare no effort in defending the fort. The [[Portuguese India|Portuguese Viceroy of Goa]] provided ammunition and other assistance to the commander, aligning with the Adil Shahis of [[Bijapur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Apte |first=Bhalchandra Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jx48AAAAMAAJ |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume |date=1975 |publisher=University of Bombay |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ali|1986|p=86}}</ref>

Muhammad Khan carved a plan to attack the Maratha army under Shivaji's general. Moving down in a town off from Phonda with a small force, Muhammad Khan informed Shivaji's general that he had come to visit his country. As Shivaji and Rustam were friends, the general did not suspect. The Muslim general began offering prayers on top of the hill. Muhammad Khan ambushed and defeated the unprepared Maratha army, routing their siege-camp and overcoming the returning forces after a fierce battle. Despite the protracted siege, Shivaji failed<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1961|p=235}} "Muhammad Khan could get together only a small force, with which he went and sat down in a town of his master’s about three miles from Phonda, and sent word to the general of Shivaji that he had only come to look after his own country. The general suspected no stratagem, as his master and Rustam were friends. He went with his Muslim soldiery to a hill a mile off in order to say his prayers in public. Muhammad Khan seized this opportunity; he surprised and routed the soldiers left in the siege-camp, and after a long and well contested fight defeated the rest of the Maratha army who had hurried back from the hill."</ref>

Despite the protracted siege, Shivaji now failed<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Powell-Price|1955|p=357}}</ref> to seize control of the fort<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ali|1986|p=66}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Tamble|1982|p=84}}</ref> and ultimately retreated to his territory at Raigarh Fort.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Pagdi|1974|p=|pp=157-158}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Mhamai|1984|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kUZSHKhKJ4gC&pg=PP17&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false 5]}}</ref> The fort's commandant emerged triumphant in defending the fort and preventing it from falling under Shivaji's dominion.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ali|1986|p=62}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Mhamai|1984|p=[https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=kUZSHKhKJ4gC&pg=PP17&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false 5]}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
After an unsuccessful siege, Shivaji returned to [[Raigad Fort|Raigarh]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Powell-Price|1955|p=357}} "While Shivaji have failed to capture the Bijapur fort of Ponda near Goa and returned to Raigarh"</ref> Rustam also took five towns viz. Pondá, [[Kudal]], Banda, [[Sanquelim]] and [[Bicholim]] from Shivaji.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1961|p=236}} "Rustam hath taken now Phonda, Kudal, Banda, Sanquelim and Bicholim"</ref> In May 1666, [[Shivaji]] was summoned by [[Aurangzeb]] to Agra (though some sources mention Delhi) along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Jr|2015|p=190}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Battle of Purandar]]
*[[Siege of Ponda (1675)]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Powell-Price |first=John Cadwgan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFTRAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of India |date=1955 |publisher=T. Nelson |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kamble |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HdQgAAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in Shivaji and His Times |date=1982 |publisher=Shivaji University |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pagdi |first=Setumadhava Rao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKwdAAAAMAAJ |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji |date=1974 |publisher=Continental Prakashan |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Shanti Sadiq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDtuAAAAMAAJ |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times |date=1996 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ali |first=B. Sheikh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCZuAAAAMAAJ |title=Goa Wins Freedom: Reflections and Reminiscences |date=1986 |publisher=Goa University |isbn=978-81-85571-00-3 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jr |first=Everett Jenkins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |date=2015-05-07 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://archive.org/details/shivaji-and-his-times-jadunath-sarkar/mode/1up |title=Shivaji and His Times |date=1961 |publisher=M. C. Sarkar & Sons Pvt. Ltd |isbn= |edition=6th |location=Calcutta |language=en |orig-year=1919}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mhamai |first=S. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUZSHKhKJ4gC |title=SAWANTS OF WADI Coastal Politics in 18th and 19th Centuries |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1984 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Shivaji]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Maratha kings]]

Siege of Ponda (1666) - Revision history

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