Shivaram Rajguru - Revision history

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	'''Shivaram Hari Rajguru''' (24 August 1908 — 23 March 1931)<ref name=":0">{{cite book\|author=Verma, Anil \|title=RAJGURU – THE INVINCIBLE REVOLUTIONARY\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um42DwAAQBAJ\|date=15 September 2017\|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting\|isbn=978-81-230-2522-3}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/remembering-shivaram-hari-rajguru-on-his-birthday-24th-august-indian-revolutionary-289951-2015-08-24\|title=Remembering Shivaram Hari Rajguru on his birthday\|date=24 August 2015\|work=[[India Today]]\|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref> was an ~~[[India]]n~~ [[revolutionary]] from [[Maharashtra]], known mainly for his involvement in the assassination of a [[British Raj\|British]] police officer named John Saunders. He was an active member of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA) and on 23 March 1931 he was hanged by the British government along with his associates [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Sukhdev Thapar]].		'''Shivaram Hari Rajguru''' (24 August 1908 — 23 March 1931)<ref name=":0">{{cite book\|author=Verma, Anil \|title=RAJGURU – THE INVINCIBLE REVOLUTIONARY\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um42DwAAQBAJ\|date=15 September 2017\|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting\|isbn=978-81-230-2522-3}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/remembering-shivaram-hari-rajguru-on-his-birthday-24th-august-indian-revolutionary-289951-2015-08-24\|title=Remembering Shivaram Hari Rajguru on his birthday\|date=24 August 2015\|work=[[India Today]]\|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref> was an Indian [[revolutionary]] from [[Maharashtra]], known mainly for his involvement in the assassination of a [[British Raj\|British]] police officer named John Saunders. He was an active member of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA) and on 23 March 1931 he was hanged by the British government along with his associates [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Sukhdev Thapar]].

	== Early life ==		== Early life ==
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	=== Reactions to the executions ===		=== Reactions to the executions ===
	The executions were reported widely by the press, especially as they took place on the eve of the annual convention of the [[Indian National Congress\|Congress party]] at [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B11F83F5E1B7A93C7AB1788D85F458385F9&scp=18&sq="Bhagat\|title=Indian executions stun the Congress\|date=25 March 1931\|work=The New York Times\|access-date=11 October 2011}}</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' reported:{{~~quote~~\|A reign of terror in the city of Cawnpore in the United Provinces and an attack on Mahatma Gandhi by a youth outside Karachi were among the answers of the Indian extremists today to the hanging of Bhagat Singh and two fellow-assassins.<ref>{{cite news\|title=50 die in India riot; Gandhi assaulted as party gathers \|date=26 March 1931 \|work=The New York Times \|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C15F93F5E1B7A93C4AB1788D85F458385F9&scp=19&sq="Bhagat \|access-date=2011-10-11 \|df=dmy }}</ref>\|sign=\|source=}}		The executions were reported widely by the press, especially as they took place on the eve of the annual convention of the [[Indian National Congress\|Congress party]] at [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B11F83F5E1B7A93C7AB1788D85F458385F9&scp=18&sq="Bhagat\|title=Indian executions stun the Congress\|date=25 March 1931\|work=The New York Times\|access-date=11 October 2011}}</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' reported:{{blockquote\|A reign of terror in the city of Cawnpore in the United Provinces and an attack on Mahatma Gandhi by a youth outside Karachi were among the answers of the Indian extremists today to the hanging of Bhagat Singh and two fellow-assassins.<ref>{{cite news\|title=50 die in India riot; Gandhi assaulted as party gathers \|date=26 March 1931 \|work=The New York Times \|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C15F93F5E1B7A93C4AB1788D85F458385F9&scp=19&sq="Bhagat \|access-date=2011-10-11 \|df=dmy }}</ref>\|sign=\|source=}}

	== Legacy and memorials ==		== Legacy and memorials ==
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	{{Authority control}}		{{Authority control}}
	{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}		{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajguru, Shivaram}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajguru, Shivaram}}
	[[Category:1908 births]]		[[Category:1908 births]]

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Revolutionary activities

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Early life

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{{short description|Indian revolutionist (1908-1931)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shivaram Hari Rajguru
| image = Martyr Shivram Rajguru.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Shaheed Shivaram Rajguru
| birth_date = {{birth-date|24 August 1908}}
| birth_place = [[Rajgurunagar (Khed)|Khed]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Maharashtra, India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1931|3|23|1908|8|24}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan]])
| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]]
| occupation = Indian freedom fighter
| organization = [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association|HSRA]]
}}

'''Shivaram Hari Rajguru''' (24 August 1908 — 23 March 1931)<ref name=":0">{{cite book|author=Verma, Anil |title=RAJGURU – THE INVINCIBLE REVOLUTIONARY|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um42DwAAQBAJ|date=15 September 2017|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2522-3}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/remembering-shivaram-hari-rajguru-on-his-birthday-24th-august-indian-revolutionary-289951-2015-08-24|title=Remembering Shivaram Hari Rajguru on his birthday|date=24 August 2015|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref> was an [[India]]n [[revolutionary]] from [[Maharashtra]], known mainly for his involvement in the assassination of a [[British Raj]] police officer named Saunders. He was an active member of HSRA and on 23 March 1931 he was hanged by the British government along with his associates [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Sukhdev Thapar]].

== Early life ==
Rajguru was born on 24 August 1908 at Khed to Parvati Devi and Harinarain Rajguru in a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] Deshashtha Brahmin family. [[Rajgurunagar (Khed)|Khed]] was located at the bank of river [[Bhima River|Bheema]] near [[Poona]]. His father died when he was only six years old and the responsibility of family fell on his elder brother Dinkar. He received primary education at Khed and later studied in New English High School in Poona. He joined Seva Dal at a young age. He attended training camp conducted by [[N. S. Hardikar|Dr. N. S. Hardikar]] at Ghatprabha<ref name=":0" />

== Revolutionary activities ==
He was a member of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]], who wanted India to be free from British rule by any means necessary.<ref name=":1" />

Rajguru became a colleague of [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Sukhdev]], and took part in the assassination of a British police officer, John Saunders, at [[Lahore]] on 17 December 1928. Their actions were to avenge the death of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] who had died a fortnight after being hit by police while on a march protesting the [[Simon Commission]].<ref name=":1" /> Rai's death resulted from the police action.<ref>{{cite book |title=Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice |editor1-first=Anshu |editor1-last=Malhotra |editor2-first=Farina |editor2-last=Mir |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19807-801-2 |chapter=Bhagat Singh: A Politics of Death and Hope |first=Simona |last=Sawhney |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198078012.003.0054 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=380}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Bhagat Singh as 'Satyagrahi': The Limits to Non-violence in Late Colonial India |journal=Modern Asian Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=May 2009 |first=Neeti |last=Nair |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=649–681 |jstor=20488099 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x08003491|s2cid=143725577 }}</ref>

The three men and 21 other co-conspirators were tried under the provisions of a regulation that was introduced in 1929 specifically for that purpose.<ref>{{cite book |title=Presidential Legislation in India: The Law and Practice of Ordinances |first=Shubhankar |last=Dam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-10772-953-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvxGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |page=44}}</ref> All three were convicted of the charges.

== Executions ==
[[File:Bhagat Singh's execution Lahore Tribune Front page.jpg|thumb|Front page of ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' announcing the executions]]
Scheduled for hanging on 24 March, three freedom fighters were hanged a day earlier on 23 March 1931. They were cremated at [[Hussainiwala]] at the banks of the [[Sutlej]] river in the [[Ferozepur district]] of Punjab.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ferozepur.nic.in/html/HUSSAINIWALA.html|title=National Martyrs Memorial Hussainiwala|website=[[Firozepur district]] official website|access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Reactions to the executions ===
The executions were reported widely by the press, especially as they took place on the eve of the annual convention of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] at [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B11F83F5E1B7A93C7AB1788D85F458385F9&scp=18&sq="Bhagat|title=Indian executions stun the Congress|date=25 March 1931|work=The New York Times|access-date=11 October 2011}}</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' reported:{{quote|A reign of terror in the city of Cawnpore in the United Provinces and an attack on Mahatma Gandhi by a youth outside Karachi were among the answers of the Indian extremists today to the hanging of Bhagat Singh and two fellow-assassins.<ref>{{cite news|title=50 die in India riot; Gandhi assaulted as party gathers |date=26 March 1931 |work=The New York Times |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C15F93F5E1B7A93C4AB1788D85F458385F9&scp=19&sq="Bhagat |access-date=2011-10-11 |df=dmy }}</ref>|sign=|source=}}

== Legacy and memorials ==
[[File:National Martyrs Memorial Hussainiwala.jpg|thumb|right|280x280px|National Martyrs Memorial for Sukhdev, Bhagat Singh and Rajguru]]

===National Martyrs Memorial===
[[Hussainiwala National Martyrs Memorial|National Memorial]] is located at [[Hussainiwala]], in Ferozepur district of Punjab in India. After the execution in Lahore jail, the bodies of Shivaram Rajguru, Bhagat Singh, and Sukhdev Thapar were brought here in secrecy and they were unceremonially cremated here by authorities. Every year on 23 March, martyrs day (Shaheed Diwas) is observed remembering three revolutionaries. Tributes and homage are paid at the memorial.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/five-decades-on-heritage-status-eludes-hussainiwala-memorial/473447.html|title=Five decades on, heritage status eludes Hussainiwala memorial|date=27 September 2017|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune India]]|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

=== Rajgurunagar ===
His birthplace of Khed was renamed as [[Rajgurunagar]] in his honour.<ref name=":1" /> Rajgurunagar is a census town in [[Khed tehsil]] of [[Pune district]] in state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/555861-rajgurunagar-maharashtra.html|title=Rajgurunagar Population Census 2011|website=[[2011 Census of India]]|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref>

=== Rajguru Wada ===
[[File:Rajguruwada in present, rajgurunagar.JPG|thumb|Rajguru Wada|279x279px]]
Rajguru Wada is the ancestral house where Rajguru was born. Spread over 2,788 sq m of land, it is located on the banks of Bhima river on Pune-Nashik Road. It is being maintained as a memorial to Shivaram Rajguru. A local organisation, the Hutatma Rajguru Smarak Samiti (HRSS), hoists the national flag here on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] since 2004.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-shocking-neglect-of-freedom-fighter-rajguru-s-wada-1891637|title=Freedom fighter Rajguru's wada|date=21 September 2013|work=DNA India|access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref>

=== College ===
[[Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women]] is located in [[Vasundhara Enclave]], Delhi, and is a constituent college of [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rajgurucollege.com/index.aspx|title=Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women|website=Official website of college|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ashfaqulla Khan]]
* [[Kakori Train Robbery]]
* [[Thakur Roshan Singh]]
* [[Batukeshwar Dutt]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last=Noorani |first=Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed |title=The Trial of Bhagat Singh: Politics of Justice |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |orig-year=1996 |isbn=0195796675}}

{{commons category}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajguru, Shivaram}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Executed revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Brahmin Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by British India]]
[[Category:Executed Indian people]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:People executed for murdering police officers]]
[[Category:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:52, 11 December 2021
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2018}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2018}}
	{{Infobox person		{{Infobox person
	\| name = Shivaram Hari Rajguru		\| name = Shivaram Hari Rajguru
	\| image = ~~Martyr Shivram~~ Rajguru.jpg		\| image = Shivaram Rajguru 2013 stamp of India.jpg
	\| image_size = 250px		\| image_size = 250px
	\| caption = ~~Shaheed Shivaram~~ Rajguru		\| caption = Rajguru
	\| birth_date = {{birth-date\|24 August 1908}}		\| birth_date = {{birth-date\|24 August 1908}}
	\| birth_place = [[Rajgurunagar (Khed)\|Khed]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj\|British India]] (present-day [[Maharashtra, India]])		\| birth_place = [[Rajgurunagar (Khed)\|Khed]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj\|British India]] (present-day [[Maharashtra, India]])
	\| death_date = {{death date and age\|df=yes\|1931\|3\|23\|1908\|8\|24}}		\| death_date = {{death date and age\|df=yes\|1931\|3\|23\|1908\|8\|24}}
	\| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab (British India)\|Punjab]], [[British Raj\|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan]])		\| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab (British India)\|Punjab]], [[British Raj\|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan]])
	\| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]]		\| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]]
	\| occupation = Indian freedom fighter		\| occupation = Indian freedom fighter
	\| organization = [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association\|HSRA]]		\| organization = [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association\|HSRA]]
	}}		}}

	'''Shivaram Hari Rajguru''' (24 August 1908 — 23 March 1931)<ref name=":0">{{cite book\|author=Verma, Anil \|title=RAJGURU – THE INVINCIBLE REVOLUTIONARY\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um42DwAAQBAJ\|date=15 September 2017\|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting\|isbn=978-81-230-2522-3}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/remembering-shivaram-hari-rajguru-on-his-birthday-24th-august-indian-revolutionary-289951-2015-08-24\|title=Remembering Shivaram Hari Rajguru on his birthday\|date=24 August 2015\|work=[[India Today]]\|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref> was an [[India]]n [[revolutionary]] from [[Maharashtra]], known mainly for his involvement in the assassination of a [[British Raj]] police officer named Saunders. He was an active member of HSRA and on 23 March 1931 he was hanged by the British government along with his associates [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Sukhdev Thapar]].		'''Shivaram Hari Rajguru''' (24 August 1908 — 23 March 1931)<ref name=":0">{{cite book\|author=Verma, Anil \|title=RAJGURU – THE INVINCIBLE REVOLUTIONARY\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um42DwAAQBAJ\|date=15 September 2017\|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting\|isbn=978-81-230-2522-3}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/remembering-shivaram-hari-rajguru-on-his-birthday-24th-august-indian-revolutionary-289951-2015-08-24\|title=Remembering Shivaram Hari Rajguru on his birthday\|date=24 August 2015\|work=[[India Today]]\|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref> was an [[India]]n [[revolutionary]] from [[Maharashtra]], known mainly for his involvement in the assassination of a [[British Raj\|British]] police officer named John Saunders. He was an active member of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA) and on 23 March 1931 he was hanged by the British government along with his associates [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Sukhdev Thapar]].

	== Early life ==		== Early life ==
	Rajguru was born on 24 August 1908 at Khed to Parvati Devi and Harinarain Rajguru in a [[Marathi people\|Marathi]] ~~Deshashtha~~ Brahmin family. [[Rajgurunagar (Khed)\|Khed]] was located at the bank of river [[Bhima River\|Bheema]] near [[~~Poona~~]]. His father died when he was only six years old and the responsibility of family fell on his elder brother Dinkar. He received primary education at Khed and later studied in New English High School in ~~Poona~~. He joined Seva Dal at a young age. He attended training camp conducted by [[N. S. Hardikar\|Dr. N. S. Hardikar]] at Ghatprabha<ref name=":0" />		Rajguru was born on 24 August 1908 at Khed to Parvati Devi and Harinarain Rajguru in a [[Marathi people\|Marathi]] [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family. [[Rajgurunagar (Khed)\|Khed]] was located at the bank of river [[Bhima River\|Bheema]] near [[Pune]]. His father died when he was only six years old and the responsibility of family fell on his elder brother Dinkar. He received primary education at Khed and later studied in New English High School in Pune. He joined Seva Dal at a young age. He attended training camp conducted by [[N. S. Hardikar\|Dr. N. S. Hardikar]] at Ghatprabha<ref name=":0" />

	== Revolutionary activities ==		== Revolutionary activities ==