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{{Redirect|Doona|the item of bedding|Duvet}}
{{short description|Genus of trees}}
{{automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Early Eocene|present}}
| image = Shorea roxburghii.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Shorea roxburghii]]''
| taxon = Shorea
| authority = [[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]] ex [[Karl Friedrich von Gaertner|C.F.Gaertn.]]
| synonyms = *''Anthoshorea'' {{small|Pierre}}
*''Caryolobis'' {{small|Gaertn.}}
*''Doona'' {{small|Thwaites}}
*''Isoptera'' {{small|Scheff. ex Burck}}
*''Pachychlamys'' {{small|Dyer ex Ridley}}
*''Parahopea'' {{small|F.Heim}}
*''Pentacme'' {{small|A.DC.}}
*''Richetia'' {{small|F.Heim}}
*''Saul'' {{small|Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.}}
}}
[[file:Dipterocarp Winged Seed (Shorea sp.) (15866621516).jpg|thumb|right|Fruit of a ''Shorea'' species]]
'''''Shorea''''' is a [[genus]] of about 196 [[species]] of mainly [[rainforest]] [[trees]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Dipterocarpaceae]]. The genus is named after Sir [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|John Shore]], the governor-general of the [[British East India Company]], 1793–1798. The [[timber]] of trees of the genus is sold under the common names '''lauan''', '''luan''', '''lawaan''', '''meranti''', '''seraya''', '''balau''', '''bangkirai''', and '''Philippine mahogany'''.<ref>[https://www.wood-database.com/lauan/ Lauan - The Wood Database]</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
''Shorea'' fossils (linked with the modern [[Shorea robusta|sal]], ''S. robusta'', which is still a dominant tree species in Indian forests) are known from as early as the [[Eocene]] of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. They are identifiable by the [[amber]] fossils formed by their [[Dammar gum|dammar]] resin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sahni |first1=A. |last2=Patnaik |first2=R. |date=2022-06-01 |title=An Eocene Greenhouse Forested India: Were Biotic Radiations Triggered by Early Palaeogene Thermal Events? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361230160 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |language=en |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=753–759 |doi=10.1007/s12594-022-2064-4 |issn=0974-6889 |s2cid=249536528}}</ref> Other fossils include a [[Miocene]]-aged fossilized fruit from the same region; this fruit most closely resembles the extant ''[[Shorea macroptera|S. macroptera]]'' of the [[Malay Peninsula]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=SHUKLA |first=ANUMEHA |last2=GULERIA |first2=J. S. |last3=MEHROTRA |first3=R. C. |date=2012-02-01 |title=A fruit wing of Shorea Roxb. from the Early Miocene sediments of Kachchh, Gujarat and its bearing on palaeoclimatic interpretation |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-012-0142-5 |journal=Journal of Earth System Science |language=en |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=195–201 |doi=10.1007/s12040-012-0142-5 |issn=0973-774X|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Description ==
''Shorea'' spp. are native to [[Southeast Asia]], from northern [[India]] to [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], and the [[Philippines]]. In west [[Malesia]] and the Philippines, this genus dominates the skyline of the [[tropical]] [[forest]]s. The tallest documented tropical [[angiosperm]] is a {{convert|100.8|m|ft|abbr=on}} ''[[Shorea faguetiana]]'' found in the [[Danum Valley Conservation Area]], in [[Sabah]], [[Malaysia]] ([[Borneo]]). And in the [[Tawau Hills National Park]], in [[Sabah]] on the island of Borneo at least five other species of the genus have been measured to be over 80 m tall: ''[[Shorea argentifolia|S. argentifolia]]'', ''[[Shorea gibbosa|S. gibbosa]]'', ''[[Shorea johorensis|S. johorensis]]'', ''[[Shorea smithiana|S. smithiana]]'', and ''[[Shorea superba|S. superba]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nativetreesociety.org/worldtrees/sea_ei/borneo_ii.htm | title = Borneo | publisher = [[Eastern Native Tree Society]] | access-date= 2008-06-21}}</ref> Borneo is also the hotspot of ''Shorea'' diversity with 138 species, of which 91 are [[Endemism|endemic]] to the island.<ref name = Ashton>Ashton, P. S. "Dipterocarpaceae". In ''Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak,'' Volume 5, 2004. Soepadmo, E.; Saw, L. G. and Chung, R. C. K. eds. Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. {{ISBN|983-2181-59-3}}</ref>

== Sections and selected species ==
{{Main|List of Shorea species}}

;''Anthoshorea''
* ''[[Shorea agamii]]'' P.S.Ashton
;''Brachypterae''
* ''[[Shorea smithiana]]'' Symington
;''Doona''
* ''[[Shorea zeylanica]]'' (Thwaites) P.S.Ashton
;''Mutica''
* ''[[Shorea argentifolia]]'' Symington
* ''[[Shorea parvifolia]]'' Dyer
;''Neohopea''
* ''[[Shorea isoptera]]'' P.S.Ashton
;''Ovalis''
* ''[[Shorea ovalis]]'' (Korth.) Blume
;''Pachycarpae''
* ''[[Shorea macrophylla]]'' (de Vriese) P.S.Ashton
;''Pentacme''
* ''[[Shorea siamensis]]'' Miq.
;''Richetioides''
* ''[[Shorea richetia]]'' Symington
;''Rubella''
* ''[[Shorea albida]]'' Symington
;''Shorea''
* ''[[Shorea guiso]]'' (Blanco) Blume
;Not placed
* ''[[Shorea robusta]]'' C.F.Gaertn. (sal tree)
* ''[[Shorea thorelii]]'' Pierre ex Laness.

==Reproductive biology==
The majority of ''Shorea'' spp. are general flowering species, which is an event that occurs at irregular intervals of 3–10 yr, in which nearly all dipterocarp species together with species of other families bloom heavily.<ref name = Sakaia>{{cite journal|last= Sakai |first= Shoko |author2=K Momose |author3=T Yumoto |author4=T Nagamitsu |author5=H Nagamasu |author6=A A Hamid |author7=T Nakashizuka |year=1999 |title= Plant reproductive phenology over four years including an episode of general flowering in a lowland dipterocarp forest, Sarawak, Malaysia |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=10 |pages=1414–36 |url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/10/1414 |access-date= 2007-11-13 |doi= 10.2307/2656924 |pmid= 10523283 |jstor= 2656924}}</ref> General flowering is thought to have evolved to satiate seed predators<ref name = Currena>{{cite journal |last= Curran|first= Lisa M. |author2=M. Leighton |year=2000 |title= Vertebrate responses to spatiotemporal variation in seed production of mast-fruiting Dipterocarpaceae |journal=Ecological Monographs |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=101–128 |doi= 10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0101:VRTSVI]2.0.CO;2 |hdl=2027.42/116363 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and/or to facilitate pollination.<ref name = Sakaia/> Both explanations apparently hold merit.<ref name = Maycocka>{{cite journal |last= Maycock |first= Colin R. |author2=R. N. Thewlis |author3=J. Ghazoul |author4=R. Nilus |author5=David F. R. P. Burslem |year=2005|title= Reproduction of dipterocarps during low intensity masting events in a Bornean rain forest |journal=Journal of Vegetation Science |volume= 16 |issue=6 |pages=635–46 |doi= 10.1658/1100-9233(2005)016[0635:RODDLI]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> Flowering is thought to be triggered by droughts that occur during transition periods from [[La Niña]] to [[El Niño]].<ref name = Sakaib>{{cite journal |last= Sakai |first= Shoko |author2=Rhett D. Harrison |author3=Kuniyasu Momose |author4=Koichiro Kuraji |author5=Hidetoshi Nagamasu |author6=Tetsuzo Yasunari |author7=Lucy Chong |author8=Tohru Nakashizuka |year=2006 |title= Irregular droughts trigger mass flowering in aseasonal tropical forests in Asia |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=93 |issue=8 |pages=1134–39 |url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/93/8/1134|access-date= 2007-11-13 |doi=10.3732/ajb.93.8.1134 |pmid=21642179}}</ref> The magnitude of a flowering event is suggested to be dependent on the timing of the droughts associated with the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) cycle, with the largest events occurring after an interval of several years with no flowering.<ref name = Sakaib/>

''Shorea'' spp. are [[insect pollinated]]. A variety of insects have been identified as pollinators, with species within the sections of ''Shorea'' sharing the same insect pollinators. Flowering within a section is sequential within one habitat and species association to prevent competition for pollinators.<ref>{{cite journal |last= LaFrankie |first=James V. Jr. |author2=H. T. Chan |date=June 1991 |title= Confirmation of Sequential Flowering in ''Shorea'' (Dipterocarpaceae) |journal=Biotropica |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=200–203 |doi= 10.2307/2388308 |jstor=2388308}}</ref>

Seed predation and mortality have an impact on the reproduction process of dipterocarps such as ''Shorea''. In Singapore, [[crab-eating macaque]] and [[moth]] larvae are known seed predators.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chong |first1=Kwek Yan |last2=Chong |first2=Rie |last3=Tan |first3=Lorraine W.A. |last4=Yee |first4=Alex T.K. |last5=Chua |first5=Marcus A.H. |last6=Wong |first6=Khoon Meng |last7=Tan |first7=Hugh T.W. |title=Seed production and survival of four dipterocarp species in degraded forests in Singapore |journal=Plant Ecology & Diversity |date=1 November 2016 |volume=9 |issue=5–6 |pages=483–490 |doi=10.1080/17550874.2016.1266404|s2cid=89849984 }}</ref>

==Uses==
Many economically important [[timber]] trees belong to ''Shorea''. They are sold under various trade names including "lauan", "lawaan", "meranti", "seraya", "balau", "bangkirai", and "Philippine mahogany". (For a list of species associated with each name, see the article on [[Dipterocarp timber classification]].) The "Philippine mahogany" sold in North America is not a true [[mahogany]] at all, but a mixture of woods from the genus ''Shorea''.

Other products from ''Shorea'' spp. include [[dammar]] and [[illipe]]. Dammar is a resin collected from a variety of species. It varies in colour among the different taxonomic groups. ''[[Shorea wiesneri]]'' is listed in many websites as an important source of dammar;<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028654/dammar |title = Dammar |encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date= 2007-11-14}}</ref> however, this appears to be either a trade name or a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://193.62.154.38/diptero/diptax.html | title = Dipterocarpaceae Data Base—Taxonomic Information | publisher = Royal Botanical Gardens, Edinburgh | access-date= 2007-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kew.org/searchepic/summaryquery.do;jsessionid=BD255C82F8006D581ED0D08C7CBC1300?scientificName=Shorea+wiesneri+&searchAll=true&categories=names&categories=bibl&categories=colln&categories=taxon&categories=flora&categories=misc | title = Electronic Plant Information Centre | publisher = Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew | access-date= 2007-11-14}}</ref>

[[Borneo tallow nut oil]] is extracted from the egg-shaped, winged fruit of ''Shorea'' species.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minor oil crops - Individual monographs (Balanites-Borneo tallow nut-Brazil nut-Caryocar spp)|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E05.htm#Borneo%20tallow%20nut|website=www.fao.org|publisher=FAO|access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref>

==Conservation status==
Of the 148 species of ''Shorea'' currently listed on the [[IUCN Redlist]], most are listed as being [[critically endangered]].<ref name=iucn>{{cite web |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Shorea search results|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/search|publisher=IUCN|access-date=3 January 2013|year=2012}}</ref> Some concerns exist regarding the IUCN's listing of dipterocarps, as the criteria used to assess the level of threat are based mainly on animal population characteristics. This is thought to overstate the [[threat assessment]], when applied to long-lived, habitat-specific organisms such as trees.<ref name = Ashton/> The [[Shorea classification|''Shorea'' species page]] gives threat classifications.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conservation status of ''Shorea'' spp.
|-
! IUCN red list category
! Number of species
|-
| [[Extinct]]
| align="center"|1
|-
| [[Critically endangered]]
| align="center"|102
|-
| [[Endangered]]
| align="center"|34
|-
| [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]]
| align="center"|3
|-
| [[Least concern]]
| align="center"|6
|-
| [[Data deficient]]
| align="center"|2
|-
| Not evaluated
| align="center"|~48
|}

==See also==
*[[Dipterocarp timber classification]]

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==External links==
* {{Wikispecies-inline}}
* {{commonscat-inline}}

{{Woodworking}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q132419}}

[[Category:Shorea| ]]
[[Category:Malvales genera]]
[[Category:Wood]]
[[Category:Indomalayan realm flora]]

Shorea - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article