2A00:23C5:FE18:2700:59D6:A2E3:D03E:9F39 at 01:23, 20 December 2021

2021-12-20T01:23:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:53, 20 December 2021
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	==Uses==		==Uses==
	From ~~The~~ [[International Institute of Tropical Forestry]], a division of the [[USDA\|United States Department of Agriculture]] Forest Service:		From the [[International Institute of Tropical Forestry]], a division of the [[USDA\|United States Department of Agriculture]] Forest Service:
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	Arrowleaf sida [[plant stem\|stem]]s are used as rough cordage, sacking, and for making [[broom]]s. The stems have a high quality [[fiber]] and were once exported from [[India]] and elsewhere as “[[hemp]]” (Guzmán 1975, Holm and others 1997). Chemical analysis revealed that the leaves contain respectable amounts of nutrients: 74,000 to 347,000 ppm [[protein]], 94,000 to 475,000 ppm [[carbohydrates]], 33,000 to 167,000 ppm fiber, 14,000 to 71,000 ppm [[fat]], and 16,000 to 81,000 ppm ash. However, it was reported that the [[root]] contained 450 ppm [[alkaloids]] and the presence of [[ephedrine]] and [[saponin]] (Southwest School of Botanical Medicine 2002). Another source reports an alkaloid content in the root of 0.1 percent and the presence of [[choline]], [[pseudoephedrine]], [[Phenethylamine\|beta-phenethylamine]], [[vascin]], [[hipaphorine]] and related [[indole]] alkaloids (Shaman Australis Ethnobotanicals 2002). Perhaps because of these chemicals, arrowleaf sida is unpalatable to [[cattle]] (Kuniata and Rapp 2001). Arrowleaf sida has significant medicinal applications for which it is cultivated throughout India. The pounded [[leaves]] are used to relieve swelling, the fruits are used to relieve [[headache]], the [[mucilage]] is used as an [[emollient]], and the root is used to treat [[rheumatism]] (Parrotta 2001). [[Australia]]n [[Aboriginal Australians\|Aborigines]] use the herb to treat [[diarrhoea]]. Leaves are [[smoking\|smoked]] in [[Mexico]] and a [[herbal tea\|tea]] is prepared in India for the stimulation it provides (Shaman Australis Ethnobotanicals 2002).<ref name="IITF">[http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Sida%20rhombifolia.pdf The International Institute of Tropical Forestry (USDA) Forest Service], ''Sida rhombifolia'' L.</ref>		Arrowleaf sida [[plant stem\|stem]]s are used as rough cordage, sacking, and for making [[broom]]s. The stems have a high quality [[fiber]] and were once exported from [[India]] and elsewhere as “[[hemp]]” (Guzmán 1975, Holm and others 1997). Chemical analysis revealed that the leaves contain respectable amounts of nutrients: 74,000 to 347,000 ppm [[protein]], 94,000 to 475,000 ppm [[carbohydrates]], 33,000 to 167,000 ppm fiber, 14,000 to 71,000 ppm [[fat]], and 16,000 to 81,000 ppm ash. However, it was reported that the [[root]] contained 450 ppm [[alkaloids]] and the presence of [[ephedrine]] and [[saponin]] (Southwest School of Botanical Medicine 2002). Another source reports an alkaloid content in the root of 0.1 percent and the presence of [[choline]], [[pseudoephedrine]], [[Phenethylamine\|beta-phenethylamine]], [[vascin]], [[hipaphorine]] and related [[indole]] alkaloids (Shaman Australis Ethnobotanicals 2002). Perhaps because of these chemicals, arrowleaf sida is unpalatable to [[cattle]] (Kuniata and Rapp 2001). Arrowleaf sida has significant medicinal applications for which it is cultivated throughout India. The pounded [[leaves]] are used to relieve swelling, the fruits are used to relieve [[headache]], the [[mucilage]] is used as an [[emollient]], and the root is used to treat [[rheumatism]] (Parrotta 2001). [[Australia]]n [[Aboriginal Australians\|Aborigines]] use the herb to treat [[diarrhoea]]. Leaves are [[smoking\|smoked]] in [[Mexico]] and a [[herbal tea\|tea]] is prepared in India for the stimulation it provides (Shaman Australis Ethnobotanicals 2002).<ref name="IITF">[http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Sida%20rhombifolia.pdf The International Institute of Tropical Forestry (USDA) Forest Service], ''Sida rhombifolia'' L.</ref>

imported>RAJIVVASUDEV: +Walissima

2021-05-06T03:33:13Z

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New page

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Sida rhombifolia in Kadavoor.jpg
|genus = Sida
|species = rhombifolia
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
[[File:Sida rhombifolia at Kadavoor.jpg|thumb|''Sida rhombifolia'' flower, in [[Kerala]]]]

'''''Sida rhombifolia''''', commonly known as '''arrowleaf sida''',<ref>[http://iu.ff.cuni.cz/pandanus/database/details.php?id=1049&enc=utf&sort=ka&display=20&lat=&skt=on&pkt=&hin=&ben=&tam=&mal=&eng=&start=0 Pandanus database of Indian plants]</ref> is a [[perennial plant|perennial]] or sometimes [[annual plant]] in the Family [[Malvaceae]], native to the [[Old World]] [[tropics]] and [[subtropics]]. Other common names include '''rhombus-leaved sida''', '''Paddy's lucerne''', '''jelly leaf''', and also somewhat confusingly as '''Cuban jute''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SIRH|taxon=Sida rhombifolia|accessdate=12 November 2015}}</ref> '''Queensland-hemp''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |accessdate=2014-10-17 }}</ref> and '''Indian hemp''' (although ''S. rhombifolia'' is not related to either [[jute]] or [[hemp]]). [[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]] include ''Malva rhombifolia''. It is used in [[Ayurvedic medicine]], where it is known as '''kurumthotti'''.

The stems are erect to sprawling and branched, growing 50 to 120 centimeters in height, with the lower sections being woody. The dark green, diamond-shaped [[Leaf|leaves]] are arranged alternately along the stem, 4 to 8 centimeters long, with [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]] that are less than a third of the length of the leaves. The leaves are paler below, with short, grayish hairs. The apical half of the leaves have toothed or serrated margins while the remainder of the leaves are entire (untoothed). The petioles have small spiny [[stipule]]s at their bases.

The moderately delicate [[flower]]s occur singly on [[Peduncle (botany)|flower stalks]] that arise from the area between the stems and leaf petioles. They consist of five petals that are 4 to 8 millimeters long, creamy to orange-yellow in color, and may be somewhat reddish in the center. Each of the five overlapping petals is asymmetric, having a long lobe on one side. The [[stamen]]s unite in a short column. The [[fruit]] is a ribbed capsule, which breaks up into 8 to 10 segments. The plant blooms throughout the year.

This species is usually confined to waste ground, such as roadsides and rocky areas, stock camps or rabbit warrens, but can be competitive in pasture, because of its unpalatability to livestock.

==Uses==
From The [[International Institute of Tropical Forestry]], a division of the [[USDA|United States Department of Agriculture]] Forest Service:
<blockquote>
Arrowleaf sida [[plant stem|stem]]s are used as rough cordage, sacking, and for making [[broom]]s. The stems have a high quality [[fiber]] and were once exported from [[India]] and elsewhere as “[[hemp]]” (Guzmán 1975, Holm and others 1997). Chemical analysis revealed that the leaves contain respectable amounts of nutrients: 74,000 to 347,000 ppm [[protein]], 94,000 to 475,000 ppm [[carbohydrates]], 33,000 to 167,000 ppm fiber, 14,000 to 71,000 ppm [[fat]], and 16,000 to 81,000 ppm ash. However, it was reported that the [[root]] contained 450 ppm [[alkaloids]] and the presence of [[ephedrine]] and [[saponin]] (Southwest School of Botanical Medicine 2002). Another source reports an alkaloid content in the root of 0.1 percent and the presence of [[choline]], [[pseudoephedrine]], [[Phenethylamine|beta-phenethylamine]], [[vascin]], [[hipaphorine]] and related [[indole]] alkaloids (Shaman Australis Ethnobotanicals 2002). Perhaps because of these chemicals, arrowleaf sida is unpalatable to [[cattle]] (Kuniata and Rapp 2001). Arrowleaf sida has significant medicinal applications for which it is cultivated throughout India. The pounded [[leaves]] are used to relieve swelling, the fruits are used to relieve [[headache]], the [[mucilage]] is used as an [[emollient]], and the root is used to treat [[rheumatism]] (Parrotta 2001). [[Australia]]n [[Aboriginal Australians|Aborigines]] use the herb to treat [[diarrhoea]]. Leaves are [[smoking|smoked]] in [[Mexico]] and a [[herbal tea|tea]] is prepared in India for the stimulation it provides (Shaman Australis Ethnobotanicals 2002).<ref name="IITF">[http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Sida%20rhombifolia.pdf The International Institute of Tropical Forestry (USDA) Forest Service], ''Sida rhombifolia'' L.</ref>
</blockquote>

In [[Alor Island|Alor]], Eastern Indonesia the leaves are used to treat boils, and the root is used to treat infant asthma.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Usman |first=Masni H. |location=Malang |year=2011
|title=Etnobotani Pemanfaatan Tumpuhan Obat oleh Masyarakat Kecamatan Alor Tengah Utara, Kabupaten Alor, Nusa Tenggara Timur
|publisher=Universitas Islam Negeri Malang |type=Skripsi|url=http://etheses.uin-malang.ac.id/969/}}</ref>{{rp|56}}

==See also==
*[[Walissima]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?5042,5093,5094 Jepson Manual Treatment]
* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SIRH USDA Plants Profile]
* [http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/sidrh.htm Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide]
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Sida+rhombifolia Photo gallery]
{{WestAfricanPlants|Sida rhombifolia}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3595921}}

[[Category:Sida (plant)|rhombifolia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Plants used in Ayurveda]]

Sida rhombifolia - Revision history

2A00:23C5:FE18:2700:59D6:A2E3:D03E:9F39 at 01:23, 20 December 2021

imported>RAJIVVASUDEV: +Walissima