Shiv Sena - Revision history

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	On 2 November 2014, during the [[2014 Kiss of Love protest\|Kiss of Love protest]] against moral policing, members of Shiv Sena, [[Bajrang Dal]], [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] and many other right wing groups opposed and attacked protestors and threatened to strip protestors for kissing on the streets. These opposing groups claimed that [[public display of affection]] is against both Indian culture and the law of the land (under section 294 of the Indian Penal Code), though according to the Supreme Court and the Delhi High Court, kissing in public is not a criminal offence.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Kissing-in-public-by-married-couple-not-obscene-HC/articleshow/4066941.cms\|title=Kissing in public by married couple not obscene: HC\|work=The Times of India\|date=2 February 2009 \|access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=2014-10-31\|title=Kerala High Court refuses to interfere with Kochi Kiss fest\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-high-court-refuses-to-interfere-with-kochi-kiss-fest/\|access-date=2021-10-17\|website=The Indian Express\|language=en}}</ref> Police took many of the Kiss of Love protestors into custody to save their lives, but were blamed for giving a free hand to counter protestors of the right wing groups.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=5 November 2014\|first=Asha\|last=Prakash\|title=We took kiss of love activists into custody to save their lives {\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/we-took-kiss-of-love-activists-into-custody-to-save-their-lives/articleshow/45043053.cms\|access-date=2021-10-17\|website=The Times of India\|language=en}}</ref>		On 2 November 2014, during the [[2014 Kiss of Love protest\|Kiss of Love protest]] against moral policing, members of Shiv Sena, [[Bajrang Dal]], [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] and many other right wing groups opposed and attacked protestors and threatened to strip protestors for kissing on the streets. These opposing groups claimed that [[public display of affection]] is against both Indian culture and the law of the land (under section 294 of the Indian Penal Code), though according to the Supreme Court and the Delhi High Court, kissing in public is not a criminal offence.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Kissing-in-public-by-married-couple-not-obscene-HC/articleshow/4066941.cms\|title=Kissing in public by married couple not obscene: HC\|work=The Times of India\|date=2 February 2009 \|access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=2014-10-31\|title=Kerala High Court refuses to interfere with Kochi Kiss fest\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-high-court-refuses-to-interfere-with-kochi-kiss-fest/\|access-date=2021-10-17\|website=The Indian Express\|language=en}}</ref> Police took many of the Kiss of Love protestors into custody to save their lives, but were blamed for giving a free hand to counter protestors of the right wing groups.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=5 November 2014\|first=Asha\|last=Prakash\|title=We took kiss of love activists into custody to save their lives {\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/we-took-kiss-of-love-activists-into-custody-to-save-their-lives/articleshow/45043053.cms\|access-date=2021-10-17\|website=The Times of India\|language=en}}</ref>

	In October 2015, Shiv Sena issued threats which enforced a ban on a scheduled concert by Pakistani classic singer [[Ghulam Ali (singer)\|Ghulam Ali]]. The move was adopted to appease anti-Pakistan constituents to vote for Sena in coming elections.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bjp-shiv-sena-ghulam-ali-stand-off-why-differences-between-them-may-increase/ \|title=BJP-Shiv Sena Ghulam Ali stand-off: Why differences between them may increase \|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] \|date=9 October 2015 \|access-date=9 October 2015}}</ref> However, in 2015 Pakistan urged the international community to take note of the activities of Shiv Sena,<ref>{{cite web\|url=~~http~~://www.dawn.com/news/1216390 \|title=Pakistan urges world to take notice of Shiv Sena activities - Pakistan \|date=30 October 2015 \|publisher=Dawn.Com \|access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref> while Shiv Sena claimed that criticism of Shiv Sena by Pakistan vindicates "our patriotism".<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/pakistan-s-stand-on-party-activities-vindicates-our-patriotism-shiv-sena-115110200409_1.html \|title=Pakistan's stand on party activities vindicates our patriotism: Shiv Sena \| Business Standard News \|newspaper=Business Standard India \|date=2 November 2015 \|publisher=Business-standard.com \|access-date=2015-12-02\|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>		In October 2015, Shiv Sena issued threats which enforced a ban on a scheduled concert by Pakistani classic singer [[Ghulam Ali (singer)\|Ghulam Ali]]. The move was adopted to appease anti-Pakistan constituents to vote for Sena in coming elections.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bjp-shiv-sena-ghulam-ali-stand-off-why-differences-between-them-may-increase/ \|title=BJP-Shiv Sena Ghulam Ali stand-off: Why differences between them may increase \|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] \|date=9 October 2015 \|access-date=9 October 2015}}</ref> However, in 2015 Pakistan urged the international community to take note of the activities of Shiv Sena,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1216390 \|title=Pakistan urges world to take notice of Shiv Sena activities - Pakistan \|date=30 October 2015 \|publisher=Dawn.Com \|access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref> while Shiv Sena claimed that criticism of Shiv Sena by Pakistan vindicates "our patriotism".<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/pakistan-s-stand-on-party-activities-vindicates-our-patriotism-shiv-sena-115110200409_1.html \|title=Pakistan's stand on party activities vindicates our patriotism: Shiv Sena \| Business Standard News \|newspaper=Business Standard India \|date=2 November 2015 \|publisher=Business-standard.com \|access-date=2015-12-02\|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>

	On 19 October 2015, Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the office of [[Board of Control for Cricket in India\|BCCI]] to stop a meeting between [[Pakistan Cricket Board\|PCB]] and [[Board of Control for Cricket in India\|BCCI]] officials. The activists shouted anti-Pakistan slogans and held posters that read 'Shahryar Khan go back', determined to stop Manohar from meeting his Pakistani counterpart. Shiv Sena has also threatened to stop Pakistan's Aleem Dar from officiating in the fifth and final ODI between India and South Africa.<ref name="bcci_attack">{{cite news \| url=~~http~~://www.dawn.com/news/1214126 \| title=Shiv Sena activists storm BCCI HQ over Shaharyar-Manohar meeting \| work=Dawn News \| date=19 October 2015 \| access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref>		On 19 October 2015, Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the office of [[Board of Control for Cricket in India\|BCCI]] to stop a meeting between [[Pakistan Cricket Board\|PCB]] and [[Board of Control for Cricket in India\|BCCI]] officials. The activists shouted anti-Pakistan slogans and held posters that read 'Shahryar Khan go back', determined to stop Manohar from meeting his Pakistani counterpart. Shiv Sena has also threatened to stop Pakistan's Aleem Dar from officiating in the fifth and final ODI between India and South Africa.<ref name="bcci_attack">{{cite news \| url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1214126 \| title=Shiv Sena activists storm BCCI HQ over Shaharyar-Manohar meeting \| work=Dawn News \| date=19 October 2015 \| access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref>

	On 23 March 2017, while travelling to [[Delhi]] from [[Pune]], Shiv Sena leader [[Ravindra Gaikwad]] was accused of thrashing [[Air India]] staff with his shoe, when they tried to make him disembark the plane, after being denied a business class seat because the flight was all-economy.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Phukan\|first=Sandeep\|date=3 March 2017\|title='Hit Him 25 Times': Sena MP's Assault Has Air India Debating No-Fly List\|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shiv-sena-mp-ravindra-gaikwad-beat-air-india-employee-with-slippers-over-seat-says-airline-1672656\|access-date=23 February 2021\|website=NDTV}}</ref> The [[Delhi Police]] had charged him with hitting government staff on duty, as well as taking the plane ransom without departing from the plane. The incident led to the creation of [[No Fly List (India)\|No-Fly List]] in India, and Gaikwad was the first person to be put on the list.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Bawa\|first=Parmeshwar\|date=24 March 2017\|title=Not On Our Flights: Airlines Ban Shiv Sena MP Ravindra Gaikwad, 2 Cancel His Ticket\|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/not-on-our-flights-airline-association-bans-sena-mp-who-turned-violent-1672941\|access-date=23 February 2021\|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Haidar\|first=Faizan\|date=29 March 2017\|title=Sena MP Gaikwad books yet another ticket to Delhi, Air India cancels it too\|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/sena-mp-ravindra-gaikwad-books-mumbai-delhi-ticket-air-india-cancels-it/story-yRi5lrFTdKBBuirDASsxYO.html\|access-date=23 February 2021\|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>		On 23 March 2017, while travelling to [[Delhi]] from [[Pune]], Shiv Sena leader [[Ravindra Gaikwad]] was accused of thrashing [[Air India]] staff with his shoe, when they tried to make him disembark the plane, after being denied a business class seat because the flight was all-economy.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Phukan\|first=Sandeep\|date=3 March 2017\|title='Hit Him 25 Times': Sena MP's Assault Has Air India Debating No-Fly List\|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shiv-sena-mp-ravindra-gaikwad-beat-air-india-employee-with-slippers-over-seat-says-airline-1672656\|access-date=23 February 2021\|website=NDTV}}</ref> The [[Delhi Police]] had charged him with hitting government staff on duty, as well as taking the plane ransom without departing from the plane. The incident led to the creation of [[No Fly List (India)\|No-Fly List]] in India, and Gaikwad was the first person to be put on the list.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Bawa\|first=Parmeshwar\|date=24 March 2017\|title=Not On Our Flights: Airlines Ban Shiv Sena MP Ravindra Gaikwad, 2 Cancel His Ticket\|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/not-on-our-flights-airline-association-bans-sena-mp-who-turned-violent-1672941\|access-date=23 February 2021\|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Haidar\|first=Faizan\|date=29 March 2017\|title=Sena MP Gaikwad books yet another ticket to Delhi, Air India cancels it too\|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/sena-mp-ravindra-gaikwad-books-mumbai-delhi-ticket-air-india-cancels-it/story-yRi5lrFTdKBBuirDASsxYO.html\|access-date=23 February 2021\|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

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	==External links==		==External links==
	* {{Official website\|http://shivsena.in/}}		* {{Official website\|http://shivsena.in/}}
	* ~~{{Portal bar\|Politics\|Hinduism\|1960s}}~~		*

	{{Indian political parties}}		{{Indian political parties}}

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	{{Short description\|Political party in Maharashtra, India}}		{{Short description\|Political party in Maharashtra, India}}
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	{{Merge from\|Sena Bhavan\|discuss=Talk:Shiv Sena#Proposed merge of Sena Bhavan into Shiv Sena\|date=August 2021}}		{{Merge from\|Sena Bhavan\|discuss=Talk:Shiv Sena#Proposed merge of Sena Bhavan into Shiv Sena\|date=August 2021}}
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	'''Shiv Sena''' ([[IAST]]: Śiva Sēnā) (translation: ''Army of [[Shivaji]]''), is a right-wing Marathi [[Regionalism (politics)\|regionalist]] and [[ultranationalist]] political party in [[India]] founded in 1966 by cartoonist [[Bal Thackeray]].<ref name="BergerHeidemann2013">{{cite book \|author1=Berger, Peter\|author2=Heidemann, Frank \|title=The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBgLb8XIGR8C&pg=PA179 \|date=3 June 2013 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-134-06111-2 \|page=179}}</ref> Originally emerging from [[Nativism (politics)\|nativist]] movements in [[Mumbai\|Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai), the party agitates for preferential treatment for [[Marathi people\|Maharashtrians]] over migrants from other parts of India. Its election symbol for Maharashtra is ''Bow and Arrow''.<ref>{{cite news \|url =https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/shiv-sena-finds-jharkhand-mukti-morcha-has-first-right-to-symbol/lite/\|title =Shiv Sena finds Jharkhand Mukti Morcha has first right to symbol\|publisher =The Indian Express\|quote =Shivsena's bow-and-arrow symbol is the same as that of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha.\|location =New Delhi\|date =September 28, 2015\|website =indianexpress.com \|author =Pradeep Kaushal\|access-date =28 April 2020}}</ref> [[Uddhav Thackeray]], Bal Thackeray's son, is party leader and serves as the current [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra\|Chief Minister of Maharashtra]].		'''Shiv Sena''' ([[IAST]]: Śiva Sēnā) (translation: ''Army of [[Shivaji]]''), is a right-wing Marathi [[Regionalism (politics)\|regionalist]] and [[ultranationalist]] political party in [[India]] founded in 1966 by cartoonist [[Bal Thackeray]].<ref name="BergerHeidemann2013">{{cite book \|author1=Berger, Peter\|author2=Heidemann, Frank \|title=The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBgLb8XIGR8C&pg=PA179 \|date=3 June 2013 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-134-06111-2 \|page=179}}</ref> Originally emerging from [[Nativism (politics)\|nativist]] movements in [[Mumbai\|Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai), the party agitates for preferential treatment for [[Marathi people\|Maharashtrians]] over migrants from other parts of India. Its election symbol for Maharashtra is ''Bow and Arrow''.<ref>{{cite news \|url =https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/shiv-sena-finds-jharkhand-mukti-morcha-has-first-right-to-symbol/lite/\|title =Shiv Sena finds Jharkhand Mukti Morcha has first right to symbol\|publisher =The Indian Express\|quote =Shivsena's bow-and-arrow symbol is the same as that of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha.\|location =New Delhi\|date =September 28, 2015\|website =indianexpress.com \|author =Pradeep Kaushal\|access-date =28 April 2020}}</ref> [[Uddhav Thackeray]], Bal Thackeray's son, is party leader and serves as the current [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra\|Chief Minister of Maharashtra]].

	Although the party's primary base is still in [[Maharashtra]], it has tried to expand to a pan-Indian base. In the 1970s, it gradually moved from advocating a pro-Marathi ideology to one supporting a broader [[Hindu nationalism\|Hindu nationalist]] agenda,<ref name="Rediff article: sons of the soil, lungi slogan, shakhas, south Indians in 1970, shift to Hindutva, defeat of communists/" /> and aligned itself with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. The party started taking part in Mumbai ([[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation\|BMC]]) Municipal elections since its inception. In 1989, it entered into an alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party\|BJP]] for [[Lok Sabha]] as well as [[Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra\|Maharashtra assembly]] elections, the latter of which was temporarily broken in October 2014 Assembly elections. The alliance was quickly reformed and Shiv Sena became part of the BJP government in Maharashtra in December 2014. It was a coalition partner in the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)\|National Democratic Alliance]] during 1998–2019, including the [[Vajpayee Government]] during 1998–2004 and the [[Narendra Modi Government]] during ~~2014-2019~~. After the Maharashtra elections in October 2019, Shiv Sena claimed that promises were not kept by their alliance partner [[Bharatiya Janata Party\|BJP]] and broke ties. The party later joined hands with the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] in a bid to form the government in Maharashtra.		Although the party's primary base is still in [[Maharashtra]], it has tried to expand to a pan-Indian base. In the 1970s, it gradually moved from advocating a pro-Marathi ideology to one supporting a broader [[Hindu nationalism\|Hindu nationalist]] agenda,<ref name="Rediff article: sons of the soil, lungi slogan, shakhas, south Indians in 1970, shift to Hindutva, defeat of communists/" /> and aligned itself with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. The party started taking part in Mumbai ([[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation\|BMC]]) Municipal elections since its inception. In 1989, it entered into an alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party\|BJP]] for [[Lok Sabha]] as well as [[Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra\|Maharashtra assembly]] elections, the latter of which was temporarily broken in October 2014 Assembly elections. The alliance was quickly reformed and Shiv Sena became part of the BJP government in Maharashtra in December 2014. It was a coalition partner in the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)\|National Democratic Alliance]] during 1998–2019, including the [[Vajpayee Government]] during 1998–2004 and the [[Narendra Modi Government]] during 2014–2019. After the Maharashtra elections in October 2019, Shiv Sena claimed that promises were not kept by their alliance partner [[Bharatiya Janata Party\|BJP]] and broke ties. The party later joined hands with the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] in a bid to form the government in Maharashtra.

	The party has a powerful hold over the [[Bollywood]] film industry.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8073240/Author-Rohinton-Mistry-slams-Mumbai-University-after-book-ban.html \|title=Author Rohinton Mistry slams Mumbai University after book ban \|access-date=27 August 2012 \|last=Dean \|first= Nelson \|publisher= telegraph.co.uk }}</ref> It has been referred to as an "extremist",<ref>{{cite book \|author1=Ahmed, Z.S. \|author2=Balasubramanian, R. \|year=2010 \|title=Extremism in Pakistan and India: The Case of the Jamaat-e-Islami and Shiv Sena \|publisher=Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (RCSS) \|location=[[Colombo]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Mehta \|first=Ved \|title=Rajiv Gandhi and Rama's Kingdom \|year=1994 \|url=https://archive.org/details/rajivgandhiramas00meht\|url-access=registration \| publisher=[[Yale University Press]] \|location=[[New Haven, Connecticut\|New Haven]], Connecticut \|page=[https://archive.org/details/rajivgandhiramas00meht/page/157 157]}}</ref> "chauvinist",<ref>{{cite book \|last=Bagchi \|first=Amiya \|title=Capital and Labour Redefined:India and the Third World \|year=2002 \|publisher=Anthem Press \|location=[[London]] \|page=344}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Kaminsky \|first=Arnold \|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic \|url=https://archive.org/details/indiatodayvolume00kami\|url-access=limited \|year=2011 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|location=[[Santa Barbara, California\|Santa Barbara]], California \|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiatodayvolume00kami/page/n688 628]}}</ref> as well as a "[[Fascism\|fascist]] party".<ref name=Chandavarkar2>{{cite book \|last=Chandavarkar \|first=Rajnayaran \|title=History, Culture and the Indian City \|url=https://archive.org/details/historyculturein00chan \|url-access=limited \|date=3 September 2009 \|publisher=[[Cambridge University]] Press \|isbn=978-0-521-76871-9 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyculturein00chan/page/n42 29] \|edition=1st}}</ref><ref name="Jeff2011">{{cite book \| author=Jeff Haynes \| title=Religion, Politics and International Relations \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpO2s24WMowC&pg=PA150 \| access-date=18 November 2012 \| date=7 April 2011 \| publisher=Taylor & Francis \| isbn=978-1-136-73753-4 \| page=150}}</ref> Shiv Sena has been blamed for the 1970 communal violence in [[Bhiwandi]], the [[1984 Bhiwandi riot]], and violence in the [[Bombay riots\|1992–1993 Bombay riots]].<ref>{{cite book \|title=Human Rights Watch World Report 1999 \|year=1998 \|publisher=Human Rights Watch \|isbn=978-1-56432-190-9 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0/page/186 186] \|url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0/page/186 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Brown \|first=Cynthia \|title=Playing the "communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights \|year=1995 \|publisher=Human Rights Watch \|isbn=978-1-56432-152-7 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/playingcommunalc00brow/page/27 27] \|url=https://archive.org/details/playingcommunalc00brow/page/27 }}</ref>		The party has a powerful hold over the [[Bollywood]] film industry.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8073240/Author-Rohinton-Mistry-slams-Mumbai-University-after-book-ban.html \|title=Author Rohinton Mistry slams Mumbai University after book ban \|access-date=27 August 2012 \|last=Dean \|first= Nelson \|publisher= telegraph.co.uk }}</ref> It has been referred to as an "extremist",<ref>{{cite book \|author1=Ahmed, Z.S. \|author2=Balasubramanian, R. \|year=2010 \|title=Extremism in Pakistan and India: The Case of the Jamaat-e-Islami and Shiv Sena \|publisher=Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (RCSS) \|location=[[Colombo]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Mehta \|first=Ved \|title=Rajiv Gandhi and Rama's Kingdom \|year=1994 \|url=https://archive.org/details/rajivgandhiramas00meht\|url-access=registration \| publisher=[[Yale University Press]] \|location=[[New Haven, Connecticut\|New Haven]], Connecticut \|page=[https://archive.org/details/rajivgandhiramas00meht/page/157 157]}}</ref> "chauvinist",<ref>{{cite book \|last=Bagchi \|first=Amiya \|title=Capital and Labour Redefined:India and the Third World \|year=2002 \|publisher=Anthem Press \|location=[[London]] \|page=344}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Kaminsky \|first=Arnold \|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic \|url=https://archive.org/details/indiatodayvolume00kami\|url-access=limited \|year=2011 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|location=[[Santa Barbara, California\|Santa Barbara]], California \|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiatodayvolume00kami/page/n688 628]}}</ref> as well as a "[[Fascism\|fascist]] party".<ref name=Chandavarkar2>{{cite book \|last=Chandavarkar \|first=Rajnayaran \|title=History, Culture and the Indian City \|url=https://archive.org/details/historyculturein00chan \|url-access=limited \|date=3 September 2009 \|publisher=[[Cambridge University]] Press \|isbn=978-0-521-76871-9 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyculturein00chan/page/n42 29] \|edition=1st}}</ref><ref name="Jeff2011">{{cite book \| author=Jeff Haynes \| title=Religion, Politics and International Relations \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpO2s24WMowC&pg=PA150 \| access-date=18 November 2012 \| date=7 April 2011 \| publisher=Taylor & Francis \| isbn=978-1-136-73753-4 \| page=150}}</ref> Shiv Sena has been blamed for the 1970 communal violence in [[Bhiwandi]], the [[1984 Bhiwandi riot]], and violence in the [[Bombay riots\|1992–1993 Bombay riots]].<ref>{{cite book \|title=Human Rights Watch World Report 1999 \|year=1998 \|publisher=Human Rights Watch \|isbn=978-1-56432-190-9 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0/page/186 186] \|url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0/page/186 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Brown \|first=Cynthia \|title=Playing the "communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights \|year=1995 \|publisher=Human Rights Watch \|isbn=978-1-56432-152-7 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/playingcommunalc00brow/page/27 27] \|url=https://archive.org/details/playingcommunalc00brow/page/27 }}</ref>
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	The Sena started placing more weight on the [[Hindutva]] ideology in the 1970s as the 'sons of the soil' cause was weakening.<ref name="Rediff article: sons of the soil, lungi slogan, shakhas, south Indians in 1970, shift to Hindutva, defeat of communists/"/>		The Sena started placing more weight on the [[Hindutva]] ideology in the 1970s as the 'sons of the soil' cause was weakening.<ref name="Rediff article: sons of the soil, lungi slogan, shakhas, south Indians in 1970, shift to Hindutva, defeat of communists/"/>

	The party began a coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) for seats in the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Maharashtra Assembly]] from 1989. The two formed a government in Maharashtra between 1995-1999.<ref name="BJP Shivsena 25 year">{{cite web \|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-elections-bjp-ends-25yearold-alliance-with-shiv-sena-as-seat-sharing-talks-fail/501837-3-237.html \|title=Maharashtra elections: BJP ends 25-year-old alliance with Shiv Sena as seat-sharing talks fail \|publisher=ibnlive.in.com \|access-date=2014-10-26}}</ref> The Sena was the opposition party in the state along with the BJP from 1999 to 2014. However, the 25 year alliance with the BJP was threatened in [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election\|2014 Maharashtra Assembly elections]] over seat sharing and both contested the election independently.<ref name="BJP Shivsena 25 year"/> With the BJP becoming the largest party following the 2014 election, Sena declared opposition. However, after negotiations, Sena agreed to join the government in Maharashtra.<ref name=join>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/shiv-sena-to-join-fadnavis-govt-accepts-offer-of-12-cabinet-berths/ Shiv Sena to join Fadnavis govt; gives up claim to home minister, deputy CM post], Indian Express, 4 December 2014</ref> The Shiv Sena-BJP combine governs the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]. Traditionally the main strongholds of Shiv Sena have been Mumbai and the [[Konkan]] coastal areas. However, in the [[2004 Indian general elections\|2004 Lok Sabha elections]] the result was reversed. The Shiv Sena made inroads in the interior parts of the state, while suffering losses in Mumbai.{{Citation needed\|date=October 2014}}		The party began a coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) for seats in the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Maharashtra Assembly]] from 1989. The two formed a government in Maharashtra between 1995 and 1999.<ref name="BJP Shivsena 25 year">{{cite web \|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-elections-bjp-ends-25yearold-alliance-with-shiv-sena-as-seat-sharing-talks-fail/501837-3-237.html \|title=Maharashtra elections: BJP ends 25-year-old alliance with Shiv Sena as seat-sharing talks fail \|publisher=ibnlive.in.com \|access-date=2014-10-26}}</ref> The Sena was the opposition party in the state along with the BJP from 1999 to 2014. However, the 25 year alliance with the BJP was threatened in [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election\|2014 Maharashtra Assembly elections]] over seat sharing and both contested the election independently.<ref name="BJP Shivsena 25 year"/> With the BJP becoming the largest party following the 2014 election, Sena declared opposition. However, after negotiations, Sena agreed to join the government in Maharashtra.<ref name=join>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/shiv-sena-to-join-fadnavis-govt-accepts-offer-of-12-cabinet-berths/ Shiv Sena to join Fadnavis govt; gives up claim to home minister, deputy CM post], Indian Express, 4 December 2014</ref> The Shiv Sena-BJP combine governs the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]. Traditionally the main strongholds of Shiv Sena have been Mumbai and the [[Konkan]] coastal areas. However, in the [[2004 Indian general elections\|2004 Lok Sabha elections]] the result was reversed. The Shiv Sena made inroads in the interior parts of the state, while suffering losses in Mumbai.{{Citation needed\|date=October 2014}}

	In January 2018, Shiv Sena officially cut ties with the BJP and their NDA coalition ahead of the [[2019 Indian general election]] after nearly 30 years of campaigning alongside the BJP.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/01/23/shiv-sena-breaks-ties-with-bjp-in-maharashtra_a_23341772/\|title=Shiv Sena Breaks Ties With BJP In Maharashtra\|date=24 January 2018}}</ref> But in February 2019, BJP and Shiv Sena again announced alliance for the general elections as well as the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news \| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-and-shiv-sena-seal-deal-for-2019-lok-sabha-polls-to-contest-in-25-23-seats-respectively/articleshow/68051183.cms \| title=BJP and Shiv Sena seal deal for 2019 Lok Sabha polls; to contest in 25, 23 seats respectively \| newspaper=Economic Times \| date=18 February 2019 \| access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> The election saw Shiv Sena lose votes and subsequently declined to support the BJP in forming a government over the BJP's refusal to engage in power-sharing. Shiv Sena withdrew from [[National Democratic Alliance]], precipitating a [[2019 Maharashtra political crisis\|political crisis in late October-early November 2019]], which ultimately led to party leader [[Uddhav Thackeray]] becoming Chief Minister through support from the [[Indian National Congress]], and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/maharashtra/bjp-loses-its-oldest-ally-shiv-sena/articleshow/72010644.cms\|title=BJP loses its oldest ally Shiv Sena\|date=2019-11-12\|work=The Economic Times\|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref>		In January 2018, Shiv Sena officially cut ties with the BJP and their NDA coalition ahead of the [[2019 Indian general election]] after nearly 30 years of campaigning alongside the BJP.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/01/23/shiv-sena-breaks-ties-with-bjp-in-maharashtra_a_23341772/\|title=Shiv Sena Breaks Ties With BJP In Maharashtra\|date=24 January 2018}}</ref> But in February 2019, BJP and Shiv Sena again announced alliance for the general elections as well as the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news \| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-and-shiv-sena-seal-deal-for-2019-lok-sabha-polls-to-contest-in-25-23-seats-respectively/articleshow/68051183.cms \| title=BJP and Shiv Sena seal deal for 2019 Lok Sabha polls; to contest in 25, 23 seats respectively \| newspaper=Economic Times \| date=18 February 2019 \| access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> The election saw Shiv Sena lose votes and subsequently declined to support the BJP in forming a government over the BJP's refusal to engage in power-sharing. Shiv Sena withdrew from [[National Democratic Alliance]], precipitating a [[2019 Maharashtra political crisis\|political crisis in late October-early November 2019]], which ultimately led to party leader [[Uddhav Thackeray]] becoming Chief Minister through support from the [[Indian National Congress]], and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/maharashtra/bjp-loses-its-oldest-ally-shiv-sena/articleshow/72010644.cms\|title=BJP loses its oldest ally Shiv Sena\|date=2019-11-12\|work=The Economic Times\|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref>

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	On 2 November 2014, during the [[2014 Kiss of Love protest\|Kiss of Love protest]] against moral policing, members of Shiv Sena, [[Bajrang Dal]], [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] and many other right wing groups opposed and attacked protestors and threatened to strip protestors for kissing on the streets. These opposing groups claimed that [[public display of affection]] is against both Indian culture and the law of the land (under section 294 of the Indian Penal Code), though according to the Supreme Court and the Delhi High Court, kissing in public is not a criminal offence.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Kissing-in-public-by-married-couple-not-obscene-HC/articleshow/4066941.cms\|title=Kissing in public by married couple not obscene: HC\|work=The Times of India\|date=2 February 2009 \|access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=2014-10-31\|title=Kerala High Court refuses to interfere with Kochi Kiss fest\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-high-court-refuses-to-interfere-with-kochi-kiss-fest/\|access-date=2021-10-17\|website=The Indian Express\|language=en}}</ref> Police took many of the Kiss of Love protestors into custody to save their lives, but were blamed for giving a free hand to counter protestors of the right wing groups.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=5 November 2014\|first=Asha\|last=Prakash\|title=We took kiss of love activists into custody to save their lives {\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/we-took-kiss-of-love-activists-into-custody-to-save-their-lives/articleshow/45043053.cms\|access-date=2021-10-17\|website=The Times of India\|language=en}}</ref>		On 2 November 2014, during the [[2014 Kiss of Love protest\|Kiss of Love protest]] against moral policing, members of Shiv Sena, [[Bajrang Dal]], [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] and many other right wing groups opposed and attacked protestors and threatened to strip protestors for kissing on the streets. These opposing groups claimed that [[public display of affection]] is against both Indian culture and the law of the land (under section 294 of the Indian Penal Code), though according to the Supreme Court and the Delhi High Court, kissing in public is not a criminal offence.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Kissing-in-public-by-married-couple-not-obscene-HC/articleshow/4066941.cms\|title=Kissing in public by married couple not obscene: HC\|work=The Times of India\|date=2 February 2009 \|access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=2014-10-31\|title=Kerala High Court refuses to interfere with Kochi Kiss fest\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-high-court-refuses-to-interfere-with-kochi-kiss-fest/\|access-date=2021-10-17\|website=The Indian Express\|language=en}}</ref> Police took many of the Kiss of Love protestors into custody to save their lives, but were blamed for giving a free hand to counter protestors of the right wing groups.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=5 November 2014\|first=Asha\|last=Prakash\|title=We took kiss of love activists into custody to save their lives {\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/we-took-kiss-of-love-activists-into-custody-to-save-their-lives/articleshow/45043053.cms\|access-date=2021-10-17\|website=The Times of India\|language=en}}</ref>

	In October 2015, Shiv Sena issued threats which enforced a ban on a scheduled concert by Pakistani classic singer [[Ghulam Ali (singer)\|Ghulam Ali]]. The move was adopted to appease anti-Pakistan constituents to vote for Sena in coming elections.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bjp-shiv-sena-ghulam-ali-stand-off-why-differences-between-them-may-increase/ \|title=BJP-Shiv Sena Ghulam Ali stand-off: Why differences between them may increase \|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] \|date=9 October 2015 \|access-date=9 October 2015}}</ref> However, in 2015 Pakistan urged the international community to take note of the activities of Shiv Sena,<ref>{{cite web\|url=~~http~~://www.dawn.com/news/1216390 \|title=Pakistan urges world to take notice of Shiv Sena activities - Pakistan \|date=30 October 2015 \|publisher=Dawn.Com \|access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref> while Shiv Sena claimed that criticism of Shiv Sena by Pakistan vindicates "our patriotism".<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/pakistan-s-stand-on-party-activities-vindicates-our-patriotism-shiv-sena-115110200409_1.html \|title=Pakistan's stand on party activities vindicates our patriotism: Shiv Sena \| Business Standard News \|newspaper=Business Standard India \|date=2 November 2015 \|publisher=Business-standard.com \|access-date=2015-12-02\|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>		In October 2015, Shiv Sena issued threats which enforced a ban on a scheduled concert by Pakistani classic singer [[Ghulam Ali (singer)\|Ghulam Ali]]. The move was adopted to appease anti-Pakistan constituents to vote for Sena in coming elections.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bjp-shiv-sena-ghulam-ali-stand-off-why-differences-between-them-may-increase/ \|title=BJP-Shiv Sena Ghulam Ali stand-off: Why differences between them may increase \|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] \|date=9 October 2015 \|access-date=9 October 2015}}</ref> However, in 2015 Pakistan urged the international community to take note of the activities of Shiv Sena,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1216390 \|title=Pakistan urges world to take notice of Shiv Sena activities - Pakistan \|date=30 October 2015 \|publisher=Dawn.Com \|access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref> while Shiv Sena claimed that criticism of Shiv Sena by Pakistan vindicates "our patriotism".<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/pakistan-s-stand-on-party-activities-vindicates-our-patriotism-shiv-sena-115110200409_1.html \|title=Pakistan's stand on party activities vindicates our patriotism: Shiv Sena \| Business Standard News \|newspaper=Business Standard India \|date=2 November 2015 \|publisher=Business-standard.com \|access-date=2015-12-02\|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>

	On 19 October 2015, Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the office of [[Board of Control for Cricket in India\|BCCI]] to stop a meeting between [[Pakistan Cricket Board\|PCB]] and [[Board of Control for Cricket in India\|BCCI]] officials. The activists shouted anti-Pakistan slogans and held posters that read 'Shahryar Khan go back', determined to stop Manohar from meeting his Pakistani counterpart. Shiv Sena has also threatened to stop Pakistan's Aleem Dar from officiating in the fifth and final ODI between India and South Africa.<ref name="bcci_attack">{{cite news \| url=~~http~~://www.dawn.com/news/1214126 \| title=Shiv Sena activists storm BCCI HQ over Shaharyar-Manohar meeting \| work=Dawn News \| date=19 October 2015 \| access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref>		On 19 October 2015, Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the office of [[Board of Control for Cricket in India\|BCCI]] to stop a meeting between [[Pakistan Cricket Board\|PCB]] and [[Board of Control for Cricket in India\|BCCI]] officials. The activists shouted anti-Pakistan slogans and held posters that read 'Shahryar Khan go back', determined to stop Manohar from meeting his Pakistani counterpart. Shiv Sena has also threatened to stop Pakistan's Aleem Dar from officiating in the fifth and final ODI between India and South Africa.<ref name="bcci_attack">{{cite news \| url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1214126 \| title=Shiv Sena activists storm BCCI HQ over Shaharyar-Manohar meeting \| work=Dawn News \| date=19 October 2015 \| access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref>

	On 23 March 2017, while travelling to [[Delhi]] from [[Pune]], Shiv Sena leader [[Ravindra Gaikwad]] was accused of thrashing [[Air India]] staff with his shoe, when they tried to make him disembark the plane, after being denied a business class seat because the flight was all-economy.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Phukan\|first=Sandeep\|date=3 March 2017\|title='Hit Him 25 Times': Sena MP's Assault Has Air India Debating No-Fly List\|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shiv-sena-mp-ravindra-gaikwad-beat-air-india-employee-with-slippers-over-seat-says-airline-1672656\|access-date=23 February 2021\|website=NDTV}}</ref> The [[Delhi Police]] had charged him with hitting government staff on duty, as well as taking the plane ransom without departing from the plane. The incident led to the creation of [[No Fly List (India)\|No-Fly List]] in India, and Gaikwad was the first person to be put on the list.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Bawa\|first=Parmeshwar\|date=24 March 2017\|title=Not On Our Flights: Airlines Ban Shiv Sena MP Ravindra Gaikwad, 2 Cancel His Ticket\|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/not-on-our-flights-airline-association-bans-sena-mp-who-turned-violent-1672941\|access-date=23 February 2021\|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Haidar\|first=Faizan\|date=29 March 2017\|title=Sena MP Gaikwad books yet another ticket to Delhi, Air India cancels it too\|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/sena-mp-ravindra-gaikwad-books-mumbai-delhi-ticket-air-india-cancels-it/story-yRi5lrFTdKBBuirDASsxYO.html\|access-date=23 February 2021\|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>		On 23 March 2017, while travelling to [[Delhi]] from [[Pune]], Shiv Sena leader [[Ravindra Gaikwad]] was accused of thrashing [[Air India]] staff with his shoe, when they tried to make him disembark the plane, after being denied a business class seat because the flight was all-economy.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Phukan\|first=Sandeep\|date=3 March 2017\|title='Hit Him 25 Times': Sena MP's Assault Has Air India Debating No-Fly List\|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shiv-sena-mp-ravindra-gaikwad-beat-air-india-employee-with-slippers-over-seat-says-airline-1672656\|access-date=23 February 2021\|website=NDTV}}</ref> The [[Delhi Police]] had charged him with hitting government staff on duty, as well as taking the plane ransom without departing from the plane. The incident led to the creation of [[No Fly List (India)\|No-Fly List]] in India, and Gaikwad was the first person to be put on the list.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Bawa\|first=Parmeshwar\|date=24 March 2017\|title=Not On Our Flights: Airlines Ban Shiv Sena MP Ravindra Gaikwad, 2 Cancel His Ticket\|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/not-on-our-flights-airline-association-bans-sena-mp-who-turned-violent-1672941\|access-date=23 February 2021\|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Haidar\|first=Faizan\|date=29 March 2017\|title=Sena MP Gaikwad books yet another ticket to Delhi, Air India cancels it too\|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/sena-mp-ravindra-gaikwad-books-mumbai-delhi-ticket-air-india-cancels-it/story-yRi5lrFTdKBBuirDASsxYO.html\|access-date=23 February 2021\|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

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	'''Shiv Sena''' ([[IAST]]: Śiva Sēnā) (translation: ''Army of [[Shivaji]]''), is a right-wing Marathi [[Regionalism (politics)\|regionalist]] and [[ultranationalist]] political party in [[India]] founded in 1966 by cartoonist [[Bal Thackeray]].<ref name="BergerHeidemann2013">{{cite book \|author1=Berger, Peter\|author2=Heidemann, Frank \|title=The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBgLb8XIGR8C&pg=PA179 \|date=3 June 2013 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-134-06111-2 \|page=179}}</ref> Originally emerging from [[Nativism (politics)\|nativist]] movements in [[Mumbai\|Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai), the party agitates for preferential treatment for [[Marathi people\|Maharashtrians]] over migrants from other parts of India. Its election symbol for Maharashtra is ''Bow and Arrow''.<ref>{{cite news \|url =https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/shiv-sena-finds-jharkhand-mukti-morcha-has-first-right-to-symbol/lite/\|title =Shiv Sena finds Jharkhand Mukti Morcha has first right to symbol\|publisher =The Indian Express\|quote =Shivsena's bow-and-arrow symbol is the same as that of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha.\|location =New Delhi\|date =September 28, 2015\|website =indianexpress.com \|author =Pradeep Kaushal\|access-date =28 April 2020}}</ref> [[Uddhav Thackeray]], Bal Thackeray's son, is party leader and serves as the current [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra\|Chief Minister of Maharashtra]].		'''Shiv Sena''' ([[IAST]]: Śiva Sēnā) (translation: ''Army of [[Shivaji]]''), is a right-wing Marathi [[Regionalism (politics)\|regionalist]] and [[ultranationalist]] political party in [[India]] founded in 1966 by cartoonist [[Bal Thackeray]].<ref name="BergerHeidemann2013">{{cite book \|author1=Berger, Peter\|author2=Heidemann, Frank \|title=The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBgLb8XIGR8C&pg=PA179 \|date=3 June 2013 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-134-06111-2 \|page=179}}</ref> Originally emerging from [[Nativism (politics)\|nativist]] movements in [[Mumbai\|Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai), the party agitates for preferential treatment for [[Marathi people\|Maharashtrians]] over migrants from other parts of India. Its election symbol for Maharashtra is ''Bow and Arrow''.<ref>{{cite news \|url =https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/shiv-sena-finds-jharkhand-mukti-morcha-has-first-right-to-symbol/lite/\|title =Shiv Sena finds Jharkhand Mukti Morcha has first right to symbol\|publisher =The Indian Express\|quote =Shivsena's bow-and-arrow symbol is the same as that of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha.\|location =New Delhi\|date =September 28, 2015\|website =indianexpress.com \|author =Pradeep Kaushal\|access-date =28 April 2020}}</ref> [[Uddhav Thackeray]], Bal Thackeray's son, is party leader and serves as the current [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra\|Chief Minister of Maharashtra]].

	Although the party's primary base is still in [[Maharashtra]], it has tried to expand to a pan-Indian base. In the 1970s, it gradually moved from advocating a pro-Marathi ideology to one supporting a broader [[Hindu nationalism\|Hindu nationalist]] agenda,<ref name="Rediff article: sons of the soil, lungi slogan, shakhas, south Indians in 1970, shift to Hindutva, defeat of communists/" /> and aligned itself with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. The party started taking part in Mumbai ([[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation\|BMC]]) Municipal elections since its inception. In 1989, it entered into an alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party\|BJP]] for [[Lok Sabha]] as well as [[Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra\|Maharashtra assembly]] elections, the latter of which was temporarily broken in October 2014 Assembly elections. The alliance was quickly reformed and Shiv Sena became part of the BJP government in Maharashtra in December 2014. It was a coalition partner in the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)\|National Democratic Alliance]] during 1998–2019, including the [[Vajpayee Government]] during 1998–2004 and the [[Narendra Modi Government]] during ~~2014-2019~~. After the Maharashtra elections in October 2019, Shiv Sena claimed that promises were not kept by their alliance partner [[Bharatiya Janata Party\|BJP]] and broke ties. The party later joined hands with the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] in a bid to form the government in Maharashtra.		Although the party's primary base is still in [[Maharashtra]], it has tried to expand to a pan-Indian base. In the 1970s, it gradually moved from advocating a pro-Marathi ideology to one supporting a broader [[Hindu nationalism\|Hindu nationalist]] agenda,<ref name="Rediff article: sons of the soil, lungi slogan, shakhas, south Indians in 1970, shift to Hindutva, defeat of communists/" /> and aligned itself with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. The party started taking part in Mumbai ([[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation\|BMC]]) Municipal elections since its inception. In 1989, it entered into an alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party\|BJP]] for [[Lok Sabha]] as well as [[Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra\|Maharashtra assembly]] elections, the latter of which was temporarily broken in October 2014 Assembly elections. The alliance was quickly reformed and Shiv Sena became part of the BJP government in Maharashtra in December 2014. It was a coalition partner in the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)\|National Democratic Alliance]] during 1998–2019, including the [[Vajpayee Government]] during 1998–2004 and the [[Narendra Modi Government]] during 2014–2019. After the Maharashtra elections in October 2019, Shiv Sena claimed that promises were not kept by their alliance partner [[Bharatiya Janata Party\|BJP]] and broke ties. The party later joined hands with the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] in a bid to form the government in Maharashtra.

	The party has a powerful hold over the [[Bollywood]] film industry.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8073240/Author-Rohinton-Mistry-slams-Mumbai-University-after-book-ban.html \|title=Author Rohinton Mistry slams Mumbai University after book ban \|access-date=27 August 2012 \|last=Dean \|first= Nelson \|publisher= telegraph.co.uk }}</ref> It has been referred to as an "extremist",<ref>{{cite book \|author1=Ahmed, Z.S. \|author2=Balasubramanian, R. \|year=2010 \|title=Extremism in Pakistan and India: The Case of the Jamaat-e-Islami and Shiv Sena \|publisher=Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (RCSS) \|location=[[Colombo]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Mehta \|first=Ved \|title=Rajiv Gandhi and Rama's Kingdom \|year=1994 \|url=https://archive.org/details/rajivgandhiramas00meht\|url-access=registration \| publisher=[[Yale University Press]] \|location=[[New Haven, Connecticut\|New Haven]], Connecticut \|page=[https://archive.org/details/rajivgandhiramas00meht/page/157 157]}}</ref> "chauvinist",<ref>{{cite book \|last=Bagchi \|first=Amiya \|title=Capital and Labour Redefined:India and the Third World \|year=2002 \|publisher=Anthem Press \|location=[[London]] \|page=344}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Kaminsky \|first=Arnold \|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic \|url=https://archive.org/details/indiatodayvolume00kami\|url-access=limited \|year=2011 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|location=[[Santa Barbara, California\|Santa Barbara]], California \|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiatodayvolume00kami/page/n688 628]}}</ref> as well as a "[[Fascism\|fascist]] party".<ref name=Chandavarkar2>{{cite book \|last=Chandavarkar \|first=Rajnayaran \|title=History, Culture and the Indian City \|url=https://archive.org/details/historyculturein00chan \|url-access=limited \|date=3 September 2009 \|publisher=[[Cambridge University]] Press \|isbn=978-0-521-76871-9 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyculturein00chan/page/n42 29] \|edition=1st}}</ref><ref name="Jeff2011">{{cite book \| author=Jeff Haynes \| title=Religion, Politics and International Relations \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpO2s24WMowC&pg=PA150 \| access-date=18 November 2012 \| date=7 April 2011 \| publisher=Taylor & Francis \| isbn=978-1-136-73753-4 \| page=150}}</ref> Shiv Sena has been blamed for the 1970 communal violence in [[Bhiwandi]], the [[1984 Bhiwandi riot]], and violence in the [[Bombay riots\|1992–1993 Bombay riots]].<ref>{{cite book \|title=Human Rights Watch World Report 1999 \|year=1998 \|publisher=Human Rights Watch \|isbn=978-1-56432-190-9 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0/page/186 186] \|url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0/page/186 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Brown \|first=Cynthia \|title=Playing the "communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights \|year=1995 \|publisher=Human Rights Watch \|isbn=978-1-56432-152-7 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/playingcommunalc00brow/page/27 27] \|url=https://archive.org/details/playingcommunalc00brow/page/27 }}</ref>		The party has a powerful hold over the [[Bollywood]] film industry.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8073240/Author-Rohinton-Mistry-slams-Mumbai-University-after-book-ban.html \|title=Author Rohinton Mistry slams Mumbai University after book ban \|access-date=27 August 2012 \|last=Dean \|first= Nelson \|publisher= telegraph.co.uk }}</ref> It has been referred to as an "extremist",<ref>{{cite book \|author1=Ahmed, Z.S. \|author2=Balasubramanian, R. \|year=2010 \|title=Extremism in Pakistan and India: The Case of the Jamaat-e-Islami and Shiv Sena \|publisher=Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (RCSS) \|location=[[Colombo]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Mehta \|first=Ved \|title=Rajiv Gandhi and Rama's Kingdom \|year=1994 \|url=https://archive.org/details/rajivgandhiramas00meht\|url-access=registration \| publisher=[[Yale University Press]] \|location=[[New Haven, Connecticut\|New Haven]], Connecticut \|page=[https://archive.org/details/rajivgandhiramas00meht/page/157 157]}}</ref> "chauvinist",<ref>{{cite book \|last=Bagchi \|first=Amiya \|title=Capital and Labour Redefined:India and the Third World \|year=2002 \|publisher=Anthem Press \|location=[[London]] \|page=344}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Kaminsky \|first=Arnold \|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic \|url=https://archive.org/details/indiatodayvolume00kami\|url-access=limited \|year=2011 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|location=[[Santa Barbara, California\|Santa Barbara]], California \|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiatodayvolume00kami/page/n688 628]}}</ref> as well as a "[[Fascism\|fascist]] party".<ref name=Chandavarkar2>{{cite book \|last=Chandavarkar \|first=Rajnayaran \|title=History, Culture and the Indian City \|url=https://archive.org/details/historyculturein00chan \|url-access=limited \|date=3 September 2009 \|publisher=[[Cambridge University]] Press \|isbn=978-0-521-76871-9 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyculturein00chan/page/n42 29] \|edition=1st}}</ref><ref name="Jeff2011">{{cite book \| author=Jeff Haynes \| title=Religion, Politics and International Relations \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpO2s24WMowC&pg=PA150 \| access-date=18 November 2012 \| date=7 April 2011 \| publisher=Taylor & Francis \| isbn=978-1-136-73753-4 \| page=150}}</ref> Shiv Sena has been blamed for the 1970 communal violence in [[Bhiwandi]], the [[1984 Bhiwandi riot]], and violence in the [[Bombay riots\|1992–1993 Bombay riots]].<ref>{{cite book \|title=Human Rights Watch World Report 1999 \|year=1998 \|publisher=Human Rights Watch \|isbn=978-1-56432-190-9 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0/page/186 186] \|url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0/page/186 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Brown \|first=Cynthia \|title=Playing the "communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights \|year=1995 \|publisher=Human Rights Watch \|isbn=978-1-56432-152-7 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/playingcommunalc00brow/page/27 27] \|url=https://archive.org/details/playingcommunalc00brow/page/27 }}</ref>
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	The Sena started placing more weight on the [[Hindutva]] ideology in the 1970s as the 'sons of the soil' cause was weakening.<ref name="Rediff article: sons of the soil, lungi slogan, shakhas, south Indians in 1970, shift to Hindutva, defeat of communists/"/>		The Sena started placing more weight on the [[Hindutva]] ideology in the 1970s as the 'sons of the soil' cause was weakening.<ref name="Rediff article: sons of the soil, lungi slogan, shakhas, south Indians in 1970, shift to Hindutva, defeat of communists/"/>

	The party began a coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) for seats in the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Maharashtra Assembly]] from 1989. The two formed a government in Maharashtra between 1995-1999.<ref name="BJP Shivsena 25 year">{{cite web \|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-elections-bjp-ends-25yearold-alliance-with-shiv-sena-as-seat-sharing-talks-fail/501837-3-237.html \|title=Maharashtra elections: BJP ends 25-year-old alliance with Shiv Sena as seat-sharing talks fail \|publisher=ibnlive.in.com \|access-date=2014-10-26}}</ref> The Sena was the opposition party in the state along with the BJP from 1999 to 2014. However, the 25 year alliance with the BJP was threatened in [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election\|2014 Maharashtra Assembly elections]] over seat sharing and both contested the election independently.<ref name="BJP Shivsena 25 year"/> With the BJP becoming the largest party following the 2014 election, Sena declared opposition. However, after negotiations, Sena agreed to join the government in Maharashtra.<ref name=join>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/shiv-sena-to-join-fadnavis-govt-accepts-offer-of-12-cabinet-berths/ Shiv Sena to join Fadnavis govt; gives up claim to home minister, deputy CM post], Indian Express, 4 December 2014</ref> The Shiv Sena-BJP combine governs the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]. Traditionally the main strongholds of Shiv Sena have been Mumbai and the [[Konkan]] coastal areas. However, in the [[2004 Indian general elections\|2004 Lok Sabha elections]] the result was reversed. The Shiv Sena made inroads in the interior parts of the state, while suffering losses in Mumbai.{{Citation needed\|date=October 2014}}		The party began a coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) for seats in the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Maharashtra Assembly]] from 1989. The two formed a government in Maharashtra between 1995 and 1999.<ref name="BJP Shivsena 25 year">{{cite web \|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-elections-bjp-ends-25yearold-alliance-with-shiv-sena-as-seat-sharing-talks-fail/501837-3-237.html \|title=Maharashtra elections: BJP ends 25-year-old alliance with Shiv Sena as seat-sharing talks fail \|publisher=ibnlive.in.com \|access-date=2014-10-26}}</ref> The Sena was the opposition party in the state along with the BJP from 1999 to 2014. However, the 25 year alliance with the BJP was threatened in [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election\|2014 Maharashtra Assembly elections]] over seat sharing and both contested the election independently.<ref name="BJP Shivsena 25 year"/> With the BJP becoming the largest party following the 2014 election, Sena declared opposition. However, after negotiations, Sena agreed to join the government in Maharashtra.<ref name=join>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/shiv-sena-to-join-fadnavis-govt-accepts-offer-of-12-cabinet-berths/ Shiv Sena to join Fadnavis govt; gives up claim to home minister, deputy CM post], Indian Express, 4 December 2014</ref> The Shiv Sena-BJP combine governs the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]. Traditionally the main strongholds of Shiv Sena have been Mumbai and the [[Konkan]] coastal areas. However, in the [[2004 Indian general elections\|2004 Lok Sabha elections]] the result was reversed. The Shiv Sena made inroads in the interior parts of the state, while suffering losses in Mumbai.{{Citation needed\|date=October 2014}}

	In January 2018, Shiv Sena officially cut ties with the BJP and their NDA coalition ahead of the [[2019 Indian general election]] after nearly 30 years of campaigning alongside the BJP.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/01/23/shiv-sena-breaks-ties-with-bjp-in-maharashtra_a_23341772/\|title=Shiv Sena Breaks Ties With BJP In Maharashtra\|date=24 January 2018}}</ref> But in February 2019, BJP and Shiv Sena again announced alliance for the general elections as well as the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news \| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-and-shiv-sena-seal-deal-for-2019-lok-sabha-polls-to-contest-in-25-23-seats-respectively/articleshow/68051183.cms \| title=BJP and Shiv Sena seal deal for 2019 Lok Sabha polls; to contest in 25, 23 seats respectively \| newspaper=Economic Times \| date=18 February 2019 \| access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> The election saw Shiv Sena lose votes and subsequently declined to support the BJP in forming a government over the BJP's refusal to engage in power-sharing. Shiv Sena withdrew from [[National Democratic Alliance]], precipitating a [[2019 Maharashtra political crisis\|political crisis in late October-early November 2019]], which ultimately led to party leader [[Uddhav Thackeray]] becoming Chief Minister through support from the [[Indian National Congress]], and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/maharashtra/bjp-loses-its-oldest-ally-shiv-sena/articleshow/72010644.cms\|title=BJP loses its oldest ally Shiv Sena\|date=2019-11-12\|work=The Economic Times\|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref>		In January 2018, Shiv Sena officially cut ties with the BJP and their NDA coalition ahead of the [[2019 Indian general election]] after nearly 30 years of campaigning alongside the BJP.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/01/23/shiv-sena-breaks-ties-with-bjp-in-maharashtra_a_23341772/\|title=Shiv Sena Breaks Ties With BJP In Maharashtra\|date=24 January 2018}}</ref> But in February 2019, BJP and Shiv Sena again announced alliance for the general elections as well as the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news \| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-and-shiv-sena-seal-deal-for-2019-lok-sabha-polls-to-contest-in-25-23-seats-respectively/articleshow/68051183.cms \| title=BJP and Shiv Sena seal deal for 2019 Lok Sabha polls; to contest in 25, 23 seats respectively \| newspaper=Economic Times \| date=18 February 2019 \| access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> The election saw Shiv Sena lose votes and subsequently declined to support the BJP in forming a government over the BJP's refusal to engage in power-sharing. Shiv Sena withdrew from [[National Democratic Alliance]], precipitating a [[2019 Maharashtra political crisis\|political crisis in late October-early November 2019]], which ultimately led to party leader [[Uddhav Thackeray]] becoming Chief Minister through support from the [[Indian National Congress]], and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/maharashtra/bjp-loses-its-oldest-ally-shiv-sena/articleshow/72010644.cms\|title=BJP loses its oldest ally Shiv Sena\|date=2019-11-12\|work=The Economic Times\|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref>