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{{Short description|Philosophy propounded by Vallabhacharya}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
[[File:Shri mahaprabhuji.jpg|x216px|thumb|right|[[Vallabhacharya]], who propounded the philosophy of Shuddadvaita]]
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Shuddadvaita''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{IAST|śuddhādvaita}} "pure non-dualism") is the "purely non-dual" philosophy propounded by the Hindu philosopher [[Vallabha]] (1479–1531 CE), the founder of {{IAST|Puṣṭimārga}} ("The path of grace"), a [[Vaishnava]] tradition focused on the worship of the deity [[Krishna]].

The [[Shrinathji]] temple at [[Nathdwara]], and compositions of eight poets ({{IAST|aṣṭasakha}}), including [[Surdas]], are central to the worship by the followers of the sect.<ref name="Martin">Martin, Nancy M., "North Indian Hindi devotional literature" in {{Harvnb|Flood|2003|pp=182–198}}</ref>

==History==
Shuddhadvaita, or "pure non-dualism," is a Vedantic philosophy. It identifies the original Absolute Truth as the personal Supreme Being, Krishna, who manifests the universe through his own nature for divine play (lila).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Long |first1=Jeffery D. |title=Hinduism and Tribal Religions |last2=Sherma |first2=Rita |last3=Jain |first3=Pankaj |last4=Khanna |first4=Madhu |date=2021 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-024-1187-4 |pages=1552–1555 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sharad |title=Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimārg: Allegations, Conspiracy and Facts |last2=Goswami |first2=Maitri |last3=Patel |first3=Dhawal |last4=Sharma |first4=Utkarsh |publisher=Shree Vallabhacharya Trust |year=2021 |pages=129, 168, 178}}</ref> The tradition recognizes Vallabhacharya as its primary philosopher. It also acknowledges an Acharyatrayi (three founding authorities) consisting of Vallabhacharya, his elder son Shri Gopinathji, and his younger son Shri [[Vitthalanatha|Vitthalnathji]] (Gusainji), who further systematized the sect's liturgy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sharad |title=Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimārg: Allegations, Conspiracy and Facts |last2=Goswami |first2=Maitri |last3=Patel |first3=Dhawal |last4=Sharma |first4=Utkarsh |publisher=Shree Vallabhacharya Trust |year=2021 |pages=34, 38, 86, 473}}</ref> He is known as the early founder of the [[Rudra Sampradaya|Rudra sampradaya]], one of the four main traditions of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaites]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Vijay Prakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krBPtA-3_8UC&dq=rudra+sampradaya&pg=PA57 |title=The Sadhus And Indian Civilization |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-261-0108-5 |language=en}}</ref> [[Vallabhacharya]] revived it in the 15th century, composing a partial commentary on the [[Brahma Sutras]] (''Anubhashya'') and a full commentary on the [[Bhagavata Purana]] (''Subodhini''). After Vallabhacharya's death, his son [[Vitthalanatha]] completed the commentary on the Brahma Sutras.<ref name=":0" />

Central to this path is the Brahmsambandh initiation. In this ritual, the devotee performs Atmanivedan (self-dedication), offering their body, mind, and wealth (tan-man-dhan) to Krishna. This is believed to remove the soul's fundamental ignorance and defects.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sharad |title=Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimārg: Allegations, Conspiracy and Facts |last2=Goswami |first2=Maitri |last3=Patel |first3=Dhawal |last4=Sharma |first4=Utkarsh |publisher=Shree Vallabhacharya Trust |year=2021 |pages=60, 337, 367, 478, 700}}</ref> A distinction in this theology was clarified following the Maharaj Libel Case (1862). The dedication is directed solely to the personal God. Vallabhacharya's descendants are regarded as a Gurudwaar (the gateway or instrument of the original teacher), not as the Absolute themselves.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sharad |title=Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimārg: Allegations, Conspiracy and Facts |last2=Goswami |first2=Maitri |last3=Patel |first3=Dhawal |last4=Sharma |first4=Utkarsh |publisher=Shree Vallabhacharya Trust |year=2021 |pages=385, 635, 691}}</ref>

In the early 20th century, a scholarly revival was led by figures such as Mulchand Teliwala and Ranchhoddas Patwari. They published critical editions of the original Sanskrit commentaries. This work, according to the tradition, aimed to preserve the philosophy from versions presented during the colonial era that were considered distorted or misinterpreted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sharad |title=Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimārg: Allegations, Conspiracy and Facts |last2=Goswami |first2=Maitri |last3=Patel |first3=Dhawal |last4=Utkarsh |publisher=Shree Vallabhacharya Trust |year=2021 |pages=586–591, 684–685}}</ref> This scholarship contributed to the status of Shuddhadvaita as a Vedantic system of Sakara Brahmavada (the doctrine of Brahman with form).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sharad |title=Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimārg: Allegations, Conspiracy and Facts |last2=Goswami |first2=Maitri |last3=Patel |first3=Dhawal |last4=Sharma |first4=Utkarsh |publisher=Shree Vallabhacharya Trust |year=2021 |pages=23, 430, 580–581, 586–591}}</ref>

Later scholarly work expanded the Shuddadvaita philosophy. Purusottama (1668–1781), Vallabhacharya's seventh descendant, wrote commentaries on the Anubhashya (known as ''Prakasha''), the ''Subodhini'', and ''Vidvan Mandana''. His adopted son Gopesvara (1780–1830) further wrote a commentary on ''Prakasha'' called ''Rashmi''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Chandradhar |title=A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-0365-7 |pages=365–366 |language=en}}</ref>

==Central topics==
In the ancient Vedic tradition of knowledge and comprehension of reality, the central theme would be experiencing the Supreme Entity or [[Brahman]]. [[Vedas]] primarily contain references to the ''advaita'' nature of Brahman. However, depending on how a scholar perceives those verses, they might see duality—''dvaita'' aspect as well. This ambiguity has led to several philosophical traditions in the [[History of India|Indian history]], such as:

*[[Advaita]] vāda of [[Adi Shankaracharya]]
*[[Vishistadvaita]] vāda of [[Ramanujacharya]]
*[[Dvaita]] vāda or Bhedavāda of [[Madhvacharya]]
*[[Dvaitadvaita]] vāda of [[Nimbarkacharya]]
*[[Shuddhadvaita]] vāda of [[Vallabhacharya]]
*[[Achintya Bheda Abheda]] vāda of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]

==Vallabhacharya==
{{Main|Vallabhacharya}}
[[Vallabhacharya]] was a devotional philosopher, who founded the [[Pushtimarg|Pushti]] sect in India. He won the title of [[acharya]] by traveling and debating [[advaita]] scholars from a young age.

In 1493-94 [[Vallabhacharya]] is said to have identified an image of Krishna at the [[Govardhan hill]] at [[Braj]]. This image, now called [[Shrinathji]] and located at [[Nathdwara]], [[Rajasthan]], is central to the worship by Vallabha followers.<ref name= Colas/>

===Initiating mantra===
According to Vallabha tradition, one night in 1494, [[Vallabhacharya]] received the ''Brahmasambandha mantra'' (the [[mantra]] that binds one with [[Brahman]], or Krishna) from [[Krishna]] himself (hence the name, {{IAST|mukhāvatāra}}) at [[Gokul]]a. The eight-syllable mantra, ''{{IAST|śri kṛṣṇaḥ śaraṇaṃ mama}}'' (Lord Krishna is my refuge), is passed onto new initiates in Vallabh sampradaya. It is believed that the divine name has the power to cleanse the recipient of all impurities of the soul ({{IAST|doṣas}}).<ref name =Beck>{{Harvnb|Beck|1993|pp=194–195}}</ref><ref name= Colas>Colas, Gerard, "History of {{IAST|Vaiṣṇava}} traditions" in {{Harvnb|Flood|2003|pp=229–270}}</ref>

==Philosophy==
{{Vaishnavism}}

=== Metaphysics ===
The school of in-essence [[monism]] or purified non-dualism of Vallabha sees equality in "essence" of the individual self with God. There is no real difference between the two (like the analogy of sparks to fire). However, unlike Shankara's Advaita, Vallabha does not deny God as the whole and the individual as the part. The individual soul is not the Supreme ([[Satcitananda]]) clouded by the force of [[Avidya (Hinduism)|avidya]], but is itself [[Brahman]], with one attribute (ananda) rendered imperceptible. The soul is both a doer and enjoyer. It is atomic in size, but pervades the whole body through its essence of intelligence (like sandalwood makes its presence felt through its scent even if sandalwood can't be seen).

Unlike Advaita, the world of [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]] is not regarded as unreal, since Maya is nothing else than a power of [[Ishvara]]. Ishvara is not only the creator of the universe but is the universe itself. Vallabha cites the [[Chandogya Upanishad]] sections 6.1–6.4, that [[Brahman]] desired to become many, and he became the multitude of individual souls and the world. Although Brahman is not known, He is known when He manifests Himself through the world .

As is customary in Vaishnavism, [[bhakti]] is the means of salvation, though [[Jnana]] is also useful. Karmas (understood as daily and occasional ritual acts) precede knowledge of the Supreme, and are present even when this knowledge is gained. The liberated perform all karmas. The highest goal is not [[wikt:mukti|Mukti]] or liberation, but rather eternal service of [[Krishna]] and participation along with His activities in His Divine abode of Vrindavana. Vallabha distinguishes the transcendent consciousness of Brahman as [[Purushottama]]. Vallabha lays a great stress on a life of unqualified love and devotion towards God. Devotees are to serve God without any personal motives.<ref>{{Citation |last=Saha |first=Shandip |title=Kṛṣṇa devotion in western India |date=2013 |work=Contemporary Hinduism |pages=140 |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=P. Pratap |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/contemporary-hinduism/krsna-devotion-in-western-india/077D8B8B5005ACD722C3BDEFB8283E38 |access-date=2024-09-04 |series=Religions in Focus |publisher=Acumen Publishing |isbn=978-1-84465-689-9}}</ref>

In all the philosophical traditions, it is common practice to describe how the Supreme Entity Brahman is related to us and our surroundings. In Suddhadavaita, otherwise known as Brahmavaad, the One, secondless Ultimate Reality is the only category. Every other thing has proceeded from it at the time of creation, is non-different from it during creation and merges into it at the time of dissolution. The two other well known categories namely the animate souls and the inanimate objects are respectively its parts and modifications. The animate souls are its parts because they retain to some extent the essential qualities thereof namely consciousness and joy. The inanimate objects are its modification because the above said qualities are absent therein.<ref>PhD thesis,[http://www.pushtimarg.net/newPushti/pushti_vidhanam/book/english/bramhavaad.pdf "The system of Shuddhadwait Vedant of Vallabhacharya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404040213/http://www.pushtimarg.net/newPushti/pushti_vidhanam/book/english/bramhavaad.pdf |date=4 April 2016 }} by Goswami Raghunathji</ref>

===''Moksha'' (liberation)===

In Shuddhadvaita philosophy, the concept of Moksha (liberation) is categorized based on a hierarchy of bliss and the qualification of the soul. Standard liberation, described as the removal of suffering or merging into the impersonal Absolute (Brahmanand), is a recognized goal.Shuddhadvaita texts, however, describe this as trivial (tuccha) compared to Bhagavat-prapti (attaining the personal Lord). <ref>{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sharad |title=Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimārg: Allegations, Conspiracy and Facts |last2=Goswami |first2=Maitri |last3=Patel |first3=Dhawal |last4=Sharma |first4=Utkarsh |publisher=Shree Vallabhacharya Trust |year=2021 |pages=600–601, 606–607, 611}}</ref> In the [[Kali Yuga]], it is believed that the forms of bhakti mentioned in the scriptures are nearly impossible to practice, so the followers of [[Vallabhacharya]] recommend ''pushti bhakti'' – which is the end itself and not means to an end, giving moksha, joy and oneness with Shree Krishna. It illustrates oneness with Shree Krishna can be achieved merely by having true belief and love for Shree Krsna and recitation of the Brahmasambandha mantra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brahmsambandh |url=http://www.vpofct.org/brahmsambandh.html |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=VAISHNAV PARIVAR OF CONNECTICUT |quote=It illustrates oneness with Shree Krishna can be achieved merely by having true belief and love for Shree Krsna and recitation of the Brahmasambandha mantra.}}</ref>

Vallabhacharya established that liberation is only possible due to God's grace.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Frederick |date=August 2005 |title=The Hierarchy of Philosophical Systems According to Vallabhācārya |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=421–453 |doi=10.1007/s10781-004-6928-2 }}</ref>

===Everything is Krishna's Leela===

According to the version of [[Vaishnava Theology]] [[Vallabhacharya]] espoused; the glorious [[Krsna|Krishna]] in His "[[Satcitananda]]" form is the Absolute, [[Svayam Bhagavan]]. He is permanently playing out His sport (leela) from His seat in the Goloka which is even beyond the divine [[Vaikuntha]], the abode of [[Vishnu]] and [[Satya-loka]], the abode of [[Brahma]] the Creator, and [[Mount Kailash|Kailas]], the abode of [[Shiva]]. Creation is His sport.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brahma Vaivarta Purana - Brahma Khanda |url=https://kamakoti.org/kamakoti/brahma%20vaivartha/bookview.php?chapnum=2 |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham |quote=Some fifty crore yojanas underneath Golaka, was Vaikuntha to the right side and Shivaloka to the left.}}</ref>

===Atma-nivedana===

It is that bhakti which gives itself up body, heart and soul to the cause of God. It is considered to be the fullest expression of what is known as Atma-nivedana (= giving-up of oneself) among the nine forms of bhakti ([[Bhakti#Nine forms of Bhakti|Navadha Bhakti]]). It is the bhakti of the devotee who worships God not for any reward or presents but for His own sake. Such a devotee goes to Goloka after leaving this body and lives in eternal bliss enjoying the sports of the Lord. The classical example of this complete self-effacement is that of the cow-herdesses towards [[Krishna]]. They spoke no word except prayer and they moved no step except towards [[Krishna]]. Their supreme-most meditation was on the lotus-feet of [[Krishna]].Thus it is by God's grace alone that one can obtain release from bondage and attain Krishna's heaven, Goloka.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=November 1997 |title=The Path of Grace |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/november-1997/1997-11-the-path-of-grace/ |magazine=Hinduism Today}}</ref>

===Ashta-chhaap===

In V.S. 1602 (1545 CE), Vallabhacharya's son Vitthalnath, also known as Gusainji, established the eight-fold system of singing the name and glory of Shrinathji (Kirtana).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=अष्टछाप कवि |encyclopedia=भारतकोश |url=https://en.bharatdiscovery.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF&oldid=15488 |access-date=11 March 2026 |quote=गोस्वामी बिट्ठलनाथ ने सं.1602 के लगभग अपने पिता वल्लभ के 84 शिष्यों में से चार और अपने 252 शिष्यों में से चार को लेकर अष्टछाप के प्रसिद्ध भक्त कवियों की मंडली की स्थापना की।}}</ref> He entrusted this responsibility to eight poet-disciples of Vallabhacharya and his own. They are called the ashta-chhaap, or Eight Seals, after the eight divine services to Shrinathji from morning until he is put to sleep.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keay |first=Frank Ernest |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:A_History_of_Hindi_Literature.djvu/86 |title=A History of Hindi Literature |publisher=Association Press |year=1920 |page=86 |quote=Vallabhacharya and his son Vitthalnath... each had four disciples, all of whom were Hindi poets. They are known as the Ashta Chhap, or the Eight Seals.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Aṣṭachāp |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Astachap |access-date=11 March 2026 |quote=Poems written by the Aṣṭachāp form the core group of hymns sung to Krishna in Vallabhite temples.}}</ref> Foremost among them was [[Surdas]], the blind poet of [[Agra]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sūrdās |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Surdas |access-date=11 March 2026 |quote=The greatest of the group was Sūrdās, who is remembered as a blind singer and whose descriptions of the exploits of the child-god Krishna are particularly well known.}}</ref>

These are Surdas, Krishna Das, Paramanand Das, Kumbhan Das, Chaturbhuj Das, Nand Das, Chhitswami, and Govind Das. The first four poets and singers were Vallabhacharya's disciples, while the other four were Gusainji's.

==Shuddhadwait Martand==
Shuddhadwait is defined more thoroughly in verse 27–28 from Shuddhadwait Martand:

शुद्धाद्वैतापदे ज्ञेय: समास: कर्मधारय: I

अद्वैतं शुद्धयो: प्राहुः षष्ठी तत्पुरुषं बुधा: II

मायासंबंधरहितमं शुद्धमित्युच्यते बुधै: I

कार्यकरणरूपमं हि शुद्धं ब्रह्म न मायिकम़् II<ref>Shuddhadwait Martand, verse 27–28</ref>

{{blockquote|"It is Karmdharay samaas : Shuddham ch tat adwaitam ''(The Pure and its non-dualism)''. Or, it is the Shashti Tatpurush samaas Shuddhyoh adwaitam (The Non-dual is pure). In this system, the combination of Maya with Brahm is done away with; therefore the cause of this world is not Brahm covered by Maya. But the pure Brahm and only pure Brahm is the effect and cause of this world."<ref>Anubhashya on Brahmsutras, 2005, Introduction pp. iv</ref>}}

The Shuddhadvaita philosophy has also been explained by various scholars of the sect, such as [[Devarshi Ramanath Shastri]], who has enunciated the tenets of this philosophy in his books ''Shuddhadvait Siddhantasaar'' (Hindi and Gujarati) and ''Shuddhadvaita Darshan''.<ref>''Shuddhadvait Darshan'' (vol.2), Pub. Mota Mandir, Bhoiwada, Mumbai, 1917</ref><ref>''Shuddhadvait Darshan'' (in 3 Vols.) (New Edition), Pub. Vidya Vibhag, Nathdwara, 2000</ref>

== Traditions following Suddhadvaita ==
[[Vallabha]]charya founded the Krishna-centered Pushti-Marga sect of Vaishnavism in the [[Braj|Braj(Vraj)]] region of India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lindtner |first=Chr. |date=1999-06-16 |title=Jaina Philosophy and Religion. (English translation of Jaina Darsana by Muni Shri Nyayavijayaji). Translated by Nagin J. Shah. |journal=Buddhist Studies Review |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=263–264 |doi=10.1558/bsrv.v16i2.14664 |issn=1747-9681 |s2cid=247906664 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In modern times followers of Shuddadvaita are concentrated in the states of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref name="Beck" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book
|last=Beck
|first = Guy L.
|author-link= Guy Beck
|title=Sonic theology: Hinduism and sacred sound
|publisher=University of South Carolina Press
|location=Columbia, S.C
|year=1993
|pages=
|isbn=0-87249-855-7
}}
*{{Citation
| last=Flood
| first=Gavin (Ed)
| author-link = Gavin Flood
| year=2003
| title=Blackwell companion to Hinduism
| place=
| publisher= [[Blackwell Publishing]]
| edition=
| isbn=0-631-21535-2
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.pushtipedia.com/ Encyclopedia on Pushtimarg]
* [http://www.vallabhacharyakrupa.org/ Pustimarg Sahitya by Mota Mandir Mumbai]

{{VaisnavaSampradayas}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophy]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Advaita]]
[[Category:Advaita Shaivism]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]

Shuddhadvaita - Revision history

Siddhant Babu Gamers: starting new entry v1