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{{Short description|Conflict in the Mughal-Sikh Wars}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Jalalabad
| partof = [[Mughal-Sikh Wars]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = July–August 1710{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=169-172}}
| place = [[Jalalabad, Muzaffarnagar]], [[Indian subcontinent|India]]
| territory =
| result = Mughal victory<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muzzafar |first=Alam |title=The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and Punjab, 1707-48 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780199082384 |pages=147|quote=The army of Jalal Khan Rohilla, Fajudar of the sarkar and Saiyid Taj-ud-Din Barha which effected a crushing defeat on the Sikhs in 1710 in Jalalabad comprised a sizeable number of zamindars along with the shurafa of the region.}}</ref>
| combatant1 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.png|25px]] First Sikh State
| commander1 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|20px]] [[Jalal Khan Orakzai]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|20px]] Dindar Ali Khan [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|20px]] Hazbar Khan{{KIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|20px]] Jamal Khan{{KIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|20px]] Pir Khan{{KIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|20px]] Saiyid Taj-ud-Din Barha
| commander2 = [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.png|20px]] [[Banda Singh Bahadur]]
| strength1 = 5,400–6,400 according to Sagoo, and unknown number of [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]s{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=170}} 12,000 according to IHC<ref name="Indian History Congress 1961 143">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0x7jAAAAMAAJ&q=jalal+khan+rohilla+sadat |title= Proceedings - Indian History Congress |author= Indian History Congress |date=1961 |page= 143 |quote=A Saharanpur, but Jalal Khan Rohilla, many Sadat and others numbering 6,000 sawars and the same number of foot had faced them near thana Jalalabad and Muzaffarnagar, referred to a popular belief that the guru was God Shankar himself ...
}}</ref>
| strength2 = 70,000–80,000{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=171}}
| casualties1 = High
| casualties2 = High
}}
{{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}}

The '''siege of Jalalabad''' occurred in 1710 between the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]{{efn|made up of Afghans}} forces of [[Jalal Khan Orakzai|Jalal Khan]] and the Sikh forces of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]]. Banda Singh Bahadur attacked the Mughal stronghold of [[Jalalabad, Muzaffarnagar|Jalalabad]]. The army opposing Banda Singh was composed of a sizeable number of the Mughal [[zamindar]]s and [[shurafa]], including many [[Sadaat-e-Bara|Sadat]],<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yXZCAAAAYAAJ&q=jalal+khan+and+many+sadat |title= Proceedings, Volume 24 |date= 1963 |last1= Congress |first1= Indian History }}</ref> Banda Singh Bahadur repelled Mughal and [[Pathan]] forces after four days from the battlefield and back into the town, but failed to capture the town and withdrew.<ref name="jalalabad">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=484|author= Jacques, Tony|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5}}</ref>

==Background==
Banda Singh Bahadur was notified that Sikh people were imprisoned and persecuted in the village of Unarsa, and the conditions were distressing for the [[Hindus]], facing cruel treatment and tyranny in the town of Jalalabad, ruled by Jalal Khan Orakzai, a [[Rohilla|Rohilla Afghan]] of high renown and military experience.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=168-169}} Banda Singh sent his emissaries to Jalal Khan to stop the oppression against the non-Muslims but his messengers were mistreated by being put on horses and paraded through the town, afterwards being sent back.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=167}} Therefore, Banda Singh Bahadur marched towards Jalalabad.<ref>{{cite book|title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty|last=Sagoo|first=Harbans Kaur|url=https://archive.org/details/BandaSinghBahadurAndSikhSovereignty/page/n183/mode/1up |year=2001|isbn=9788176293006|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |pages=168, 169}}</ref> On the way to Jalalabad, Banda Singh defeated, captured and plundered [[Sarsawa]], [[Saharanpur]], Beyhut, Ambeyta, [[Nanauta]], with half the administrative towns of Saharanpur falling under Sikh rule.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=170}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Surjit|url= https://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury/page/39/mode/2up|title= Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century|page=37|date=1999}}</ref>

==Battle and siege==
Upon hearing of the nearby villages assailed by the Sikhs and their advance towards his capital, Jalal Khan the former [[faujdar]] and Sayyid Taj-ud-Din Barha began preparations to defend his town and fort.<ref>{{cite book |quote=Next, the Sikhs wrote to Jalal Khan, former faujdar, calling upon him to submit. He lived at a town founded by him, and called Jalalabad, it lies about thirty miles south of Saharanpur and about twenty miles west of Deoband. |title= Later Mughal |page=102 |author=William Irvine |date=1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&dq=jalalabad+founded+by+jalal+khan&pg=PA101 }}</ref> He dispatched an army of musketeers, archers and cavalry to provide relief to the besieged villages. The arrival of Jalal Khan's reinforcements encouraged and emboldened the besieged [[Ryot|peasantry]] and villagers to engage the Sikhs in battle. His army in Saharanpur were composed of [[Sayyid]]s and other [[zamindar]]s numbering 6,000 cavalry.<ref name="Indian History Congress 1961 143">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0x7jAAAAMAAJ&q=jalal+khan+rohilla+sadat |title= Proceedings - Indian History Congress |author= Indian History Congress |date=1961 |page= 143 |quote=A Saharanpur, but Jalal Khan Rohilla, many Sadat and others numbering 6,000 sawars and the same number of foot had faced them near thana Jalalabad and Muzaffarnagar, referred to a popular belief that the guru was God Shankar himself ...
}}</ref> Several conflicts later ensued between the Sikhs and the ruling class of the region, known as the [[Shurafa]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YDtuAAAAMAAJ&q=jalal+khan+shurafa |title= The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and the Punjab, 1707-48 |author=Muzaffar Alam |date=1986 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-561892-1 }}</ref> As the Sikhs advanced halfway from Nanauta to Jalalabad, they were confronted by the [[Mughal army|Mughal Army]] commanded by Jalal Khan's nephew, Hazbar Khan, and his brother in law, Ghulam Mohammad Khan Banira.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwpDAAAAYAAJ&q=jalal+khan+ghulam+muhammad+banira |title= The Panjab Past and Present: Volume 18 |page=28 |date=1984 }}</ref> The sanguinary battle took place for 3–4 days where the Sikhs caused heavy casualty on the Mughal camp and on the other side while Jalal Khan didn't move outside of Jalalabad, his relatives inflicted heavy losses on the Sikh encampments during their night attacks. Jalal Khan's nephews Jamal Khan and Pir Khan were ultimately killed along with Hazbar Khan and numerous [[Ghazi (warrior)|ghazis]], resulting in the repulsion of the Mughal Army back into the town walls.<ref name="jalalabad"/>{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=171}} The town was eventually besieged, the countryside of Jalalabad was devastated by the Sikhs but they were repulsed during their numerous attempts to capture the fort and town. Their tactics included encircling the town with [[wooden cannon]]s, attempting to destroy the town walls, climbing up the walls and burning the gates but they remained unsuccessful. Due to the strong walls of the town, the unpleasant weather that flooded the surrounding of the fort, along with its banks overflowed by the River Krishna, and especially after being notified of urgent calls from the Sikhs of central [[Punjab]] appealing for help against their local [[faujdar]]s, and that the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]] had sent reinforcements to recover the lost territories in Punjab, Banda Singh Bahadur abandoned the siege for more urgent matters after 20 days of ineffectual fighting and the loss of several soldiers. At the time of the siege, Banda was reported to have been commanding an army of 70,000-80,000 men.<ref name="jalalabad"/>{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=171}}{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=38}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalalabad 1710}}
[[Category:Sieges involving the Mughal Empire|Jalalabad 1710]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs]]
[[Category:1710 in India]]
[[Category:1710 in military history]]
[[Category:1710s in the Mughal Empire]]

Siege of Jalalabad (1710) - Revision history

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