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	* [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=shah&searchmode=none Etymology OnLine]		* [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=shah&searchmode=none Etymology OnLine]

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{{Short description|Royal Persian title}}
{{redirect|Shahanshah||Shah (disambiguation)|and|Shahanshah (disambiguation)}}
{{Royal and noble ranks in Iran, Turkey, Caucasus, the Indian subcontinent, Afghanistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=December 2021}}

[[File:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], ''Shahanshah'' of Iran from 1941 to 1979, was the last ruler to hold the title of shah.]]
'''Shah''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ɑː}}; {{lang-fa|شاه}}, {{Transliteration|fa|Šāh}} {{IPA-fa|ʃɒːh| }}, {{Literal translation|king}}) is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of [[List of monarchs of Persia|Iranian monarchies]].<ref name="yarshater1">Yarshater, Ehsan [http://www.iran-heritage.org/interestgroups/language-article5.htm Persia or Iran, Persian or Farsi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024033230/http://www.iran-heritage.org/interestgroups/language-article5.htm |date=2010-10-24 }}, ''Iranian Studies'', vol. XXII, no. 1 (1989)</ref> It was also used by a variety of [[Persianate society|Persianate societies]], such as the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[Kazakh Khanate]], the [[Khanate of Bukhara]], the [[Emirate of Bukhara]], the [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Bengal Sultanate]], [[History of Afghanistan|historical Afghan dynasties]], and among [[Gurkha|Gurkhas]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Siddiq |first=Mohammad Yusuf |date=Spring–Summer 2015 |title=Titles and Islamic Culture as Reflected in the Islamic Architectural Inscriptions of Bengal (1205–1707) |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=54 |issue=1/2 |pages=50–51 |jstor=44629923 |quote=Shāh ... [a] Persian title, ... sometimes in different compound forms, such as Bādshāh or Pādshāh ... stands for monarch, which has become part of the popular vocabulary over years in a number of South Asian languages including Bengali, Urdu and Hindi, in addition to the languages of neighbouring regions. The last Afghan king Zāhīr Shāh, for instance, used to be called "Bādshāh" until his dethronement in 1973. Used by all the Mughal emperors in India, the title appeared in a few [Bengal] Sultanate inscriptions as well.}}</ref> Rather than regarding himself as simply a king of the concurrent dynasty (i.e. [[Culture of Europe|European-style monarchies]]), each Iranian ruler regarded himself as the '''Shahanshah''' ({{lang-fa|شاهنشاه|translit=Šâhanšâh|label=none}}, {{Literal translation|[[King of Kings]]}}) or '''[[Padishah]]''' ({{lang-fa|پادشاه|translit=Pâdešâh|label=none}}, {{Literal translation|Master King}}) in the sense of a continuation of the original [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]].

==Etymology==
The word descends from [[Old Persian]] ''xšāyaθiya'' "king", which used to be considered a borrowing from [[Median language|Median]],<ref>[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/OldPersian/opcomplete.pdf An introduction to Old Persian] (p. 149). Prods Oktor Skjærvø. Harvard University. 2003.</ref> as it was compared to [[Avestan]] ''xšaθra-'', "power" and "command", corresponding to [[Sanskrit]] ''kṣatra-'' (same meaning), from which ''kṣatriya-'', "warrior", is derived. Most recently, the form ''xšāyaθiya'' has been analyzed as a genuine, inherited Persian formation with the meaning 'pertaining to reigning, ruling'. This formation with the "origin" suffix ''-iya'' is derived from a deverbal abstract noun *''xšāy-aθa-'' 'rule, ruling, ''Herrschaft''{{'}}, from the (Old Persian) verb ''xšāy-'' 'to rule, reign'.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wörterbuch der altpersischen Königsinschriften|last=Schmitt|first=Rüdiger|publisher=Reichert Verlag|year=2014|isbn=978-3954900176|location=Wiesbaden|pages=286–287}}</ref> The full, [[Old Persian]] title of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] rulers of the First Persian Empire was ''Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām'' or (Middle Persian) ''Šâhân Šâh'', "King of Kings"<ref>Old Persian. Appendices, Glossaries, Indices & Transcriptions. Prods Oktor Skjærvø. Harvard University. 2003.</ref> or "Emperor". This title has ancient Near Eastern or Mesopotamian precedents. The earliest attestation of such a title dates back to the Middle Assyrian period as ''šar šarrāni,'' in reference to the Assyrian ruler [[Tukulti-Ninurta I]] (1243–1207 BC).

==History==
[[File:National Museum of Iran Darafsh (785).JPG|thumb| [[Xerxes I]] (Xšayār̥šā) the great Shah of Persia.]]
''Šāh'', or ''Šāhanšāh'' ([[King of Kings]]) to use the full-length term, was the title of the [[List of kings of Persia|Persian emperors]]. It includes rulers of the first Persian Empire, the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid dynasty]], who unified Persia in the sixth century BC, and created a vast intercontinental empire, as well as rulers of succeeding dynasties throughout history until the 20th century and the [[Pahlavi dynasty|Imperial House of Pahlavi]].

While in Western sources the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] monarch is most often referred to as a Sultan, in Ottoman territory he was most often referred to as ''Padishah'' and several used the title Shah in their [[tughra]]s. Their male offspring received the title of ''[[Şehzade]]'', or prince (literally, "offspring of the Shah", from Persian ''shahzadeh'').

The full title of the Achaemenid rulers was ''Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām'', literally "King of Kings" in Old Persian, corresponding to [[Middle Persian]] ''Šâhân Šâh'', and Modern Persian {{lang|fa|شاهنشاه}} (''Šâhanšâh'').<ref>D. N. MacKenzie. ''A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary''. Routledge Curzon, 2005. {{ISBN|0197135595}}</ref><ref>M. Mo’in. ''An Intermediate Persian Dictionary. Six Volumes''. Amir Kabir Publications, Teheran, 1992.</ref> In [[Greek language|Greek]], this phrase was translated as {{lang|grc|βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλέων}} (''[[basileus]] tōn basiléōn''), "King of Kings", equivalent to "Emperor". Both terms were often shortened to their roots ''shah'' and ''basileus''.

In Western languages, ''Shah'' is often used as an imprecise rendering of ''Šāhanšāh''. The term was first recorded in English in 1564 as a title for the King of Persia and with the spelling ''Shaw''. For a long time, Europeans thought of ''Shah'' as a particular royal title rather than an imperial one, although the [[List of monarchs of Persia|monarchs of Persia]] regarded themselves as emperors of the Persian Empire (later the [[Empire of Iran]]). The European opinion changed in the Napoleonic era, when Persia was an ally of the Western powers eager to make the [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]] Sultan release his hold on various (mainly Christian) [[Rumelia|European parts]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]], and western (Christian) emperors had obtained the Ottoman acknowledgement that their western imperial styles were to be rendered in Turkish as ''[[padishah]]''.

In the twentieth century, the [[Pahlavi dynasty|Shah of Persia]], [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], officially adopted the title {{lang|fa|شاهنشاه}} ''Šâhanšâh'' and, in western languages, the rendering ''Emperor''. He also styled his wife {{lang|fa|شهبانو}} ''[[shahbanu|Shahbânū]]'' ("Empress"). Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the last Shah, as the Iranian monarchy was abolished after the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]].

==Ruler styles==
* From the reign of [[Ashot II of Armenia|Ashot II]] , the Bagratid kings of Armenia used the title ''shahanshah'', meaning "king of kings".<ref>Tim Greenwood, ''Emergence of the Bagratuni Kingdoms'', p. 52, in ''Armenian Kars and Ani'', Richard Hovannisian, ed.</ref>
* The title ''[[Padishah]]'' ([[Great King]]) was adopted from the [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] and by various other monarchs claiming imperial rank, such as the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] that established their dynasty in the Indian subcontinent.
* Another subsidiary style of the Ottoman and Mughal rulers was ''Shah-i Alam Panah'', meaning "the king that is the refuge of the world."
* The [[Shah-Armens]] ("Kings of Armenia", sometimes known as Ahlahshahs), used the title ''Shāh-i Arman'' (lit. "Shah of Armenians").<ref>Clifford Edmund Bosworth "The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual". "The Shāh-i Armanids", p. 197.</ref>
* Some monarchs were known by a contraction of the kingdom's name with ''shah'', such as [[Khwarezmshah]], ruler of the realm of [[Khwarezmia]] in the Central Asia, or the [[Shirvanshah]] of the historical region of [[Shirvan]] in Caucasia (present-day [[Republic of Azerbaijan]])
* The kings of [[Georgian kings|Georgia]] called themselves ''shahanshah'' alongside their other titles. The [[Style of the Georgian sovereign|Georgian title]] ''mepetmepe'' (also meaning King of Kings [''[[Mepe (title)|Mepe]]''-king in Georgian]) was also inspired by the ''shahanshah'' title.

==Shahzade==
''Shahzade'' ({{lang-fa|شاهزاده}}, [[Transliteration|transliterated]] as ''Šâhzâde''). In the realm of a shah (or a loftier derived ruler style), a [[Prince#Islamic traditions|prince]] or [[princess]] of the [[Royal family|royal]] blood was logically called ''shahzada'' as the term is derived from shah using the Persian patronymic suffix -zâde or -zâdeh, "born from" or "descendant of". However the precise full styles can differ in the court traditions of each shah's kingdom. This title was given to the princes of the [[Ottoman Empire]] (''[[Şehzade]]'', [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]: شهزاده) and was used by the princes of Islamic India (''Shahzāda'', [[Urdu]]: شہزاده, {{lang-bn|শাহজাদা|Shāhozāda}}) such as in the Mughal Empire. The Mughals and the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultans of Delhi]] were not of Indian origin but of Mongol-Turkic origin and were heavily influenced by Persian culture,<ref name="Richards1995">{{citation |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=6 |isbn=978-0521566032}}</ref><ref name="Schimmel2004">{{citation |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7sewQQzOHUC |year=2004 |publisher=Reaktion Books |page=22 |isbn=978-1861891853}}</ref><ref name="Balabanlilar2012">{{citation |last=Balabanlilar |first=Lisa |title=Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PS6PrH3rtkC |year=2012 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |page=2 |isbn=978-1848857261}}</ref> a continuation of traditions and habits ever since Persian language was first introduced into the region by Persianised Turkic and Afghan dynasties centuries earlier.<ref>Sigfried J. de Laet. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA734 ''History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century''] UNESCO, 1994. {{ISBN|9231028138}} p. 734</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&q=ghaznavids+brought+persian+to+south+asia&pg=PA18|title=South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny|isbn=978-1441151278|access-date=2 January 2015|last1=Bennett|first1=Clinton|last2=Ramsey|first2=Charles M.|year=2012}}</ref>

Thus, in [[Oudh]], only sons of the sovereign ''shah bahadur'' (see above) were by birth-right styled "Shahzada [personal title] [[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]] [personal name] Bahadur", though this style could also be extended to individual grandsons and even further relatives. Other male descendants of the sovereign in the male line were merely styled "Mirza [personal name]" or "[personal name] Mirza". This could even apply to non-Muslim dynasties. For example, the younger sons of the ruling [[Sikh]] maharaja of Punjab were styled "Shahzada [personal name] Singh Bahadur".

The borrowing ''shahajada'', "Shah's son", taken from the Mughal title Shahzada, was the usual princely title borne by the grandsons and male descendants of a [[Nepal]]ese sovereign in the male line of the [[Shah dynasty]] until its abolition in 2008.

For the heir to a "Persian-style" shah's royal throne, more specific titles were used, containing the key element ''[[Vali Ahad]]'', usually in addition to ''shahzada'', where his junior siblings enjoyed this style.<ref>[http://beypeople.newsvine.com/_news/2012/09/10/13772724-shahzada-son-of-shah Shahzada son of shah], [[Newsvine]].com</ref>

==Other styles==
* ''[[Shahbanu]]'' (Persian {{lang|fa|شهبانو}}, ''Šahbânū''): Persian term using the word ''shah'' and the Persian suffix ''-banu'' ("lady"): Empress, in modern times, the official title of Empress [[Farah Pahlavi]].
* ''Shahpur'' (Persian {{lang|fa|شاهپور}} ''Šâhpur'') also been derived from ''shah'' using the archaic Persian suffix ''-pur'' "son, male descendant", to address the Prince.
* ''Shahdokht'' (Persian {{lang|fa|شاهدخت}} ''Šâhdoxt'') is also another term derived from ''shah'' using the Persian patronymic suffix ''-dokht'' "daughter, female descendant", to address the Princess of the imperial households.
* ''Shahzade'' (Persian {{lang|fa|شاهزاده}} ''Šâhzâde''): Persian termination for prince (lit; ''offspring of the Shah''); used by Ottoman Turks in the form ''[[Şehzade]]''.
* ''Malek ol-Moluk'' ([[Persian language|Persian:]] {{lang|fa|ملک الملوک}}) "king of kings", an Arabic title used by the Iranian [[Buyids]], a Persianized form of the Abbasid ''[[amir al-umara]]''

==Related terms==
* [[Satrap]], the term in Western languages for a governor of a Persian province, is a distortion of ''xšaθrapāvan'', literally "guardian of the realm", which derives from the word ''xšaθra'', an Old Persian word meaning "realm, province" and related etymologically to ''shah''.
* Maq'ad-è-Šâh (Persian: {{lang|fa|مقعد شاه}} Maq'ad-è-Šâh), the phrase from which the name of [[Mogadishu]] is believed to be derived, which means "seat of the Shah", a reflection of the city's early Persian influence.<ref name="Laitin">David D. Laitin, Said S. Samatar, ''Somalia: Nation in Search of a State'', (Westview Press: 1987), p. 12.</ref>
* The English word "check-mate" is in fact derived from "shah" (from Persian via Arabic, Latin and French). Related terms such as "chess" and "exchequer" likewise originate from the Persian word, their modern senses having developed from the original meaning of the king piece.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Shah |volume= 24 | page= 769}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ikhshid]]
* [[Mirmiran]]
* [[Shah (surname)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* [http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Shah#ixzz1SP60S1SF Last name: Shah] at surnamedb.com
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Iran.htm WorldStatesmen – here Iran; see each present country]
* [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=shah&searchmode=none Etymology OnLine]

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