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{{Short description|Prominent legal school in Sunni Islam}}
{{Redirect|Shafi}}
{{Sunni Islam|Sunni Schools of Law}}

The '''Shafi'i school''' ({{lang-ar|شَافِعِي|translit=Shāfiʿī}}, also spelled''' Shafei'''), or '''Madhhab al-Shāfiʿī''', is one of the four major traditional [[Fiqh|schools of religious law]] ([[madhhab]]) in the [[Sunni Islam|Sunnī]] branch of [[Islam]].{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|p=31}}{{sfn|Saeed|2008|p=17}} It was founded by [[Muslims|Muslim]] theologian [[Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi’i|Muḥammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī]], "the father of Muslim jurisprudence",<ref name=":2" /> in the early 9th century.{{sfn|Ramadan |2006|p=27–77}}{{sfn|Kamali|2008|p=77}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Abū ʿAbd Allāh ash-Shāfiʿī |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abu-Abd-Allah-ash-Shafii |access-date= |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |language=}}</ref>

The other three schools of Sunnī jurisprudence are [[Hanafi|Ḥanafī]], [[Maliki|Mālikī]] and [[Hanbali|Ḥanbalī]].{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|p=31}}{{sfn|Saeed|2008|p=17}} Like the other schools of fiqh, Shafi{{ayin}}i recognize the [[Rashidun|First Four Caliphs]] as the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]'s rightful successors and relies on the [[Quran|Qurʾān]] and the "sound" books of [[Hadiths|Ḥadīths]] as primary sources of law.{{sfn|Ramadan |2006|p=27–77}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shanay |first=Bulend |title=Shafi'iyyah |url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/sunni/shaf.html |url-status= |website=University of Cumbria}}</ref> The Shafi'i school affirms the authority of both divine law-giving (the Qurʾān and the [[Sunnah]]) and human speculation regarding the Law.<ref name="EB-Shafi'i">{{cite web |title=Shāfiʿī |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shafiiyah |access-date= |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> Where passages of Qurʾān and/or the Ḥadīths are ambiguous, the school seeks guidance of [[Qiyas|Qiyās]] (analogical reasoning).<ref name="EB-Shafi'i" />{{sfn|Hasyim|2005|p=75–77}} The [[Ijma|Ijmā']] (consensus of scholars or of the community) was "accepted but not stressed".<ref name="EB-Shafi'i" /> The school rejected the dependence on local traditions as the source of legal precedent and rebuffed the [[Ahl al-Ra'y]] (personal opinion) and the [[Istihsan|Istiḥsān]] (juristic discretion).<ref name="EB-Shafi'i" /><ref name=":3" />

The Shafi{{ayin}}i school was widely followed in the [[Middle East]] until the rise of the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] and the [[Safavids]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> Traders and merchants helped to spread Shafi{{ayin}}i Islam across the [[Indian Ocean]], as far as [[India]] and [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|Christelow|2000|p=377}}{{sfn|Pouwels|2002|p=139}} The Shafi{{ayin}}i school is now predominantly found in parts of the [[Hejaz]] and the [[Levant]], [[Lower Egypt]] and [[Yemen]], and among the [[Kurd|Kurdish people]], in the [[North Caucasus]] and across the [[Indian Ocean]] ([[Horn of Africa]] and the [[Swahili Coast]] in Africa and coastal [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]]).<ref name=":1" /><ref name="1a">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=International Religious Freedom Report: Comoros |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/222247.pdf |publisher=United States Department of State |quote=}}</ref>{{ref|a}}

== Principles ==
{{Aqidah}}
The fundamental principle of the Shafi{{ayin}}i thought depends on the idea that "to every act performed by a believer who is subject to the Law there corresponds a statute belonging to the Revealed Law or the [[Sharia|Shari'a]]".<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Chaumont |first=Éric |url=https://brill.com/eio |title=The Encyclopedia Of Islam |publisher=Brill |year=1997 |volume=IX |pages=182–83 |chapter=Al-Shafi}}</ref> This statute is either presented as such in the [[Qurʾān]] or the [[Sunnah]] or it is possible, by means of analogical reasoning ([[Qiyas]]), to infer it from the Qurʾān or the Sunnah.<ref name=":3" />

Al-Shafi{{ayin}}i was the first jurist to insist that Ḥadīth were the decisive source of law (over traditional doctrines of earlier thoughts).<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |pages=285–86|isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 }}</ref> In order of priority, the sources of [[jurisprudence]] according to the Shafi{{ayin}}i thought, are:{{sfn|Ramadan|2006|p=27–77}}{{sfn|Al-Zarkashi|1393|p=209}}

=== The Foundation (al asl) ===
* [[Quran|Qurʾān]] — the sacred scripture of Islam.<ref name=":3" />{{sfn|Ramadan |2006|p=27–77}}
* [[Sunnah]] — defined by [[Al-Shāfiʿī]] as "the sayings, the acts, and the tacit acquiescence of [[Prophet Muhammed]] as related in solidly established traditions".<ref name=":3" />{{sfn|Al-Zarkashi|1393|p=209}}
The school rejected dependence on local community practice as the source of legal precedent.<ref name="EB-Shafi'i" />{{sfn|Brown|2014|p=39}}<ref name=":3" />

=== Ma'qul al-asl ===
* [[Qiyas]] with Legal Proof or Dalil [[Sharia|Shari'a]] — "Analogical reasoning as applied to the deduction of juridical principles from the Qurʾān and the Sunnah."{{sfn|Ramadan |2006|p=27–77}}{{sfn|Al-Zarkashi|1393|p=209}}
** Analogy by Cause (Qiyas al-Ma'na/Qiyas al-Illa)<ref name=":3" />
** Analogy by Resemblance (Qiyas al-Shabah)<ref name=":3" />
* [[Ijma|Ijmā']] — consensus of scholars or of the community ("accepted but not stressed").<ref name="EB-Shafi'i" />
The concept of [[Istishab]] was first introduced by the later Shafi{{ayin}}i scholars.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Heffening |first=W. |url=https://brill.com/eio |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=E. J. Brill |year=1934 |volume=IV |pages=252–53 |chapter=Al-Shafi'i}}</ref> Al-Shafi{{ayin}}i also postulated that "penal sanctions lapse in cases where repentance precedes punishment".<ref name=":5" />

== Risālah ==
The groundwork legal text for the Shafi{{ayin}}i law is [[Al-Risala (al-Shafiʽi book)|al-Shafiʽi's ''al-Risala'']] ("the Message"), composed in [[Egypt]]. It outlines the principles of Shafi{{ayin}}i legal thought as well as the derived jurisprudence.{{sfn|Khadduri|1961|p=14–22}} A first version of the ''Risālah'', ''al-Risalah al-Qadima'', produced by al-Shafiʽi during his stay in [[Baghdad]], is currently lost.<ref name=":3" />

== Differences from Mālikī and Ḥanafī thoughts ==
[[Al-Shāfiʿī]] fundamentally criticised the concept of judicial conformism (the [[Istiḥsan]]).<ref name=":35">{{Cite book |last=Chaumont |first=Éric |url=https://brill.com/eio |title=The Encyclopedia Of Islam |publisher=Brill |year=1997 |volume=IX |pages=185–86 |chapter=Al-Shafi'iyya}}</ref>

=== With Mālikī view ===
* Shafi{{ayin}}i school argued that various existing local traditions may not reflect the practice of [[Prophet Muhammed]] (a critique to the Mālikī thought).<ref name=":3" /> The local traditions, according to the [[Al-Shāfiʿī|Shāfiʿī]] understanding, thus cannot be treated as sources of law.<ref name=":35" />

=== With Ḥanafī view ===
* The Shafi{{ayin}}i school rebuffed the [[Ahl al-Ra'y]] (personal opinion) and the [[Istihsan|Istiḥsān]] (juristic discretion).<ref name=":3" /> It insisted that the rules of the jurists could no longer be invoked in legal issues without additional authentications.<ref name=":35" /><ref name="oup1">[http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1139 Istislah] ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', Oxford University Press</ref><ref name="oup2">[http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1136 Istihsan] ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', Oxford University Press</ref> The school refused to admit doctrines that had no textual basis in either the Qurʾān or Ḥadīths, but were based on the opinions of Islamic scholars (the Imams<ref name=":35" />).{{sfn|Ridgeon |2003|p=259–262}}<ref name=":35" />
* The Shafi{{ayin}}i thinking believes that the methods may help to "substitute man for God and Prophet Muhammed, the only legitimate legislators"<ref name=":3" /> and "true knowledge and correct interpretation of religious obligations would suffer from arbitrary judgments infused with error".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Istiḥsān |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/istihsan |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1139 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter=Istislah}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1136 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter=Istihsan}}</ref>{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|p=58–71}}

== History ==
[[File:Indian Ocean-CIA WFB Map.png|thumb|257x257px|Shafi{{ayin}}i school is predominantly found across the [[Indian Ocean]] littoral.]]
[[Al-Shāfiʿī]] ({{Circa|767}}–820 AD) visited most of the great centres of Islamic jurisprudence in the Middle East during the course of his travels and amassed a comprehensive knowledge of the different ways of legal theory.<ref name=":2" /> He was a student of scholars [[Malik ibn Anas|Mālik ibn Anas]], the founder of the Mālikī school of law, and [[Muhammad al-Shaybani|Muḥammad Shaybānī]], the great Ḥanafī intellectual in Baghdad.<ref name=":2" />{{sfn|Haddad|2007|p=121}}{{sfn|Dutton||p=16}}

* The Shafi{{ayin}}i thoughts were initially spread by Al-Shafi{{ayin}}i students in [[Cairo]] and [[Baghdad]]. By the 10th century, the holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] and [[Syria (region)|Syria]] also became chief centres of Shafi{{ayin}}i ideas.<ref name=":4" />
* The school later exclusively held the judgeships in [[Syria (region)|Syria]], [[Kirman (Sasanian province)|Kirman]], [[Bukhara]] and the [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]].<ref name=":4" /> It also flourished in Northern Mesopotamia and in [[Daylam]].<ref name=":4" /> The [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]] also endorsed the Shafi{{ayin}}is in the 11th and 12th centuries AD.<ref name=":4" />
* Under [[Saladin|Salah al-Din]], the Shafi{{ayin}}i school again became the paramount thought in Egypt (the region had come under [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] influence prior to this period).<ref name=":4" /> It was the "official school" of the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] and remained prominent during Mamlūk period also.<ref name=":5" /> [[Baybars I|Baybars]], the Mamlūk sultan, later appointed judges from all four madhabs in Egypt.<ref name=":4" />
* Traders and merchants helped to spread Shafi{{ayin}}i Islam across the [[Indian Ocean]], as far [[India]] and the [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|Christelow |2000|p=377}}{{sfn|Pouwels |2002|p=139}}

=== Under Ottomans and the Safavids ===

* Rise of the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] in the 16th century resulted in the replacement of Shafi{{ayin}}i judges by [[Hanafi|Ḥanafī]] scholars.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|p=58–71}}<ref name=":4" />
* Under the [[Safavids]], Shafi{{ayin}}i preeminence in Central Asia was replaced by Shi'a Islam.<ref name=":4" />

== Distribution ==
[[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|400px|An approximate map showing the distribution of the Shafi{{ayin}}i school (azure blue)]]The Shafi{{ayin}}i school is presently predominant in the following parts of the world:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Islamic Jurisprudence & Law |url=https://veil.unc.edu/religions/islam/law/ |website=University of North Carolina}}</ref>
* Middle East and North Africa: Parts of [[Hejaz]], the [[Levant]] (Palestine, Jordan and a significant number in Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq), [[Lower Egypt]], among Sunnis in Iran and [[Yemen]], and the [[Kurd]]ish people.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="EB-Shafi'i" />
* Eurasia: Northern region of [[Azerbaijan]], [[Dagestan]], [[Chechnya|Chechen]] and [[Ingushetia|Ingush]] regions of the [[North Caucasus]].
* On the [[Indian Ocean]]
** Africa: [[Djibouti]], [[Somalia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Eritrea]] and the [[Swahili Coast]] (Kenya and Tanzania).<ref name="1a" />{{ref|a}}
** South Asia: [[Maldives]], [[Sri Lanka]] and southern [[India]] ([[Kerala]], southern [[Tamil Nadu]], western [[Karnataka]]).
** Southeast Asia: [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Brunei]], and the southern [[Philippines]].

The Shafi{{ayin}}i school is one of the largest school of Sunni madhhabs by number of adherents.{{sfn|Saeed|2008|p=17}}<ref name=":1" /> The demographic data by each fiqh, for each nation, is unavailable and the relative demographic size are estimates.

== Notable Shafi{{ayin}}is ==
{{col-begin}}

{{Col-3}}

* [[Al-Muzani]] (c.791-878)
* [[Al-Ghazali]] (c.1058-1111)
* [[Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi]] (c.1230-1277)
* [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]] (c.1150-1209)
* [[Ibn al-Nafis]] (c.1213-1288)
* [[Ibn Kathir]] (c.1300-1373)
* [[Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam]] (c.1182-1262)
* [[Ibn Daqiq al-'Id]] (c.1228-1302)
* [[Al-Suyuti]] (c.1445-1505)

'''In [[Hadith]]''':
* [[Abu Zur'a al-Razi]]
* [[Abu Hatim Muhammad ibn Idris al-Razi|Abu Hatim al-Razi]]
* [[Ibn Khuzaymah]]
* [[Ibn Hibban]]
* [[Al-Khattabi]]
* [[Al-Daraqutni]]
* [[Hakim al-Nishaburi]]
* [[Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani]]
* [[Al-Bayhaqi]] (c.994-1066)
* [[Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi]]
* [[Al-Baghawi]]
* [[Ibn Asakir]]
* [[Ibn al-Salah]]
* [[Ibn al-Najjar]]
* [[Al-Nawawi]]
* [[Al-Mizzi]]
* [[Al-Dhahabi]] (c.1274-1348)
* [[Taqi al-Din al-Subki]]
* [[Ibn Kathir]] (c.1300-1373)
* [[Ibn al-Mulaqqin]]
* [[Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi]]
* [[Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami]]
* [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] (c.1372-1449)
* [[Al-Sakhawi]]
* [[Al-Suyuti]]
* [[Al-Qastallani]]
* [[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami]] (c.1503-1566)

'''In [[Tafsir]]''':

* [[Al-Tabari]] (c.839-923)
* [[Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tha'labi]]
* [[Al-Baghawi]]
* [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]]
* [[Ibn Kathir]] (c.1300-1373)
* [[Taqi al-Din al-Subki]]
* [[Al-Baydawi]]
* [[Al-Mahalli]]
* [[Al-Suyuti]]
* [[Said Nursî]]
* [[Hamka]]

{{Col-3}}

'''In [[Fiqh]]''':

* [[Al-Khattabi]]
* [[Al-Mawardi]]
* [[Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi]]
* [[Al-Juwayni]]
* [[Al-Ghazali]]
* [[Al-Baghawi]]
* [[Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam]]
* [[Ibn al-Salah]]
* [[Ar-Rafi'i]]
* [[Al-Nawawi]]
* [[Taqi al-Din al-Subki]]
* [[Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini]]
* [[Ibn al-Mulaqqin]]
* [[Al-Baydawi]]
* [[Al-Mahalli]]
* [[Zakariyya al-Ansari]]
* [[Al-Suyuti]]
* [[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami]]
* [[Sayf al-Din al-Amidi]]
* [[Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri]]
* [[Zainuddin Makhdoom I]]
* [[Ibn Nuhaas]]
* [[Abdallah al-Qutbi]]

'''In [[Usul al-Fiqh]]''':

* [[Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi]]
* [[Al-Juwayni]]
* [[Al-Ghazali]]
* [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]]
* [[Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam]]
* [[Taqi al-Din al-Subki]]
* [[Al-Mahalli]]
* [[Al-Suyuti]]

'''In [[Arabic language]] studies''':

* [[Ibn Malik]]
* [[Ibn Hisham]]
* [[Fairuzabadi]]
* [[Taqi al-Din al-Subki]]
* [[Al-Suyuti]]

'''In [[Islamic theology|Theology]]''':

* [[Ibn Kullab]]
* [[Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari]]
* [[Ibn Furak]]
* [[Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi]]
* [[Al-Bayhaqi]]
* [[Al-Juwayni]]
* [[Al-Ghazali]]
* [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]]
* [[Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam]]
* [[Taqi al-Din al-Subki]]

{{Col-3}}

'''In [[Philosophy]]''':

* [[Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad]]

'''In [[Sufism]]'''

* [[Harith al-Muhasibi]]
* [[Abd al-Karīm ibn Hawāzin Qushayri]]
* [[Abu Talib al-Makki]]
* [[Imam al-Haddad]]
* [[Ahmad Ghazali]] (c.1061-1123)
* [[Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani]]
* [[Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi]]
* [[Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi]]
* [[Yusuf Hamdani]]
* [[Ahmed ar-Rifa'i]]
* [[Najm al-Din Kubra]]
* [[Shams Tabrizi]]
* [[Safi-ad-din Ardabili]]
* [[Kamal Khujandi]]
* [[Yusuf an-Nabhani]]
* [[Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla'i]]

'''In [[history]]'''

* [[Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi]]
* [[Ibn 'Asakir]]
* [[Ali ibn al-Athir]]
* [[Ibn al-Najjar]]
* [[Ibn Khallikan]]
* [[Al-Dhahabi]]
* [[Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani]]

'''[[politician|Statesmen]]'''

* [[Saladin]]
* [[Nizam al-Mulk]]

{{Col-end}}

=== Contemporary Shafi{{ayin}}i scholars ===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}

'''From Middle East and North Africa''':

* [[Ahmed Kuftaro]]
* [[Ali Gomaa]]
* [[Habib Umar bin Hafiz]]
* [[Habib Umar al-Jilani]]
* [[Sa'id Foudah]]
* [[Abdullah al-Harari]]
* [[Ali al-Jifri]]
* [[Mohammad Salim Al-Awa]]
* [[Wahba Zuhayli]]
* [[Taha Jabir Alalwani]]
* [[Taha Karaan]]

'''From Southeast Asia''':

* [[Afifi al-Akiti]]
* [[Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif]]
* [[Hasyim Muzadi]]
* [[Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas]]

'''From South Asia''':

* [[Muhammad Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal]]
* [[Tajul Ulama]]
* [[K. Ali Kutty Musliyar]]
* [[Kanniyath Ahmed Musliyar]]
* [[E. K. Aboobacker Musliyar]]
* [[Zainuddin Makhdoom II]]
* [[Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad]]
* [[Cherussery Zainuddeen Musliyar]]
* [[Varakkal Mullakoya Thangal]]

{{div col end}}

== See also ==

* [[Sunni Islam]]
* [[Hanafi]]
* [[Maliki]]
* [[Hanbali]]
* [[Shia Islam]]

== References ==

=== Notes ===

: 1.{{note|a}}"The law provides sanctions for any religious practice other than the Sunni Shafiʽi doctrine of Islam and for prosecution of converts from Islam, and bans proselytizing for any religion except Islam."<ref name="1a" />

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}

Primary sources

* {{cite book|last1=Al-Zarkashi|first1=Badr al-Din|title=Al-Bahr Al-Muhit Vol VI|url=|date=1393|publisher= |isbn= }}
* {{cite book|last1=Khadduri|first1=Majid |title='Islamic Jurisprudence: Shafi{{ayin}}i's Risala|url=|date=1961|publisher= Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn= }}
* {{cite book|last1= |first1= |title=Al-Shafi{{ayin}}i: The Epistle on Legal Theory - Risalah fi usul al-fiqh|url=|date=2013 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0814769980|translator-last1=Lowry |translator-first1=Joseph}}

Scholarly sources

* {{cite book|last1=Hallaq|first1=Wael B.|author-link=Wael B. Hallaq|title=An Introduction to Islamic Law|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontois0000hall|url-access=registration|date=2009|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521678735 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Saeed|first1=Abdullah |title=The Qur'an: An Introduction|url=|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415421256}}
* {{cite book |last=Ramadan |first=Hisham M. |year=2006 |title=Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary |publisher=[[Rowman Altamira]] |isbn=978-0-7591-0991-9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kamali|first1=Mohammad Hashim|author-link=Mohammad Hashim Kamali|title=Shari'ah Law: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/shariahlawintrod0000kama|url-access=registration|date=2008|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn=978-1851685653 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Hasyim |first1=Syafiq |title=Understanding Women in Islam: An Indonesian Perspective|url=|date=2005|publisher=Equinox|isbn=978-9793780191}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hallaq |first1=Wael B. |title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations|url=|date=2009a|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521861472}}
* {{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Jonathan A. C.|title=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|url=https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/39|date=2014|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1780744209}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ridgeon |first1=Lloyd |title=Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present|url=|date=2003|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-0415297967}}
* {{cite book| title=The Origins of Islamic Law: The Qurʼan, the Muwaṭṭaʼ and Madinan ʻAmal |last=Dutton |first=Yasin|page=}}
* {{cite book |last=Haddad |first=Gibril F.|title=The Four Imams and Their Schools |location=|publisher=Muslim Academic Trust, London |year=2007 |pages=}}
* {{cite book |last=Pouwels |first=Randall L.|title=Horn and Crescent: Cultural Change and Traditional Islam|location=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002 |isbn=978-0521523097}}
* {{cite book |last=Christelow |first=Allan |title="Islamic Law in Africa," in ''The History of Islam in Africa''|location=|publisher= Ohio University Press|year=2000 |isbn=978-0821412978|editor-first1=Nehemia |editor-last1=Levtzion|editor-first2= Randall |editor-last2=Pouwels}}
* {{cite book |author1=[[Zayn Kassam]] |author2=Bridget Blomfield |chapter=Remembering Fatima and Zaynab: Gender in Perspective |title=The Shi'i World |editor=Farhad Daftory |publisher=I. B. Tauris Press|year=2015}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |author-link= |date=2013|title=The Epistle on Legal Theory: A Translation of Al-Shafi'i's Risalah|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt17mvkhj |location= |publisher=New York University Press|jstor= j.ctt17mvkhj|isbn=9781479855445|translator-last1=Lowry|translator-first1= Joseph E.|last1= Al-Shāfiʿī|first1= Muḥammad ibn Idrīs|last2= Lowry|first2= Joseph E.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cilardo |first=Agostino |url=https://www.abc-clio.com/products/A3880C/ |title=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2014 |editor-last=Fitzpatrick |editor-first=Coeli |edition=|chapter=Shafiʽi Fiqh |editor-last2=Walker |editor-first2=Adam Hani }}
* Yahia, Mohyddin (2009). ''Shafi{{ayin}}i et les deux sources de la loi islamique'', Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, {{ISBN|978-2-503-53181-6}}
* Rippin, Andrew (2005). ''Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'' (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 90–93. {{ISBN|0-415-34888-9}}.
* Calder, Norman, Jawid Mojaddedi, and Andrew Rippin (2003). ''Classical Islam: A Sourcebook of Religious Literature''. London: Routledge. Section 7.1.
* Schacht, Joseph (1950). ''The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence''. Oxford: Oxford University. pp. 16.
* Khadduri, Majid (1987). ''Islamic Jurisprudence: Shafi{{ayin}}i's Risala''. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society. pp. 286.
* Abd Majid, Mahmood (2007). ''Tajdid Fiqh Al-Imam Al-Syafi'i''. Seminar pemikiran Tajdid Imam As Shafie 2007.
* al-Shafi{{ayin}}i, Muhammad b. Idris, "The Book of the Amalgamation of Knowledge" translated by A.Y. Musa in ''Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on The Authority Of Prophetic Traditions in Islam'', New York: Palgrave, 2008

== External links ==

* [http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/sunni/shaf.html Shafi'iyyah (University of Cumbria)]

{{Shafi'i scholars}}
{{Islamic Theology}}

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[[Category:Shafi'i| ]]
[[Category:Madhhab]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamic branches]]
[[Category:Schools of Sunni jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Sunni Islam]]

Shafi'i school - Revision history

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