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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2011}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Shivalli Brahmin
| image =
| regions = [[Udupi District]], [[Karnataka]] [[Dakshina Kannada district]], [[Karnataka]] [[Kasaragod District]], [[Kerala]] [[Shimoga District]], [[Karnataka]]
| langs = [[Tulu language|Tulu]] ,
[[Kannada]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]] Divisions based on sect: [[Smarthism]] [[Madhwas]] Divisions based on [[Veda]] [[Rigveda]] [[Yajur Veda]]
}}
The '''Shivalli Brahmins''' are a [[Hindu]] community in [[Karnataka]]. They are divided into two groups, the first of which follows the [[Dvaita]] philosophy founded by the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] saint [[Madhvacharya]] of [[Udupi]] are called [[Madhva Brahmins|Shivalli Madhva Brahmins]], and the second of which follow the [[Advaita]] philosophy of [[Adi Shankara]] and are known as [[Shivalli Smarta Brahmins|Shivalli Smartha Brahmins]]. Majority of Shivalli Brahmins are [[Madhvas]] and only a few of them are Smarthas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: South Kanara|author=B. N. Sri Sathyan|publisher=Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|year=1973|page=109|quote=The groups usually styled as Tulu Brahmins are mainly the Shivalli Brahmins whose main centre is Udipi....The Tulu-speaking Brahmins of the present day are largely followers of Madhvacharya. only a small number remaining Smarthas}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1kZBqJBjOgC&pg=PA97|title=Curried Cultures: Globalization, Food, and South Asia|page=97|author1=Krishnendu Ray|author2=Tulasi Srinivas|publisher=University of California Press|year=2012|isbn=9780520270114}}</ref>

== Udupi cuisine ==
{{Main|Udupi cuisine}}
Shivalli Brahmins are famous for ''Udupi hotels'' (vegetarian restaurants) known for serving typical south Indian dishes like [[idli]], [[vada (food)|vada]], [[Dosa (food)|dosa]], shira and [[upma]] etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/01/05/stories/2005010500150300.htm |title=Utterly Udipi |access-date=2009-09-23 |publisher=thehinduonnet.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050509191415/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/01/05/stories/2005010500150300.htm |archive-date=9 May 2005 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Shivalli Brahmins have a unique style of cooking, serving and eating meals. The meal is served on a plantain (banana) leaf and is usually eaten by hand, seated with padmasana like position on the floor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?210644|title=Udupi food holy food |access-date=2010-02-01 |publisher=Outlook}}</ref> As per traditions male members must be bare-chested while eating a meal and must not talk except for deveranama (bhajan). While having meals, all Brahmins including women and children must start and end their meal together. No one should get up during the meals. The meal is wholesome and elaborate in preparation, serving and eating.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

== Rituals and customs ==

=== Rituals ===
[[File:Upanayanam.jpg|thumb|left|A young Shivalli Brahmin boy during his [[upanayana]]]]

Shivalli Brahmin males undergo the [[Upanayana]] when they turn seven years old to initiate them into Vedic studies.<ref>"[http://www.mapsofindia.com/mangalore/people-culture-festivals/shivalli.html Upanayana Ceremony]".</ref> It is also known as Brahmopadesham. The key ritual during the Upanayana is that of putting a [[sacred thread]] consisting of three cotton strands across the left shoulder of the boy. The initiate is called a ''[[dvija]]'' "twice-born" and is expected to perform the [[sandhyavandanam]] at least twice daily. Dvija has a special knot in it which is called as "Brahma Gantu". Shivalli Madhwa Brahmins also undergo the [[Upakarma]], where the sacred thread is changed and mudradharana is done. Mudradharana is a ritual where Vaishnavite [[mudra|symbols]] like the [[conch]] or the wheel are etched on bodies as a ritual of purification.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/upper-caste-families-look-other-communities-945 |title=Upper castes families look to other communities |access-date=2010-02-01 |publisher=deccanchronicle.com |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114022217/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/upper-caste-families-look-other-communities-945 |archive-date=2016-01-14 }}</ref> Currently, the prevalent practice is to paint the symbols using gopichandana paste. In old Vedas it is mentioned that after upanayana he enters the stage of Brahmacharya ashram, leading a celibate and austere life of a student in his teacher's home, eating from handouts given by the generous neighbors. It is equivalent to say he will undergo studies excluding all other aspects in modern days.
When he has accomplished his studies of the Vedas, he enters the Grahastha ashram, a married man becoming head of his household. This dvija also called "Janivara" is replaced with six cotton strands during the wedding.

In Tulunadu (consisting of present Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, and Kasargodu districts). Every Shivalli Madhva Brahmin household has its own Bhoota and Nagadevata. These deities were worshiped by household members. Today because of modernisation and emigration they are followed in some households only.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

=== Marriage ===
Present day marriages of Shivalli Madhva Brahmins are a four-day ceremony, sometimes condensed to a single day due to the fast pace of today's life.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-29/mysore/28013336_1_heritage-city-mysore-dakshina-kannada-district |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811033029/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-29/mysore/28013336_1_heritage-city-mysore-dakshina-kannada-district |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-08-11 |title =They-sell-food-spread-hospitality |access-date= 2010-02-02 |first1=Lawrence |last1=Milton |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2009-03-29}}</ref> In the three-day ritual, the process of marriage starts with ''Naandi'' (literally meaning ''start''). During Naandi, which takes place in the groom's and bride's homes separately, but at the same time, a ceremony is performed where the bride and groom have coconut oil and turmeric applied to them and are bathed in hot water followed by other rituals. Marriage (''Madimae'' in Tulu) takes place at a temple, hall or auditorium followed by lunch. All the ceremonies are held as per [[horoscopes]] of bride and groom at a particular time called [[muhurtha]]. Generally the day after marriage, a ceremony called the ''Bigara authana'' (a sort of reception) is held at the groom's place and consists of the ''[[Satyanarayana puja]]'' and other rituals followed by lunch. The bigara authana is an equivalent of the marriage reception. The fourth day is a small function at the bride's house named as "Aarthakshathe." It is a ritual where shamiana (house decorative) will be removed concluding end of the ceremony. Bride and groom's Basinga (a wearing specially worn on the wedding day) is tied to a pole in the bride's house and the newly married couple will start their new life with elders' (hiriyer) blessings.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

== Festivals ==
Shivalli Brahmins celebrate all major Hindu festivals such as [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Deepavali]], [[Navaratri]], [[Sankranti]], Madhwanavami, [[Janmashtami]], [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Bisu Parba]](Tulu New Year), Ramanavami, Hanuman Jayanthi etc. They also believe in [[Nagaradhane]] and rituals of [[Bhuta Kola]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shivallibrahmins.com/english/holy-days/holy-days-of-this-year/ |title =holy days |access-date= 2010-01-07 |publisher= shivallibrahmins.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

== See also ==
*[[Tuluva Brahmins]]
*[[Ahichatra]]
*[[Nambudiri]]
*[[Krishnapura matha]]
*[[Paryaya]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*Gururaja Bhat, P., ''Studies in Tuluva History and Culture'', 1975.
*[https://archive.org/details/Tulunadu Gururaja Bhat, P., ''Tuḷunāḍu'', 1963]
*Hebbar, Neria H., "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070203104805/http://www.boloji.com/hinduism/047.htm Customs and Classes of Hinduism]", 2 March 2003.
*Hebbar, Neria H., "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102710/http://www.boloji.com/places/0019a.htm The Tale of Tuluva Brahmins]", p. 2, 12 January 2003.
*Kakkilaya, B. Srinivas, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060924213804/http://www.kakkilaya.com/shiva1.html The History of Shivalli Brahmins]", 25 July 2005.
*Rajalakshmi, U.B., ''Udupi Cuisine'', Bangalore: Prism Books, {{ISBN|978-81-7286-175-9}}.
*Saletore, B.A., ''Ancient Karnataka History of Tuluva'', vol. I, 1936.

== External links ==
* [http://shivallibrahmins.com Shivalli Brahmins]

[[Category:Tulu Brahmins]]
[[Category:Karnataka society]]
[[Category:Kannada Brahmins]]
[[Category:Udupi]]
[[Category:Mangalorean society]]
[[Category:Kerala society]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]

Shivalli Brahmins - Revision history

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