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{{refimprove|date=June 2020}}

{{short description|Urdu poetic genre}}
{{Infobox literary genre
| name = Shahr Ashob
| image = KHWAJA HAFIZ RECITES HIS POETRY, Mughal, c.1600, Christie's.jpg
| imagesize = 
| caption = Khawaja Hafiz reciting poetry at Mughal court
| alt =
| stylistic_origins = [[Mughal Empire]]
| cultural_origins =
| features =
| popularity =
| formats =
| authors = [[Masud Sa'd Salman]]<br />[[Mir Taqi Mir]]<br/>[[Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda]]<br />[[Qaim Chandpuri]]
| subgenrelist =
| subgenres =
| relatedgenres = [[Qasida]], [[Marsiya]]
| base# =
| pub# =
| title# = 
| series# = 
| regional_scenes =
| local_scenes =
| other_topics =
}}

The '''Shahr Ashob''' ({{lang-fa|شهر آشوب}}; literary written as '''Shahr-e-Ashob''' (lit. 'The city's misfortune' <ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 40873115|title = Poetry of the Declining Mughals: The "Shahr Āshob"|last1 = Petievich|first1 = Carla R.|journal = Journal of South Asian Literature|year = 1990|volume = 25|issue = 1|pages = 99–110}}</ref>), sometimes spelled '''Shahar-i-Ashob''', is an ancient [[Urdu poetry|Urdu poetic]] genre in [[South Asia]] with its roots in [[Lament|lamented]] classical Urdu poetry.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdcnAgh_StUC&pg=PR10&lpg=PR10&dq=shahr+ashob.#v=onepage|title=The City in South Asia|first=James|last=Heitzman|date=March 31, 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134289639|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mD2-fatW9DAC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=shahr+ashob.#v=onepage|title=Bahadur Shah Zafar and His Contemporaries: Zauq, Ghalib, Momin, Shefta : Selected Poetry : Text, Translation, and Transliteration|first=K. C.|last=Kanda|date=June 3, 2007|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9788120732865|via=Google Books}}</ref> It was existed and widely used by the poets between the 16th and 19th centuries during the [[Mughal Empire]]. Ashob remained an historical genre in [[Persian literature|Persian]], [[Urdu literature|Urdu]] and [[Turkish literature]] used by the writers, predominantly by the Mughal poets to express their anguish and sorrows over political and social shifts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/counterflows/politics-the-art-of-distraction/|title=Politics: the art of distraction|date=May 18, 2013|website=Times of India Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/shahjahanabad-how-a-planned-city-came-undone/story-z7Gg3imYzCjCQQP3CBuZCO.html|title=Shahjahanabad: How a planned city came undone|date=January 27, 2018|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The Ashobs are generally describing emotional thoughts of a writer in a [[narrative]] poem based on several [[Skill|competencies]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/saif-mahmood-beloved-delhi-old-delhi-ghalib-urdu-shahjahanabad/story/1/27711.html|title=Eight poets, one city they loved and lived in: 'Beloved Delhi' is a fresh look at a city much written about|website=www.dailyo.in}}</ref> It reads naturally or conversationally and begins as a kind of photographic depiction of a moment (such as war, invasion etc.) in anguish. It consists of five to six [[stanza]]s normally written in [[Rhyme|rhymed]] verse for the first four lines. The first line rhymes with the second, third and fourth, and the fifth line rhymes with none, but combines the thoughts collectively.{{efn|Neither the rhyming form of the Ashob nor the use of the stanzas is explained in the inline citations added to this article. They've only mentioned a few Ashobs that make it clear how it is written.}}

== History ==
Ashob originally came into existence in [[16th century]]. It was first introduced in south Asia by the Mughal poets, including [[Masud Sa'd Salman]], who started writing Ashobs during his literary career. Some ashobs were also written by Shakir Naji who served in the [[Army of the Mughal Empire]] during [[Muhammad Shah]]'s reign. When the king was defeated, he covered major impacts of [[military conflict]] on the Mughal kingdom. An Indian poet [[Qayem Chandpuri]] was also engaged in writing ashobs. His writing covered [[civil–military relations]], mainly [[military aid]] between the sixteenth Mughal ruler [[Shah Alam II]] and [[Maratha Empire]] in order to defeat [[Zabita Khan]] in 1772. Some prominent poets, including [[Mir Taqi Mir]] and [[Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda]] are also credited with "ashob writings". Mirza wrote a list of ashobs on [[Nader Shah's invasion of India]], while Mir wrote on [[economic crisis]] of [[Delhi]].<ref name="catchnews">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/culture-news/the-lost-art-of-urdu-poetry-shahr-ashob-was-a-lament-for-a-city-1442426363.html|title=The lost art of Urdu poetry: Shahr Ashob was a lament for a city|website=CatchNews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8KbEa118soC&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=shahr+ashob.#v=onepage|title=Glimpses of Mughal Society and Culture: A Study Based on Urdu Literature, in the 2nd Half of the 18th Century|first=Ishrat|last=Haque|date=June 3, 1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170223825|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wh_HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=shahr+ashob.#v=onepage|title=Cosmopolitan Dreams: The Making of Modern Urdu Literary Culture in Colonial South Asia|first=Jennifer|last=Dubrow|date=October 31, 2018|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=9780824876692|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Later (around 1708–1710), ashob was merely used after the death of [[Aurangzeb]] in 1707, and since then it began disappearing until the [[British Raj|British rule]] made several people flee across the [[Indian subcontinent]] to the neighboring states or countries. It is believed the ashob was popularized during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 uprising in India]], but later it was not used in the modern literature.

== Poems written in ashobs ==
{{Quote box
| title = Ashob by [[Qaim Chandpuri]]{{efn|The poem contains English translation of the original poem that may contain minor errors}}
| fontsize = 100%
| quote = <poem>
What kind of King is he who is intent on injustice?

An entire world is protesting against him

A lout himself, has a brigand army

The honour of the people is defiled by his rule

He is the shadow of Satan, not the shadow of God.<ref name=catchnews/>
</poem>
}}

{{Quote box
| title = Ashob by [[Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda]]{{efn|per previous note}}
| fontsize = 100%
| quote = <poem>
You were once the heart of lovers, many

Why has it been destroyed as if a lie by destiny?

T'was a wondrous beach in the sea of plenty

Precious stones on your shores galore.<ref name=catchnews/>
</poem>
}}

{{Quote box
| title = Ashob by [[Mir Taqi Mir]]{{efn|per previous note}}
| fontsize = 100%
| quote = <poem>
My friends all seemed to death, near

Whoever I met had lost all possessions, once so dear

Poverty seems to be a cross all have to bear

If one had a thread, no rope was in sight here

If one had a carpet, there were none to roll it out.<ref name=catchnews/>
</poem>
}}

In 1979, a writer named Naeem Ahmad wrote a book on Shahr Ashob's birth titled ''Shahr Ashob Ka Tahqiqi Mutalaah'' (A Brief study of the Shahr Ashob). The book, currently serving only in Urdu language, was later published by the [[University of California]].

== Books ==
* {{cite book | last=Ahmad | first=Naeem | title=Shahr ashob ka tahqiqi mutalaah | publisher=University of California | year=1979 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kYMAQAAIAAJ | access-date=2020-06-03 | page=319}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

{{Urdu poetry}}

[[Category:Literary genres]]
[[Category:Poetic form]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poetry]]
[[Category:Laments]]
[[Category:Persian literature]]
[[Category:Indian poetics]]
[[Category:Pakistani poetics]]

Shahr Ashob - Revision history

imported>Hellknowz: Reverted 1 edit by Tera shayar 122 (talk): Spam