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	== History ==		== History ==
	Under Emperor Akbar, the imperial wardrobe began to ~~patronise~~ Tus or Shahtoos on a large scale. It was the costliest, warmest and most delicate shawl. It was so soft so as to pass through a finger ring. Its natural colours were black, white and red. It is said that Akbar once gave orders for the white to be dyed into red but the shawl did not take the colour of the dye. People began to use it simply in its natural colours. <ref>Private Lives of the Mughals of India (1526-1803 A.D.) by R. Nath</ref>		Under Emperor Akbar, the imperial wardrobe began to utilize Tus or Shahtoos on a large scale. It was the costliest, warmest and most delicate shawl. It was so soft so as to pass through a finger ring. Its natural colours were black, white and red. It is said that Akbar once gave orders for the white to be dyed into red but the shawl did not take the colour of the dye. People began to use it simply in its natural colours. <ref>Private Lives of the Mughals of India (1526-1803 A.D.) by R. Nath</ref>

	The antelope has been hunted down specifically for its fur, and their numbers have dropped accordingly from nearly a million (estimated) at the turn of the 20th century to fewer than 75,000 by its end. This led to the antelope now being listed as an [[endangered species]] and given the highest possible level of legal protection, whereby no commercial trade in shahtoosh is permitted. Since the start of the 21st century, strong conservation efforts, especially in China, have resulted in significant population recovery, with an estimated 150,000 living by 2010. The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] now classifies the antelope as "Near Threatened".		The antelope has been hunted down specifically for its fur, and their numbers have dropped accordingly from nearly a million (estimated) at the turn of the 20th century to fewer than 75,000 by its end. This led to the antelope now being listed as an [[endangered species]] and given the highest possible level of legal protection, whereby no commercial trade in shahtoosh is permitted. Since the start of the 21st century, strong conservation efforts, especially in China, have resulted in significant population recovery, with an estimated 150,000 living by 2010. The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] now classifies the antelope as "Near Threatened".

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2021-07-11T10:14:17Z

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{{short description|Kashmiri shawl, woven of hair of the Tibetan antelope}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2007}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:ShahtooshShawl-USFWS-2.jpg|thumb|Shahtoosh shawl]]
'''''Shahtoosh''''' (also written '''''shahtush''''', a [[Persian language|Persian]] word meaning "king of fine wools") is a fine type of wool made from the hair of the [[Tibetan antelope]]. It is also a metonym for a type of [[Kashmir shawl]] traditionally made of ''shahtoosh'' wool. The Shahtoosh shawl is now a banned item with possession and sale being illegal in most countries for the Chiru is an endangered species under [[CITES]]. However, the weaving of Shahtoosh shawls continues in secret in Kashmir due to high demand by western buyers. The estimated market value of one Shahtoosh shawl in the western market is around $5,000–$20,000.<ref>{{cite web|title= Article in The Telegraph: Buyers of £4,000 shahtoosh shawls are fuelling illegal wildlife trade, Prince Charles warns|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/conservation/10073050/Buyers-of-4000-shahtoosh-shawls-are-fuelling-illegal-wildlife-trade-Prince-Charles-warns.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= A rare antelope is being killed to make $20,000 scarves|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/04/tibetan-antelope-killed-to-make-luxury-scarves/}}</ref> Shahtoosh is the world's finest wool having the lowest [[Wool measurement|micron]] count, followed by [[vicuña]].

== Characteristics ==
These shawls were originally very few and could only be woven by master artisans to weave the delicate hair which measured between 7 and 10 microns. These factors made shahtoosh shawls very precious. Shahtoosh shawls are so fine that a large shawl can be passed through a wedding ring, leading to them also being known as "ring shawls".

== Source of the fibre ==
The Tibetan antelope or ''Chiru'' lives in one of the harshest environments on earth, at an altitude of over 5,000 metres. Their special type of down fur, which is both very light and warm, allows them to survive in the freezing conditions of the plateau where they gather at one point of the year. They are migratory animals, moving down from [[Mongolia]] to [[Tibet]], and traditionally followed closely by the [[nomads]] who also make that journey every year. The nomads would hunt the antelope for hide, meat, bones, horns and fur pelts.

== Types of Shahtoosh shawls ==
The type of Shahtoosh is determined by the quantum of ''Toosh'' or Tibetan Antelope down in the fabric. The measurement system used for determining it is called ''Dani'' in Kashmiri, with 1 ''Dani'' equal to 1/16 in terms of fibre composition. The typical types of Toosh are:

# ''Shurah Dani'' or 16 Dani: a 100% Toosh Shawl,
# ''Bah Dani'' or 12 Dani: a 75% Toosh and 25% Pashmina mixed
# ''Aeth Dani'' or 8 Dani: a 50% Toosh and 50% Pashmina mixed wherein the warp is generally of Toosh and the weft is Pashmina.

== History ==
Under Emperor Akbar, the imperial wardrobe began to patronise Tus or Shahtoos on a large scale. It was the costliest, warmest and most delicate shawl. It was so soft so as to pass through a finger ring. Its natural colours were black, white and red. It is said that Akbar once gave orders for the white to be dyed into red but the shawl did not take the colour of the dye. People began to use it simply in its natural colours. <ref>Private Lives of the Mughals of India (1526-1803 A.D.) by R. Nath</ref>

The antelope has been hunted down specifically for its fur, and their numbers have dropped accordingly from nearly a million (estimated) at the turn of the 20th century to fewer than 75,000 by its end. This led to the antelope now being listed as an [[endangered species]] and given the highest possible level of legal protection, whereby no commercial trade in shahtoosh is permitted. Since the start of the 21st century, strong conservation efforts, especially in China, have resulted in significant population recovery, with an estimated 150,000 living by 2010. The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] now classifies the antelope as "Near Threatened".

The international trade in shahtoosh is regulated in all countries that have signed the [[CITES|Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)]]. Many countries have cracked down on those involved in the shahtoosh trade. Although shahtoosh is banned under the agreement, illegal hunting and selling of shahtoosh remain a serious problem in Tibet.

==See also==
* [[Himroo]] - Himroo fabric is made of both cotton and silk in the Deccan region of India
* ''[[Kekexili: Mountain Patrol]]'' - a film based on the ''Wild Yak Brigade'' of the 1990s that sought to limit poaching for Shatoosh
* [[Pashmina]] - type of fine [[cashmere wool]]
* [[Shahmina]] - type of shawls made from 13 micron fine Pashmina

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.fws.gov/lab/idnotes/shahtoosh-web.pdf US Fish and Wildlife Identification Guidelines for Shatoosh and Pashmina]
* [http://www.endangeredspecieshandbook.org/trade_tibetan.php Endangered Species Handbook | Tibetan Antelope]
* [http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2003/2003-10-14-01.asp U.S. Proposes to List Tibetan Antelope as Endangered]
* [http://washingtontimes.com/world/20040618-102454-3729r.htm Washington Times | Kashmir rethinks shahtoosh ban]
* [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shahtoosh-can-the-prized-industry-be-revived-again/1/183749.html Shahtoosh: Can the prized industry be revived again?], IANS New Delhi/Srinagar, 10 April 2012, [[India Today]]

[[Category:Animal hair products]]
[[Category:Shawls and wraps]]
[[Category:Culture of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Economy of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Persian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Indian shawls and wraps]]

Shahtoosh - Revision history

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