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{{Short description|1690–1698 siege}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Jinji
| partof = [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]]
| image = Maharani Tarabai of Karvir.jpg
| caption = [[Tarabai]] in battle.
| date = September 1690{{Spaced ndash}}8 January 1698
| place = [[Gingee Fort|Jinji Fort]] in modern day [[Tamil Nadu]].
| result = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Nayak]] victory [[Gingee Fort|Jinji Fort]] captured by [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]
| territory = The [[Mughal Empire]] gained control of much of modern day [[Tamil Nadu]].
| combatant1 = [[Mughal Empire]] [[Madurai Nayaks]]
| combatant2 = [[Maratha kingdom]]
| commander1 = [[Zulfikar Khan]] [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]] [[Daud Khan of the Carnatic|Daud Khan]] [[Swarup Singh of Gingee|Swarup Singh]] Mehboob Khan [[Fath Muhammad|Fateh Muhammad]] [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh]] [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Mir Shahab ud-Din]] [[Ali Raja|Ali Raja Ali II]] [[Mangammal]]
| commander2 = [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] [[Tarabai]] [[Santaji Ghorpade]] [[Dhanaji Jadhav]] [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]]
| strength1 = 20,000 [[Sepoy]]s 5,000 [[Sowar]] and [[Zamburak]] 60 [[Cannon]]s 2,000 [[Matchlock]]s 150 [[War elephant]]s
| strength2 = 7,000–8,000 infantry<ref>Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500–1700 By J.J.L. Gommans, p.192 [https://books.google.com/books?id=kNiAAgAAQBAJ&dq=shahaji+zulfiqar+khan&pg=PA192]</ref>
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
{{Campaignbox Later Mughal-Maratha Wars}}

The '''siege of Jinji''', (September 1690–8 January 1698) began when the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] appointed [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfiqar Ali Khan]] as the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] and dispatched him to besiege and capture [[Gingee Fort|Jinji Fort]], which had been sacked and captured by [[Maratha Empire]] troops led by [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]], they had also ambushed and killed about 300 [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Sowar]]s in the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]]. The [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] then ordered [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I]] to protect the supply routes leading to Jinji Fort and to support and provide reinforcements to Zulfiqar Ali Khan when needed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.san.beck.org/2-9-MughalEmpire1526-1707.html |title=Mughal Empire 1526-1707 by Sanderson Beck |publisher=San.beck.org |access-date=2012-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=Tony |date=2015-06-26 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges |url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website= |page=395 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Mangammal|Rani Mangammal]] of the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]] played a key role in assisting [[Zulfikhar Ali Khan|Zulfiqar Ali Khan]].

The siege of Jinji was also the longest siege by any single Mughal Army in [[recorded history]] – it lasted for a lingering 8 years.

==Background==
[[Gingee Fort|Jinji Fort]] had been under the control of the [[Adil Shahi]]s of [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]] since the year 1649. In the year 1677, the Maratha king [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji]], routed the Bijapur forces and captured Jinji Fort and renovated it to European standards. He constructed new ramparts around the fort, dug ditches, erected towers, created basins, and executed all these works with perfection.<ref>Maratha Rule in the Carnatic by C. K. Srinivasan p. 149-157 [https://books.google.com/books?id=sezdpA_4h7wC&q=gingee+shivaji+european]</ref> The fort was then placed under the command of the Mahadik clan. The fort was later chosen as the second capital for the Maratha Chhatrapati Rajaram to relieve Mughal pressure from [[Raigad fort]] and divert their manpower.

Outraged by the slaughter of the Mughal Sowars in the region, the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb dispatched Zulfiqar Ali Khan to besiege and capture the massive Jinji Fort. But besieging the fort was no easy task. It enclosed an area of 7 km2 (2.7 sq mi), and its walls were 30 ft high and 66 ft thick. It is elevated 800 ft (240 m) high, and protected by an 80 feet (24 m) wide moat. There were three very important hills within the fort and a large pond containing fresh water.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927145501/http://www.airavat.com/guerrila_warfare2.htm Gingee in the Mughal-Maratha wars]</ref>

==Encirclement of Jinji Fort==
Immediately after encircling the fort in the year 1690, with his Mughal Sowars and [[Zamburak]], Zulfiqar Ali Khan placed [[Swarup Singh of Gingee|Swarup Singh]] and young Mehboob Khan (a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[Muslim]] nicknamed ''Maavuthukaran'') in command of the [[Sepoy]]s. [[Daud Khan of the Carnatic|Daud Khan]] was appointed ''Mir Atish'' or lead gunner of 60 [[cannon]]s placed at various locations. [[Fatah Muhammad]] was the lead commander of the [[Rocket artillery]] consisting of 50 men. [[Muslim]] [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] and [[Tamil people|Tamil]]s were recruited and good relations were established with [[Ali Raja|Ali Raja Ali II]].

Zulfiqar Ali Khan then ordered the [[Maratha]] to surrender but Rajaram refused and the bombardments began but with little success. Desperately searching for a quick victory Zulfiqar Ali Khan made all efforts to gather men, ammunition and money for a successful war with them. He even allied himself with [[Fort St. George]]'s English Governor [[Elihu Yale]].

In the coming years Zulfiqar Ali Khan would attempt to breach the walls with limited resources. He managed to protect the trade routes and make contact with Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I on many occasions. He defended nearby land owners, and led four massive assaults upon the Marathas inside the fort. However, most of his focus was towards the vicinity of the fort and he continuously expected and correctly predicted Maratha ambushes instead of besieging the fort itself.

Zulfikhar Ali Khan was briefly joined by Aurangzeb's son Prince [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh]]. On one occasion when the Mughal encampments around Jinji fort were surrounded by the Maratha rebels, he actually decided to defect. His plans were foiled; he was put to chains and imprisoned in a ditch which was covered by a tent by Zulfikhar Ali Khan, who managed to expel the roving Marathas with [[Matchlock]]s. Zulfikhar Ali Khan then wrote a letter informing the Mughal Emperor of his son's betrayal, Aurangzeb then sent his trusted [[vizier]] [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]] to retrieve Prince Muhammad Kam Bakhsh. Asad Khan arrived with the finest weapons, carriages and thousands of reinforcements.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Jinji |title=Aurangzeb - Muni Lal - Google Boeken |isbn=9780706940176 |access-date=2012-08-01|last1=Lal |first1=Muni |year=1988 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House }}</ref> When Prince Muhammad Kam Baksh, was brought in chains before Aurangzeb, the Mughal Emperor almost had him beheaded, but Aurangzeb was deterred by the pleas of his own daughter [[Zinat-un-Nissa Begum|Zinat-un-nissa]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&q=mughal+empire |title=The Mughal Empire |first=John F. |last=Richards |author-link=John F. Richards |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=9780521566032 |access-date=2012-08-01}}</ref>

Queen Mangammal had realized the renegade Rajaram had entrenched himself within Jinji and had been bent upon attacking [[Thanjavur]] and [[Madurai]] if the Mughal Army was to withdraw. Mangammal soon recognized Aurangzeb as her suzerain and began to assist Zulfikhar Ali Khan in attacking the fort.

Zulfikhar Ali Khan then set up a base in [[Wandiwash]]. In 1697 Zulfikhar Ali Khan led 18,000 men from his camp (8000 Sowars and 10,000 [[Sepoy]]s) in order to fight an assembling Maratha force in Thanjavur sent by [[Shivaji II]] and [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]] and possibly aided by the Madurai Nayaks, numbering over 40,000 men, with the objective to relieve the siege of Jinji Fort and continue their hostilities against the Mughal Empire. Zulfikhar Ali Khan and his considerably smaller battalion then defeated the ill-equipped Maratha force and routed them from Thanjavur.

Because Zulfikhar Ali Khan did not often receive assistance and supplies from the Mughals he began to forage the countryside in order to recover his losses. In 1697 Rajaram offered to negotiate, but Aurangzeb ordered Zulfikhar Ali Khan to initiate an all-out assault. Zulfikhar Ali Khan returned he made efforts to hire European gunners and then led his final fourth assault into Jinji Fort in the year 1698. Forced into action, the Mughal Army battered the walls with cannon fire, which eventually allowed them to scale the walls and capture the lower citadels, which were armed with cannons that bombarded the higher citadel. After heavy bombardments the Mughals captured the higher citadel. Zulfikhar Ali Khan captured four of Rajaram's wives, three sons and two daughters, while Rajaram himself fled. Rajaram's family was later sent back by Zulfikar Khan to [[Vellore]] where Rajaram was.<ref>{{Cite web |title=रणरागिणी ताराराणी - Ranragini Tararani by Dr. Sadashiv Shivade - Snehal Prakashan - BookGanga.com |url=https://www.bookganga.com/eBooks/Books/Details/5524590464076248173 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.bookganga.com}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
According to Mughal accounts Zulfikhar Ali Khan named Jinji Fort, "Nusratgarh" after its capture, but the condemned Maratha leader Rajaram had somehow escaped earlier on during the siege, causing much dismay for Zulfikhar Ali Khan. However, the Mughal rule at Jinji eventually paved the way to the establishment of the Nawab of the Carnatic and the [[Sultanate of Mysore]].

But according to [[Hindu]] accounts, it was due to the efforts of Swarup Singh of [[Bundela]], that the Mughals were successful. The Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb, himself granted Swarup Singh a position of [[Mansabdar]] of 2,500 and gave him total command and administration of Jinji Fort in 1700 AD. But after Swarup Singh died of old age in 1714, his newly arriving son De Singh was given command according to an official [[Firman]] by the Mughal Emperor [[Jahandar Shah]]. This action was considered outrageous to [[Muhammed Saadatullah Khan I]] who personally marched to Jinji Fort with 18,000 men and killed De Singh and declared himself the administrator of Jinji Fort.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Mughal Empire|state=expanded}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Sieges involving the Maratha Empire|Jinji]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Mughal Empire|Jinji]]
[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1690s in India]]
[[Category:1690 in India]]
[[Category:1698 in India]]
[[Category:1690s conflicts|Jinji]]
[[Category:Battles involving Madurai Nayakas]]

Siege of Jinji - Revision history

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