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{{Short description|Vaishno Devi shrine management board}}
{{About|the organization that manages the shrine|the temple|Vaishno Devi Temple|the presiding deity|Vaishno Devi|other uses|Vaishno Devi (disambiguation)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{pov|date=April 2026}}
{{original research|date=April 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board
| native_name = श्री माता वैष्णो देवी श्राइन बोर्ड
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| image = SMVDSB LOGO.png
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = SMVDSB Logo
| formed = {{start date and age|1986|08|30}}
| keydocument1 = Jammu and Kashmir Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Act, 1988
| agency_type = Statutory autonomous board
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| headquarters = [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]], [[Reasi district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position = Chairman
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position = Chief Executive Officer
| parent_department =
| website = {{URL|https://www.maavaishnodevi.org}}
}}
The '''Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board''' (SMVDSB), commonly referred to as the '''Shrine Board''', is the statutory and autonomous body responsible for the management, administration, and governance of the Holy Shrine of [[Vaishno Devi|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Ji]] and its endowments.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maavaishnodevi.org/about |title=About Us |publisher=Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref name="yatra">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/wmsZ_yatra-a-guide-to-the-holy-pilgrimage-of-shri-mata-vaishno-devi-shri-mata-vaishno/mode/2up |title=Yatra: A Guide to the Holy Pilgrimage of Shri Mata Vaishno Devi}}</ref><ref name="act1988">The Jammu & Kashmir Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Act, 1988 (Act No. XVI of 1988)</ref> The Board's jurisdiction encompasses the lands and buildings attached to the Shrine, extending from the base camp in [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] up to the Holy Cave and the adjoining hillocks.<ref name="yatra"/>

== History and formation ==
Before the Board's establishment, the Shrine's management and control rested with a private trust known as the Dharmarth Trust and a group of traditional local residents called Baridars.<ref name="yatra"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Pintchman |first=Tracy |year=2001 |title=Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-5007-9}}</ref> The Baridars collected offerings based on their turn (''bari''), but the pilgrimage was marred by a lack of facilities, mismanagement, and hardships for the devotees.<ref name="yatra"/>

In August 1986, the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir, [[Jagmohan]], initiated the takeover of the Shrine's management, citing a desire to end "material and moral corruption" and regenerate the cultural wasteland.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=Georgana |last2=Stoddard |first2=Robert |year=2010 |title=Vaishno Devi, the Most Famous Goddess Shrine in the Siwāliks |journal=Geography Faculty Publications |publisher=University of Nebraska - Lincoln}}</ref> This action was formalized by the Jammu and Kashmir State Legislature as the Jammu & Kashmir Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Act, 1988, which retroactively came into force on August 30, 1986.<ref name="act1988"/> The Act extinguished all previous rights of the Baridars and vested the ownership of the "Shrine Fund" entirely in the newly formed Board.<ref name="act1988"/><ref name="yatra"/>

== Governance and composition ==
The SMVDSB is a body corporate with perpetual succession and a common seal.<ref name="act1988"/> The administration and governance of the Shrine and the Shrine Fund vest in a Board comprising a Chairman and no more than ten members.<ref name="act1988"/> The [[Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] (formerly the Governor) serves as the ''[[ex officio]]'' Chairman.<ref name="act1988"/> If the Lieutenant Governor is not a Hindu, they may nominate an eminent Hindu to act as Chairman.<ref name="act1988"/>

The Chairman nominates nine other members who have distinguished themselves in the service of Hindu religion or culture, administration, legal affairs, or financial matters, including two women who have excelled in social work or the advancement of women.<ref name="act1988"/> A Chief Executive Officer (CEO), ranking no less than a District Magistrate, is appointed alongside other officers to efficiently discharge the Board's functions.<ref name="act1988"/> All members, officers, and servants of the Board are deemed public servants.<ref name="act1988"/>

== Infrastructure and yatra management ==
[[File:LG Sinha inugurating Command and Control centre.jpg|alt=SMVDSB chairman inauguration event.|thumb|SMVDSB chairman Manoj Sinha at an inauguration]]
Since its inception, the SMVDSB has focused heavily on improving infrastructure to handle the massive influx of pilgrims. The annual footfall grew from roughly 13.95 lakh in 1986 to over 46 lakh by 2003, and peaked at nearly 10.5 million (104.95 lakh) in 2012.<ref name="smvdsb_main">{{cite web |url=http://www.maavaishnodevi.org/ |title=Official Website |publisher=Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board}}</ref><ref name="loksabha_2014"/> The Shrine has consistently maintained high footfall in recent years, recording over 9.5 million (95.22 lakh) visitors in 2023 and 9.48 million (94.83 lakh) in 2024, marking three consecutive years with over 9 million annual pilgrims.<ref name="admin_report_2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/sites/default/files/2023-08/Administrative_Report_2023-24.pdf |title=Administrative Report 2023-24 |publisher=Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board}}</ref><ref name="et_pilgrims_2024">{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/with-94-8-laks-visitors-vaishno-devi-shrine-records-second-highest-number-of-pilgrims-in-decade/articleshow/116846442.cms |title=With 94.8 lakh visitors, Vaishno Devi Shrine records second highest number of pilgrims in decade |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2025-01-01 |access-date=2026-03-23}}</ref>
* '''Track and cave access:''' To ease congestion at the main Shrine, which originally could only accommodate about 2,000 pilgrims per day, the Board constructed two new access tunnels to the holy cave, the first being built in 1989 by the National Projects Construction Corporation.<ref name="kour_thesis_2017">{{cite thesis |last=Kour |first=Sanmeet |date=2017 |title=An Economic Analysis of Religious Tourism: A case Study of Tourist Influx to Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine |type=Ph.D. |publisher=[[University of Jammu]] |hdl=10603/361460}}</ref> The Board has also paved and illuminated the 14-kilometer pilgrimage route, maintaining an alternate track utilized for battery car services, emergency access, and material transport.<ref name="kour_thesis_2017"/>
* '''Facilities and accommodation:''' The Board manages numerous accommodation facilities (such as Niharika Yatri Niwas, Vaishnavi Dham, and Saraswati Dham), resting places (Vishram Sthals), and free blanket stores supported by automatic dry-cleaning plants.<ref name="yatra"/><ref name="kour_thesis_2017"/> It runs several Bhojanalayas on a non-profit, no-loss basis, providing hygienic vegetarian food prepared without onion and garlic. Over 100 toilet blocks and numerous drinking water coolers have been installed along the route.<ref name="yatra"/>
* '''Sanitation and environment:''' The Board deploys a dedicated sanitation workforce of over 1,000 personnel {{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}. To promote environmental sustainability along the tracks, it has installed 'flush-me-not' waterless urinals to reduce water consumption and reverse vending machines for the scientific disposal and recycling of PET bottles.<ref name="statesman_cleanest_2018">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/mata-vaishnodevi-declared-cleanest-religious-place-1502692811.html |title=Mata Vaishnodevi declared ‘cleanest religious place’ |work=The Statesman |date=2018-10-04 |access-date=2026-03-23}}</ref>
* '''Ropeways and Sky Walk:''' A 375-meter passenger ropeway operates between Bhawan and the Bhairon Ji Temple, carrying up to 800 pilgrims per hour.<ref name="admin_report_2023"/> To facilitate logistics, a separate material ropeway runs from Siar Dabri to Bhawan with a 5-ton per hour capacity.<ref name="kour_thesis_2017"/> In October 2023, a 250-meter-long Sky Walk (Yatri Queue Management System) was inaugurated at Bhawan, elevated 20 feet above the track, to separate pilgrim flow and improve crowd management.<ref name="admin_report_2023"/>
* '''Helicopter services:''' In addition to the existing helicopter route between Katra and Sanjichhat, the Board launched a direct helicopter service from Jammu to the shrine (landing at the newer Panchi helipad) in June 2024.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} Designed to assist pilgrims with time constraints, the service offers "Same Day Return" and "Next Day Return" packages, priced at {{INR}}35,000 and {{INR}}60,000 respectively, which bundle flights with priority darshan, battery car transport, and meals.<ref name="et_jammu_heli_2024">{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/j-k-helicopter-service-from-jammu-to-vaishno-devi-shrine-begins/articleshow/111256877.cms |title=Jammu to Vaishno Devi helicopter service begins: Here are fare and other details |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2024-06-25 |access-date=2026-03-23}}</ref>
* '''Free Langar (Community Kitchens):''' The Board operates free Langar Sewas for pilgrims at Tarakote Marg, Sanjichhat, and the Bhairon Ji Temple complex.<ref name="admin_report_2023"/>
* '''Medical, security, and technology:''' The Board provides round-the-clock medical facilities, including an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at Bhawan, a 24-bedded hospital at Sanjichhat, and medical centers at Adkuwari and Banganga.<ref name="yatra"/> For safety and crowd management, a computerized Yatra Registration Counter (YRC) issues mandatory Yatra slips to pilgrims, which automatically insures them against accidental casualties.<ref name="yatra"/> The Board has also introduced RFID yatra access cards for real-time tracking, supported by over 700 CCTV cameras across the route.<ref name="admin_report_2023"/> In December 2025, to further prevent overcrowding, the Board updated its crowd management protocols, mandating that pilgrims must commence their journey within 12 hours of receiving the RFID card and complete their round trip to the Katra base camp within 24 hours.<ref name="patrika_rfid">{{cite news |url=https://www.patrika.com/en/national-news/new-year-brings-changes-to-vaishno-devi-yatra-rules-know-whats-new-20201366 |title=New Year Brings Changes To Vaishno Devi Yatra Rules: Know What's New |work=Patrika |date=2025-12-24 |access-date=2026-03-21}}</ref>

To further develop Katra and the surrounding region, the Board has approved several upcoming cultural and infrastructural projects. These include the establishment of an international "Shakti" museum, a sound-and-light show detailing the region's spiritual legacy, and an official documentary on the Shrine. {{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}Additionally, the Board has formed a dedicated committee to evaluate strategies for expanding pilgrimage capacity and further enhancing crowd management.<ref name="toi_katra">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/news/vaishno-devi-shrine-board-approves-first-of-its-kind-shakti-museum-sound-and-light-show-to-transform-katra/articleshow/128110007.cms |title=Vaishno Devi Shrine Board approves first-of-its-kind Shakti museum, sound and light show to transform Katra |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2026-03-21}}</ref> To accommodate increasing footfall, the Board is also expediting several capacity-building infrastructure projects scheduled for completion by 2025, including the New Vaishnavi Bhawan with family rooms, an all-weather queue complex at Darshani Deodi and Banganga, and a dedicated exit track for seamless crowd movement.<ref name="et_pilgrims_2024"/>

== Incidents and controversies ==
In August 2025, a severe landslide near Adhkuwari, triggered by heavy rainfall, resulted in the deaths of 35 pilgrims and injured 20 others, leading to a temporary suspension of the yatra. In the immediate aftermath, the Shrine Board took responsibility for repatriating the bodies of the deceased to their native places and provided medical treatment to the injured at the Board-run Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Narayana Superspeciality Hospital.<ref name="et_landslide_relief">{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/vaishno-devi-shrine-board-takes-responsibility-for-sending-bodies-of-landslide-victims-to-their-native-places/articleshow/123555993.cms |title=Vaishno Devi Shrine Board takes responsibility for sending bodies of landslide victims to their native places |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2025-08-28 |access-date=2026-03-23}}</ref> During the suspension, the Board cancelled all bookings and issued full refunds to devotees.<ref name="statesman_landslide_2025">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/vaishnodevi-shrine-board-cancels-bookings-with-full-refund-amid-yatra-suspension-1503479635.html |title=Vaishnodevi Shrine Board cancels bookings with full refund amid Yatra suspension |work=The Statesman |date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2026-03-21}}</ref> Following the incident, the Board faced criticism for allegedly continuing the pilgrimage despite severe weather alerts. The SMVDSB formally refuted these allegations, stating that operations were conducted strictly in accordance with official weather forecasts and advisories.<ref name="statesman_landslide_2025"/> However, in October 2025, a local court in Katra directed the police to submit an Action Taken Report (ATR) regarding a complaint seeking the registration of a First Information Report (FIR) against the Board's Chief Executive Officer and other officials. The petitioner alleged criminal negligence, claiming the administration ignored "Red Alert" weather warnings issued prior to the incident.<ref name="statesman_atr_2025">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/court-seeks-atr-on-plea-for-fir-against-vaishnodevi-shrine-board-officials-over-death-of-35-pilgrims-1503502686.html |title=Court seeks ATR on plea for FIR against Vaishnodevi Shrine Board officials over death of 35 pilgrims |work=The Statesman |date=2025-10-24 |access-date=2026-03-21}}</ref>

In January 2026, the [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC) withdrew its approval for the MBBS course at the Board-run Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Institute of Medical Excellence (SMVDIME).{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} The NMC's Medical Assessment and Rating Board cited gross deficiencies in infrastructure, patient clinical load, and a 39% shortage of teaching faculty.<ref name="statesman_nmc_2026">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/nmcs-revocation-of-permission-to-shri-mata-vaishno-devi-medical-institute-stirs-hornets-nest-in-jk-1503536848.html |title=NMC withdraws MBBS approval to Vaishnodevi Shrine Board-run medical college |work=The Statesman |date=2026-01-07 |access-date=2026-03-21}}</ref> The withdrawal coincided with protests by local residents and Hindu organizations regarding the demographic composition of the maiden batch, wherein 46 of the 50 admitted students were Muslim. Protesters demanded admission reservations for Hindu candidates, arguing the {{INR}}600 crore institute was built using Shrine donations.<ref name="statesman_nmc_2026"/> Following the revocation, the admitted students were relocated to other government medical colleges in the union territory.<ref name="statesman_nmc_2026"/>

== Philanthropy and social initiatives ==
To further its social responsibilities, the Board constituted the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Charitable Society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.<ref name="smvdsb_main"/> This society oversees several major philanthropic projects:

* '''Healthcare:''' The Board established the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Narayana Super Specialty Hospital (SMVDNSH) at Kakryal, a 300+ bed hospital built at a cost of over {{INR}}300 crores, which provides medical services and financial support for the poor, pilgrims, and local residents.<ref name="smvdsb_main"/> It also established the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi College of Nursing and the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Institute of Medical Excellence (SMVDIME).<ref name="smvdsb_main"/><ref name="statesman_nmc_2026"/>
* '''Education:''' The Board funded the establishment of [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University]] (SMVDU) to impart technical and higher education in the region.<ref name="kour_thesis_2017"/> In 2010, the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Gurukul was set up in Katra to impart Vedic and Sanskrit knowledge alongside modern subjects, providing free education and boarding to students.<ref name="smvdsb_main"/><ref name="kour_thesis_2017"/> The Board also approved the establishment of a coaching center to provide free [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET]] preparation courses for local youths.<ref name="toi_katra"/> Additionally, under its Social Support Initiative, the SMVDSB funds the repair of local educational infrastructure; by December 2025, it had renovated ten government schools in [[Reasi district|Reasi]] and [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]] districts that had been severely damaged by regional flash floods.<ref name="statesman_schools_2025">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/vaishnodevi-shrine-board-renovates-10-govt-schools-damaged-by-flash-floods-1503532517.html |title=Vaishnodevi Shrine Board renovates 10 Govt schools damaged by flash floods |work=The Statesman |date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2026-03-21}}</ref>
* '''Sports:''' A multipurpose Sports Complex, built at a cost of more than {{INR}}10 crore, was inaugurated in Katra in 2016 to stimulate nationally recognized and Olympic sports.<ref name="smvdsb_main"/> The complex has produced internationally successful para-athletes, including para-archers Rakesh Kumar and Sheetal Devi, who won multiple medals at the 2023 Asian Para Games and secured quota places for the 2024 Paris Paralympics.<ref name="admin_report_2023"/>
* '''Local empowerment and rehabilitation:''' To boost the regional economy, the Board has implemented a policy to prioritize the procurement of Shrine offerings and supplies from local self-help groups (SHGs), women, and young entrepreneurs{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}. It has also formulated a phased rehabilitation plan for track service providers, such as pony operators, in compliance with [[National Green Tribunal]] directives.<ref name="toi_katra"/>
* '''Culture and animal welfare:''' In 2011, the Board established the SMVD Spiritual Growth Centre to promote religious tourism, featuring an auditorium, exhibition hall, and meditation center.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} The Board also collaborates with the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) to ensure the welfare of ponies and equines operating on the tracks, including routine disease control measures.<ref name="kour_thesis_2017"/>

== Economics and commemorations ==
Offerings and donations made by pilgrims are the mainstay of the Shrine Board's income, which is utilized for infrastructural creation and general upkeep.<ref name="yatra"/> While the Board largely self-funds its operations, it has occasionally collaborated with the State and Central Governments on specific public utility projects. For example, the Board and the State Government equally co-funded a {{INR}}6.83 crore water supply project, and the [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]] has provided targeted financial assistance for facilities under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission.<ref name="loksabha_2014">{{cite report |title=Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 4590: Facilities to Vaishno Devi Pilgrims |publisher=Government of India |date=2014-02-21}}</ref> In the Financial Year 2023-24, the Board reported a total income of {{INR}}683.04 crore, with the majority coming from offerings and donations ({{INR}}255.39 crore), alongside a total expenditure of {{INR}}494.23 crore.<ref name="admin_report_2023"/>

In March 2026, the Shrine Board renewed its Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with [[Jammu & Kashmir Bank|J&K Bank]], reinforcing the bank as its preferred partner for institutional banking and deposits. The agreement provides customized financial solutions for the Board, alongside enhanced welfare benefits for its employees, including specialized salary accounts, concessional loans, and group personal accidental insurance cover.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/business/jk-bank-strengthens-relationship-with-shri-mata-vaishno-devi-shrine-board/ |title=J&K Bank strengthens relationship with Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board |work=Greater Kashmir |date=2026-03-18 |access-date=2026-03-21}}</ref>

To mark the silver jubilee (25 years) of the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board's establishment, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] issued commemorative {{INR}}5 coins in 2013.<ref name="yatra"/> Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] released these coins, praising the Board's developmental works and its support for weaker sections of society in the surrounding villages.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/rbi-to-issue-rs-5-coins-on-vaishno-devi-shrine-boards-25-years/articleshow/20175229.cms |title=RBI to issue Rs 5 coins on Vaishno Devi Shrine Board's 25 years |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2013-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/vaishno-devi-shrine-board-s-silver-jubilee-pm-releases-coins/story-eoaQd2DpiEB23YiNFncaUL.html |title=Vaishno Devi shrine board's silver jubilee: PM releases coins |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2013-05-23}}</ref> The issuance of these coins sparked a legal debate when public interest litigations (PILs) were filed in the [[Delhi High Court]] demanding their withdrawal. The petitioners argued that embossing religious imagery on national currency violated the secular nature of the Indian state.<ref name="archive_anti_secular">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/GovernmentIssuedAnAntiSecularCoinWithVaishnoDeviImage |title=Government Issued An Anti Secular Coin With Vaishno Devi Image |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=2026-03-23}}</ref> However, in January 2018, the court dismissed the petitions, ruling that the government had the statutory authority to issue commemorative coins under the Coinage Act, 2011, and that commemorating the Board's administrative milestone did not dent the secular fabric of the nation.<ref name="hindu_delhihc_2018">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-hc-rejects-plea-on-5-coins-with-image-of-vaishno-devi/article22419730.ece |title=Delhi HC rejects plea on ₹5 coins with image of Vaishno Devi |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2018-01-11 |access-date=2026-03-23}}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==
In 2017, the SMVDSB received the 'Special Swachh Iconic Place' award under the Government of India's [[Swachh Bharat Mission|Swachhta Hi Seva]] campaign.<ref name="statesman_cleanest_2018"/> The following year, it was declared the "cleanest religious place" at the Safaigiri Summit and Awards 2018 in recognition of its sanitation initiatives.<ref name="statesman_cleanest_2018"/>

The Board has also been consistently recognized by the [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]] for its water conservation and management efforts. It won the first prize at the 3rd National Water Awards in 2022 under the 'Institution/Resident Welfare Association/Religious Organisation' category.<ref name="statesman_water_2022">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/3rd-national-water-awards-shri-mata-vaishno-devi-shrine-board-wins-first-prize-1503055639.html |title=3rd National Water Awards, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board wins first prize |work=The Statesman |date=2022-03-29 |access-date=2026-03-21}}</ref> In 2023, it secured the first position at the 4th National Water Awards in the 'Best Institution for Campus Usage' category, marking its third consecutive win at the awards.<ref name="statesman_water_2023">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/vaishno-devi-shrine-board-wins-water-conservation-award-1503191182.html |title=Vaishno Devi Shrine Board wins water conservation award |work=The Statesman |date=2023-06-17 |access-date=2026-03-21}}</ref>

Also in 2023, the Board was conferred the National e-Governance Gold Award by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances for its technology-driven pilgrim services.<ref name="admin_report_2023"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Category:Religious organisations based in India}}

[[Category:Organisations based in India by subject]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1986]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board - Revision history

Viozacademy: Added