Shivappa Nayaka - Revision history

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update references further and updated info

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:59, 23 March 2026
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	{{Short description\|Indian monarch}}		{{Short description\|Indian monarch (1618–1663)}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=~~February 2016~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2025}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=February 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=February 2016}}
	{{Infobox royalty		{{Infobox royalty
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	\| alt = Shivappa		\| alt = Shivappa
	\| caption = Statue of Keladi Shivappa Nayaka at [[Shivamogga]]		\| caption = Statue of Keladi Shivappa Nayaka at [[Shivamogga]]
	\| reign = ~~1645-1660 (15 years)~~		\| reign = 1645–1660
	\| predecessor = Virabhadra Nayaka		\| predecessor = Virabhadra Nayaka
	\| ~~religion~~ = ~~Hinduism~~		\| successor = Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka
	\| ~~successor1~~ = ~~Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka~~		\| death_date = 25 September 1660<ref name="k918">{{cite web \| last=Rao \| first=C. Hayavadana \| title=History of Mysore (1399-1799 A.D.) \| url=https://dn721600.ca.archive.org/0/items/HistoryOfMysore13991799AD/218417_History_Of_Mysore_1399-1799_A_D.pdf \| access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref>
			\| religion = [[Hinduism]]
	}}		}}
	[[File:Shivappa Nayaka Palace and garden.JPG\|thumb\|upright\|[[Government Museum (Shivappa Nayaka Palace), Shivamogga\|Shivappa Nayaka's palace]], Shivamogga, Karnataka]]		[[File:Shivappa Nayaka Palace and garden.JPG\|thumb\|upright\|[[Government Museum (Shivappa Nayaka Palace), Shivamogga\|Shivappa Nayaka's palace]], Shivamogga, Karnataka]]
	[[File:Shivappa Nayaka Palace in Shivamogga.JPG\|thumb\|upright\|Front view of the Shivappa Nayaka palace]]		[[File:Shivappa Nayaka Palace in Shivamogga.JPG\|thumb\|upright\|Front view of the Shivappa Nayaka palace]]
	[[File:Bakel beach from fort 1.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|The famous [[Bekal Fort]] at [[Kasargod]] in [[Malabar region\|Malabar]], was built by Shivappa Nayaka]]		[[File:Bakel beach from fort 1.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|The famous [[Bekal Fort]] at [[Kasargod]] in [[Malabar region\|Malabar]], was built by Shivappa Nayaka]]
	'''Shivappa Nayaka ~~(ಶಿವಪ್ಪ ನಾಯಕ)~~''' (~~r.1645–1660~~), popularly known as [[Keladi (India)\|Keladi]] '''Shivappa''' Nayaka, was an Indian king and ruler of the [[Keladi Nayaka]] Kingdom. The Keladi Nayakas were successors of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the [[coastal]] and [[Malnad]] (hill) districts of [[Karnataka]], India, in the late 16th century. At their peak, the Nayakas built a niche kingdom comprising the coastal, hill and some interior districts ([[Bayaluseeme]]) of modern Karnataka, before succumbing to the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in 1763, which at that time was ruled by [[Hyder Ali]].<ref name="kel">Kamath (2001), p220</ref> He was known as ''Sistina'' Shivappa Nayaka because he introduced a [[tax]] system called ''Sist''.<ref name="kal3"/>		'''Shivappa Nayaka''' ({{langx\|kn\|ಶಿವಪ್ಪ ನಾಯಕ}}, 1618 – 25 September 1660),<ref name="Sarkar" /> popularly known as [[Keladi (India)\|Keladi]] '''Shivappa''' Nayaka, was an Indian king and ruler of the [[Keladi Nayaka]] Kingdom. The Keladi Nayakas were successors of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the [[coastal]] and [[Malnad]] (hill) districts of Karnataka, India, in the late 16th century. He was known as ''Sistina'' Shivappa Nayaka because he introduced a [[tax]] system called ''Sist''.<ref name="kal3"/>

	==Conquests==		==Conquests==
	Shivappa Nayaka is remembered as an able administrator and soldier. He ascended the throne in 1645. During this time, the last ruler of the diminished Vijayanagara Empire ruling from [[Vellore]], Shriranga Raya III was defeated by the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] and sought refuge with Shivappa. The growing threat of the ~~[[Portugal\|~~Portuguese]] was eliminated by 1653 and the ports of [[Mangalore]], [[Kundapura]] and [[Honnavar]] were brought under Keladi control.<ref name="kel1">Kamath (2001), p222</ref> Having conquered the [[~~Kannada~~]] ~~coast~~, he marched down to [[Kasaragod Town\|Kasargod]] region of modern [[Kerala]] and installed a pillar of victory at ~~Nileshvara~~. The forts of Chandragiri, [[Bekal]], Adka Fort, ~~Arikkady~~ and Mangalore were built by Shivappa Nayaka.		Shivappa Nayaka is remembered as an able administrator and soldier. He ascended the throne in 1645. During this time, the last ruler of the diminished Vijayanagara Empire ruling from [[Vellore]], [[Sriranga III\| Shriranga Raya III]] was defeated by the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] and sought refuge with Shivappa. The growing threat of the Portuguese was eliminated by 1653 and the ports of [[Mangalore]], [[Kundapura]] and [[Honnavar]] were brought under Keladi control.<ref name="kel1">Kamath (2001), p222</ref> Having conquered the [[Kanara\|Kanara coast]], he marched down to [[Kasaragod Town\|Kasargod]] region of modern [[Kerala]] and installed a pillar of victory at [[Neeleeswaram]]. The forts of [[Chandragiri Fort, Kerala\|Chandragiri]], [[Bekal Fort\|Bekal]], Adka Fort, [[Arikady Fort]] and Mangalore were built by Shivappa Nayaka.

	~~Later~~ he invaded north of the [[Tungabhadra]] river and captured territory in the modern [[Dharwad district]] from the Bijapur Sultanate. In ~~the south~~, ~~when~~ he invaded and laid siege to [[Srirangapatna]] in modern [[Mysore district]], an epidemic broke out in his army forcing him ~~the~~ withdraw.<ref name="kel2">Kamath (2001), p223</ref> In the south, he destroyed the Portuguese political power in the [[Kanara]] region by capturing all the Portuguese forts of the coastal region.<ref>Portuguese Studies Review (ISSN 1057-1515) (Baywolf Press) p.35</ref>		After securing the coastal regions, in 1654 he invaded north of the [[Tungabhadra]] river and captured territory in the modern [[Dharwad district]] from the Bijapur Sultanate. In 1659, he invaded the south and laid siege to [[Srirangapatna]] in modern [[Mysore district]], however an epidemic broke out in his army forcing him to withdraw.<ref name="kel2">Kamath (2001), p223</ref> In the south, he destroyed the Portuguese political power in the [[Kanara]] region by capturing all the Portuguese forts of the coastal region.<ref>Portuguese Studies Review (ISSN 1057-1515) (Baywolf Press) p.35</ref>

			At their peak, the Nayakas built a niche kingdom comprising the coastal, hill and some interior districts ([[Bayaluseeme]]) of modern Karnataka, before succumbing to the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in 1763, which at that time was ruled by [[Hyder Ali]].<ref name="kel">Kamath (2001), p220</ref>

	==Administrator==		==Administrator==
	Shivappa Nayaka introduced a revenue settlement scheme called ''Sist'', a policy that has found favourable comparison to revenue schemes formulated by the [[Mughal Empire\|Mogul]] emperor [[Akbar]].<ref name="kal3">His revenue settlement scheme was later praised by British officials such as Francis Buchanan and Rice (Kamath 2001, p223)</ref> According to this scheme, agricultural lands were divided into five types depending on the type of soil and available irrigational facilities. A unit of sowing capacity called ''Khanduga'' was developed and every irrigable land was taxed in varying amounts based on this unit. The rate of taxation depended on the yield in each one of these five types of land, the rate varying from village to village and amounting to a third of the total yield. Shivappa Nayaka gave importance to agriculture which resulted in an expanding agrarian economy.<ref name="kel2"/> A religious and tolerant man, Shivappa Nayaka performed [[Historical Vedic religion\|Vedic]] sacrifices and rituals and patronised the [[Hindu]] [[Advaita]] order of [[Sringeri]]. He was tolerant towards [[Christians]] and gave them land to cultivate. He encouraged the mercantile communities of South India such as the [[Komati caste\|Komatis]] and [[Konkani people\|Konkani]]s to settle down and establish businesses in his kingdom.<ref name="kel2"/>		Shivappa Nayaka introduced a revenue settlement scheme called ''Sist'', a policy that has found favourable comparison to revenue schemes formulated by the [[Mughal Empire\|Mogul]] emperor [[Akbar]].<ref name="kal3">His revenue settlement scheme was later praised by British officials such as Francis Buchanan and Rice (Kamath 2001, p223)</ref> According to this scheme, agricultural lands were divided into five types depending on the type of soil and available irrigational facilities. A unit of sowing capacity called ''Khanduga'' was developed and every irrigable land was taxed in varying amounts based on this unit. The rate of taxation depended on the yield in each one of these five types of land, the rate varying from village to village and amounting to a third of the total yield. Shivappa Nayaka gave importance to agriculture which resulted in an expanding agrarian economy.<ref name="kel2"/>

			[[Ujjini#Marulasiddeswara_Temple\|Ujjaini peeta]] was Rajaguru to Keladi dynasty. A religious and tolerant man, Shivappa Nayaka performed padapooja of [[Jangam]]s and built many [[Veerashaiva\|Veerashaiva maths]] and also [[Historical Vedic religion\|Vedic]] sacrifices and rituals and patronised the Hindu [[Advaita]] order of [[Sringeri]]. He was tolerant towards Christians and gave them land to cultivate. He encouraged the mercantile communities of South India such as the [[Komati caste\|Komatis]] and [[Konkani people\|Konkani]]s to settle down and establish businesses in his kingdom.<ref name="kel2"/>

	An interesting episode from the time of Shivappa Nayaka's rule goes as follows. A poor Brahmin named Ganesh Mallya came to Keladi, the capital city, with the intention of finding a job. Having no money, he carried a bag full of home-grown coconuts. Before entering the city, every traveller had to pass through eight toll gates, each of which collected a tax. Because he carried no cash, Ganesh Mallya had to part with two coconuts at each toll gate, one as tax and the other as a gift to the official. He also paid with two coconuts at the city entrance. Frustrated with all the tolls, Mallya boldly set up his own toll gate (the ninth toll gate) and collected a toll after registering full details of travellers into the city in his own register. In return for the toll, Ganesh Mallya handed out a receipt with a note ''new custom station for eighteen coconuts, signature of Ganeshayya Raja of Kumta''. This went on unnoticed for eighteen months before King Shivappa Nayaka heard of it. When summoned by the king, Ganesh Mallya admitted he had collected an illegal toll to make a livelihood. Impressed by his honesty and business acumen, Shivappa Nayaka took Ganesh Mallya into his service.<ref name="acumen">{{cite web\|title=Epigraphy Helps to Trace Genealogy of Mahales of Honavar\|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/konkani/mahales/index.htm\|author=Kamat, Jyotsna\|publisher=~~www.~~Kamat's Potpourri\|work=The Mahales of Honavar\|access-date=2007-06-15}}</ref>		An interesting episode from the time of Shivappa Nayaka's rule goes as follows. A poor Brahmin named Ganesh Mallya came to Keladi, the capital city, with the intention of finding a job. Having no money, he carried a bag full of home-grown coconuts. Before entering the city, every traveller had to pass through eight toll gates, each of which collected a tax. Because he carried no cash, Ganesh Mallya had to part with two coconuts at each toll gate, one as tax and the other as a gift to the official. He also paid with two coconuts at the city entrance. Frustrated with all the tolls, Mallya boldly set up his own toll gate (the ninth toll gate) and collected a toll after registering full details of travellers into the city in his own register. In return for the toll, Ganesh Mallya handed out a receipt with a note ''new custom station for eighteen coconuts, signature of Ganeshayya Raja of Kumta''. This went on unnoticed for eighteen months before King Shivappa Nayaka heard of it. When summoned by the king, Ganesh Mallya admitted he had collected an illegal toll to make a livelihood. Impressed by his honesty and business acumen, Shivappa Nayaka took Ganesh Mallya into his service.<ref name="acumen">{{cite web\|title=Epigraphy Helps to Trace Genealogy of Mahales of Honavar\|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/konkani/mahales/index.htm\|author=Kamat, Jyotsna\|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri\|work=The Mahales of Honavar\|access-date=2007-06-15}}</ref>

	Shivappa Nayaka was ~~succeeded~~ on the throne by his ~~younger brother Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka in 1660~~.		Shivappa Nayaka died in 1663–64. His son and successor Soma Shekhar was murdered by his Brahmins and his grandson Basava was set up on the throne under the regency of his mother.<ref name="Sarkar">{{cite book \|last1=Sarkar \|first1=Jadunath \|title=Shivaji and His Times \|date=1920 \|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. \|location=London \|pages=268–271\|url=https://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich \|access-date=11 May 2024}}</ref>

	==Notes==		==Notes==
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	==References==		==References==
	{{~~commonscat~~}}		{{commons category}}
	* Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041		* Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041

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	{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayaka, Shivappa}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayaka, Shivappa}}
	[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]		[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
	~~[[Category:History of Karnataka]]~~
	[[Category:People from Shimoga]]		[[Category:People from Shimoga]]
	[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]		[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
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	[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]		[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
	[[Category:Nayakas of Keladi]]		[[Category:Nayakas of Keladi]]
			[[Category:Veerashaiva kings]]

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{{Short description|Indian monarch}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Shivappanayaka.jpg
| alt = Shivappa
| caption = Statue of Keladi Shivappa Nayaka at [[Shivamogga]]
| reign = 1645-1660 (15 years)
| predecessor = Virabhadra Nayaka
| religion = Hinduism
| successor1 = Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka
}}
[[File:Shivappa Nayaka Palace and garden.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Government Museum (Shivappa Nayaka Palace), Shivamogga|Shivappa Nayaka's palace]], Shivamogga, Karnataka]]
[[File:Shivappa Nayaka Palace in Shivamogga.JPG|thumb|upright|Front view of the Shivappa Nayaka palace]]
[[File:Bakel beach from fort 1.jpg|thumb|upright|The famous [[Bekal Fort]] at [[Kasargod]] in [[Malabar region|Malabar]], was built by Shivappa Nayaka]]
'''Shivappa Nayaka (ಶಿವಪ್ಪ ನಾಯಕ)''' (r.1645–1660), popularly known as [[Keladi (India)|Keladi]] '''Shivappa''' Nayaka, was an Indian king and ruler of the [[Keladi Nayaka]] Kingdom. The Keladi Nayakas were successors of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the [[coastal]] and [[Malnad]] (hill) districts of [[Karnataka]], India, in the late 16th century. At their peak, the Nayakas built a niche kingdom comprising the coastal, hill and some interior districts ([[Bayaluseeme]]) of modern Karnataka, before succumbing to the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in 1763, which at that time was ruled by [[Hyder Ali]].<ref name="kel">Kamath (2001), p220</ref> He was known as ''Sistina'' Shivappa Nayaka because he introduced a [[tax]] system called ''Sist''.<ref name="kal3"/>

==Conquests==
Shivappa Nayaka is remembered as an able administrator and soldier. He ascended the throne in 1645. During this time, the last ruler of the diminished Vijayanagara Empire ruling from [[Vellore]], Shriranga Raya III was defeated by the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] and sought refuge with Shivappa. The growing threat of the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] was eliminated by 1653 and the ports of [[Mangalore]], [[Kundapura]] and [[Honnavar]] were brought under Keladi control.<ref name="kel1">Kamath (2001), p222</ref> Having conquered the [[Kannada]] coast, he marched down to [[Kasaragod Town|Kasargod]] region of modern [[Kerala]] and installed a pillar of victory at Nileshvara. The forts of Chandragiri, [[Bekal]], Adka Fort, Arikkady and Mangalore were built by Shivappa Nayaka.

Later he invaded north of the [[Tungabhadra]] river and captured territory in the modern [[Dharwad district]] from the Bijapur Sultanate. In the south, when he invaded and laid siege to [[Srirangapatna]] in modern [[Mysore district]], an epidemic broke out in his army forcing him the withdraw.<ref name="kel2">Kamath (2001), p223</ref> In the south, he destroyed the Portuguese political power in the [[Kanara]] region by capturing all the Portuguese forts of the coastal region.<ref>Portuguese Studies Review (ISSN 1057-1515) (Baywolf Press) p.35</ref>

==Administrator==
Shivappa Nayaka introduced a revenue settlement scheme called ''Sist'', a policy that has found favourable comparison to revenue schemes formulated by the [[Mughal Empire|Mogul]] emperor [[Akbar]].<ref name="kal3">His revenue settlement scheme was later praised by British officials such as Francis Buchanan and Rice (Kamath 2001, p223)</ref> According to this scheme, agricultural lands were divided into five types depending on the type of soil and available irrigational facilities. A unit of sowing capacity called ''Khanduga'' was developed and every irrigable land was taxed in varying amounts based on this unit. The rate of taxation depended on the yield in each one of these five types of land, the rate varying from village to village and amounting to a third of the total yield. Shivappa Nayaka gave importance to agriculture which resulted in an expanding agrarian economy.<ref name="kel2"/> A religious and tolerant man, Shivappa Nayaka performed [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] sacrifices and rituals and patronised the [[Hindu]] [[Advaita]] order of [[Sringeri]]. He was tolerant towards [[Christians]] and gave them land to cultivate. He encouraged the mercantile communities of South India such as the [[Komati caste|Komatis]] and [[Konkani people|Konkani]]s to settle down and establish businesses in his kingdom.<ref name="kel2"/>

An interesting episode from the time of Shivappa Nayaka's rule goes as follows. A poor Brahmin named Ganesh Mallya came to Keladi, the capital city, with the intention of finding a job. Having no money, he carried a bag full of home-grown coconuts. Before entering the city, every traveller had to pass through eight toll gates, each of which collected a tax. Because he carried no cash, Ganesh Mallya had to part with two coconuts at each toll gate, one as tax and the other as a gift to the official. He also paid with two coconuts at the city entrance. Frustrated with all the tolls, Mallya boldly set up his own toll gate (the ninth toll gate) and collected a toll after registering full details of travellers into the city in his own register. In return for the toll, Ganesh Mallya handed out a receipt with a note ''new custom station for eighteen coconuts, signature of Ganeshayya Raja of Kumta''. This went on unnoticed for eighteen months before King Shivappa Nayaka heard of it. When summoned by the king, Ganesh Mallya admitted he had collected an illegal toll to make a livelihood. Impressed by his honesty and business acumen, Shivappa Nayaka took Ganesh Mallya into his service.<ref name="acumen">{{cite web|title=Epigraphy Helps to Trace Genealogy of Mahales of Honavar|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/konkani/mahales/index.htm|author=Kamat, Jyotsna|publisher=www.Kamat's Potpourri|work=The Mahales of Honavar|access-date=2007-06-15}}</ref>

Shivappa Nayaka was succeeded on the throne by his younger brother Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka in 1660.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
{{commonscat}}
* Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayaka, Shivappa}}
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Shimoga]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Nayakas of Keladi]]