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	[[File:Tuch meqwar.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|right\| Abhala Bharat or Shisha embroidery from [[Gujarat]]]]		[[File:Tuch meqwar.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|right\| Abhala Bharat or Shisha embroidery from [[Gujarat]]]]
	[[File:Alter Cloth (Toran), Saurashtra, Gujarat, India, 20th Century, cotton, metal and mirror pieces. plain weave with embroidery and mirror work, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg\|right\|thumb\|Altar [[Torana]] from [[Gujarat]], 20th century, plain cotton weave with embroidery and mirror work, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]]]		[[File:Alter Cloth (Toran), Saurashtra, Gujarat, India, 20th Century, cotton, metal and mirror pieces. plain weave with embroidery and mirror work, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg\|right\|thumb\|Altar [[Torana]] from [[Gujarat]], 20th century, plain cotton weave with embroidery and mirror work, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]]]
	Shisha embroidery originated in the 17th century in India. People in lower classes mimicked the jeweled garments of the wealthy by decorating fabric with silver beetles' wings and chips of [[mica]]. When a process for manufacturing tiny mirror discs was developed during the [[Mughal Empire]], these tiny mirrors or ''shisha'' were swiftly adopted for fabric embellishment.<ref name="gross">{{cite book \| last1=Gross \| first1=Nancy \|last2=Fontana \| first2=Frank \| title=Shisha embroidery: traditional Indian mirror work \| publisher=Dover Publications \| publication-place=New York \| year=1981 \| isbn=0-486-24043-6 \| oclc=8000533 \| pages=~~1-9~~}}</ref>		Shisha embroidery originated in the 17th century in India. People in lower classes mimicked the jeweled garments of the wealthy by decorating fabric with silver beetles' wings and chips of [[mica]]. When a process for manufacturing tiny mirror discs was developed during the [[Mughal Empire]], these tiny mirrors or ''shisha'' were swiftly adopted for fabric embellishment.<ref name="gross">{{cite book \| last1=Gross \| first1=Nancy \|last2=Fontana \| first2=Frank \| title=Shisha embroidery: traditional Indian mirror work \| publisher=Dover Publications \| publication-place=New York \| year=1981 \| isbn=0-486-24043-6 \| oclc=8000533 \| pages=1–9}}</ref>

	Contemporary shisha work typically makes use of mass-produced, machine-cut glass shisha with a [[silvering\|silvered]] backing. Today most craft stores in the [[South Asia]] carry small mirrors purchasable for use in embroidery, which come in varying shapes and sizes.{{citation needed\|date=June 2015}}		Contemporary shisha work typically makes use of mass-produced, machine-cut glass shisha with a [[silvering\|silvered]] backing. Today most craft stores in the [[South Asia]] carry small mirrors purchasable for use in embroidery, which come in varying shapes and sizes.{{citation needed\|date=June 2015}}
	==Regional variations==		==Regional variations==
	Shisha embroidery is most common across southwestern Asia{{r\|gross}} and on the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="eaton">{{cite book \| last=Eaton \| first=Jan \| title=Around the World in Cross Stitch \| publisher=New Holland \| year=1992 \| isbn=978-1-85368-176-9 \| url=https://books.google.~~co.uk~~/books?id=jazbMXQggqQC \| access-date=May 10, 2021 \| page=140}}</ref> This type of embroidery lends a sparkling appearance to the brightly colored clothes worn in the region, and is very popular for use on clothing, hangings, tapestries, and domestic textiles.		Shisha embroidery is most common across southwestern Asia{{r\|gross}} and on the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="eaton">{{cite book \| last=Eaton \| first=Jan \| title=Around the World in Cross Stitch \| publisher=New Holland \| year=1992 \| isbn=978-1-85368-176-9 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jazbMXQggqQC \| access-date=May 10, 2021 \| page=140}}</ref> This type of embroidery lends a sparkling appearance to the brightly colored clothes worn in the region, and is very popular for use on clothing, hangings, tapestries, and domestic textiles.

	=== Afghanistan ===		=== Afghanistan ===

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2021-07-03T10:12:22Z

Removed 'a(n)' from the beginning of the short description per WP:SDFORMAT, from a request at Wikipedia:Reward board. (via WP:JWB)

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{{short description|Type of embroidery}}
[[File:Shisha embroidery.png|thumb|Close-up of shisha (mirror) framed by embroidery stitches]]
'''Shisheh''' or '''abhla bharat''' [[embroidery]] ([[Persian language|Persian]] شيشه, ''abhala bharat''; [[Hindi language|Hindi]]: आभला भरत, ''abhla bharat''; [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: આભલા ભરત), or '''mirror-work''', is a type of embroidery which attaches small pieces of [[mirror]]s or reflective metal to fabric. Mirror embroidery is common throughout Asia, and today can be found in the traditional embroidery of the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Afghanistan]], [[China]], and [[Indonesia]].

==History==

[[File:Tuch meqwar.jpg|thumb|150px|right| Abhala Bharat or Shisha embroidery from [[Gujarat]]]]
[[File:Alter Cloth (Toran), Saurashtra, Gujarat, India, 20th Century, cotton, metal and mirror pieces. plain weave with embroidery and mirror work, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg|right|thumb|Altar [[Torana]] from [[Gujarat]], 20th century, plain cotton weave with embroidery and mirror work, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]]]
Shisha embroidery originated in the 17th century in India. People in lower classes mimicked the jeweled garments of the wealthy by decorating fabric with silver beetles' wings and chips of [[mica]]. When a process for manufacturing tiny mirror discs was developed during the [[Mughal Empire]], these tiny mirrors or ''shisha'' were swiftly adopted for fabric embellishment.<ref name="gross">{{cite book | last1=Gross | first1=Nancy |last2=Fontana | first2=Frank | title=Shisha embroidery: traditional Indian mirror work | publisher=Dover Publications | publication-place=New York | year=1981 | isbn=0-486-24043-6 | oclc=8000533 | pages=1-9}}</ref>

Contemporary shisha work typically makes use of mass-produced, machine-cut glass shisha with a [[silvering|silvered]] backing. Today most craft stores in the [[South Asia]] carry small mirrors purchasable for use in embroidery, which come in varying shapes and sizes.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}
==Regional variations==
Shisha embroidery is most common across southwestern Asia{{r|gross}} and on the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="eaton">{{cite book | last=Eaton | first=Jan | title=Around the World in Cross Stitch | publisher=New Holland | year=1992 | isbn=978-1-85368-176-9 | url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jazbMXQggqQC | access-date=May 10, 2021 | page=140}}</ref> This type of embroidery lends a sparkling appearance to the brightly colored clothes worn in the region, and is very popular for use on clothing, hangings, tapestries, and domestic textiles.

=== Afghanistan ===
Both men and women create shisha embroidery in [[Afghanistan]]. Using silk or cotton thread and cotton, sheepskin, or leather fabrics, they decorate clothing, prayer mats, saddles, and cloths for wrapping the [[Quran]] with abstract and geometric motifs such as vines, diamonds, stars, arches, and domes. Mirrors are surrounded by areas of heavy embroidery, particularly in the [[Kandahar]] region. Embroidery for export is often done by [[Machine embroidery|machine]], rather than by hand.{{r|gross}}

=== Baluchistan ===
Shisha embroidery in [[Baluchistan]], influenced by [[Islam|Islamic traditions]], is almost purely geometric, using cotton thread on heavy cotton fabric. Traditionally, it made use of naturals dyes, resulting in muted color schemes. Shisha decorates both everyday and holiday clothing. Government training centers educate embroiders in shisha embroidery methods to preserve the traditional craft. Modern embroidery in the region is primarily created for tourists and export, making use of untraditional bright colors.{{r|gross}}

=== Sindh ===
Sisha work in [[Sindh]] is one of the most complex regional styles, showing influences from both its [[Hindu]] and Muslim neighboring states. In Sindh, cotton fabric is [[Resist dyeing|resist-dyed]] or [[Woodblock printing|block-printed]] before being embroidered. The shisha mirrors are attached and surrounded by filling and ladder stitches, as well as counted cross stitch. Popular motifs include trefoil, peacock, lotus, flowers, paisley, and delicate geometric patterns. Motifs and colors in the north are similar to those of Afghanistan and Baluchistan, while the motifs and colors in the south show a Gujarati influence. Shisha embroidery is used on many wedding garments, such as the ''guj'', a tunic worn by the bride, and the ''bokhani'', a scarf worn by the groom.{{r|gross}}

=== Gujarat ===
[[Gujarat]] shisha work typically depicts traditional themes of tragic love stories, battles, heroes, and kings. Shisha embroidery adorns clothings and wall hangings. Embroiderers in [[Kuch]] and [[Kathiawar]] are particularly renowned for their shisha embroidery. Kuchi embroidery is distinguished by the predominance of the chain stitch in curved or circular designs. In contrast, shisha embroidery in Kathiawar uses long satin stitches in square or triangular motifs.{{r|gross}}

=== Central Indian nomads ===
Some researchers believe that the tribes of nomads who inhabit Central India originated the practice of attaching mirrors, beads, and shells to fabric with stitches, and that these nomadic tribes spread the practice to other regions. Shisha embroidery in these tribes is unusual in that the fabric is almost entirely covered by mirrors and their stitched frames, with little or no decorative embroidery between. The [[Banjara]] and [[Rabari]] are known for their shisha work.{{r|gross}}

==See also==
*[[Choli]]
*[[Sari]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{embroidery}}
{{Clothing in South Asia}}

[[Category:Embroidery]]
[[Category:Needlework]]
[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Pakistani embroidery]]
[[Category:Embroidery in India]]

Shisha (embroidery) - Revision history

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