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WikiDwarf: Created page with "{{Short description|Sufi mystic order in Sunni Islam}} {{Multiple issues| {{More citations needed|date=July 2015}} {{External links|date=August 2015}} }} {{Sufism|Orders}} The '''Shadhili Tariqa''' ({{lang-ar|الطريقة الشاذلية}}) is a Sufi order of Sunni Islam{{cite book|title=The Mystical Teachings of al-Shadhili: Including His Life, Prayers, Letters, and Followers. A Translation from the Arabic of Ibn al-Sabbagh's Durrat..."

2022-07-21T04:58:02Z

Created page with "{{Short description|Sufi mystic order in Sunni Islam}} {{Multiple issues| {{More citations needed|date=July 2015}} {{External links|date=August 2015}} }} {{Sufism|Orders}} The '''Shadhili Tariqa''' ({{lang-ar|الطريقة الشاذلية}}) is a Sufi order of Sunni Islam<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Mystical Teachings of al-Shadhili: Including His Life, Prayers, Letters, and Followers. A Translation from the Arabic of Ibn al-Sabbagh's Durrat..."

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{{Short description|Sufi mystic order in Sunni Islam}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=July 2015}}
{{External links|date=August 2015}}
}}
{{Sufism|Orders}}
The '''Shadhili Tariqa''' ({{lang-ar|الطريقة الشاذلية}}) is a [[Sufi]] order of [[Sunni]] [[Islam]]<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Mystical Teachings of al-Shadhili: Including His Life, Prayers, Letters, and Followers. A Translation from the Arabic of Ibn al-Sabbagh's Durrat al-Asrar wa Tuhfat al-Abrar|author1=al-Ṣabbāgh, M.A.Q.I.|author2=Douglas, E.H.|author3=Abu-Rabiʻ, I.M.|date=1993|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=9780791416136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YbUq2DqfQgC|access-date=2015-02-26}}</ref> founded by [[Abul Hasan al-Shadhili|Abul Hasan Ali ash-Shadhili]]<ref name="spiritualfoundation">{{cite web|url=http://www.spiritualfoundation.net/sufisshaykhs3.htm#111124615|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911010013/http://www.spiritualfoundation.net/sufisshaykhs3.htm%23111124615|url-status=dead|title=Sufis & Shaykhs [3] – World of Tasawwuf|publisher=spiritualfoundation.net|access-date=2015-02-26|archive-date=2012-09-11}}</ref> in the 13th century and is followed by millions of people around the world. Many followers (Arabic ''[[murid]]s'', "seekers") of the Shadhiliya Order are known as Shadhilis, and a single follower is known as Shadhili.

It has historically been of importance and influence in the [[Maghreb]] and [[Egypt]] with many contributions to Islamic literature. Among the figures most known for their literary and intellectual contributions are [[Ibn 'Ata Allah]], author of the ''Hikam'', and [[Ahmad Zarruq]], author of numerous commentaries and works, and [[Ahmad ibn Ajiba]] who also wrote numerous commentaries and works. In poetry expressing love of [[Muhammad]], there have been the notable contributions of [[Muhammad al-Jazuli]], author of the "[[Dala'il al-Khayrat]]", and [[Al-Busiri|Busiri]], author of the famous poem, the [[Qaṣīda al-Burda]]. Many of the head lecturers of [[al-Azhar University]] in [[Cairo]] have also been followers of this tariqa.

Of the various branches of the Shadhili tariqa are the Fassiyatush,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shazuli.com/|title=Fassiyathush Shazuliya Tariqa | Madurai-Tamil Nadu-India}}</ref> found largely in India, [[Sri Lanka]] and Pakistan. The [[Darqawi]] branch is found mostly in Morocco and the [[Ahmad al-Alawi|Darqawi Alawiyya]] (no connection to the [[Kızılbaş]], Turkish [[Alevi]]s, or the Syrian [[Alawites]]) which originated in [[Algeria]] is now found the world over, particularly in Syria, Jordan, France, and among many English-speaking communities. British scholar, [[Martin Lings]] wrote an extensive biography of the founder of this branch, [[Ahmad al-Alawi]], entitled 'A Sufi Saint of the 20th century'.<ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 0-946621-50-0|title = A Sufi Saint of the Twentieth Century: Shaikh Aḥmad Al-ʻAlawī : His Spiritual Heritage & Legacy|last1 = Lings|first1 = Martin|year = 1993}}</ref>

The anniversary of Qutub Al Akbar Imam Abul Hasan Ali ash-Shadhili is held on 12th of Shawwal (the tenth month of lunar calendar) at [[Humaithara]] in Egypt.

== Branches ==
Shadhiliyya has numerous across the globe. A few prominent branches are listed below.

===Fassiyya===
Fassiyatush shadhili Sufi order was established by [[Imam Fassi|Qutbul Ujud Ghouthuz Zamaan Ash Sheikh Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Mas'ood bin Abdur Rahman Al Makki Al Magribi Al Fassi Ash Shadhili (Imam Fassi)]] who was a Moroccan by origin and born in [[Makkah]].<ref name="fassiyatush_shadhiliyya_website">{{cite web|url=http://www.shazuli.com |title=Fassiyathush Shazuliya | tariqathush Shazuliya | Tariqa Shazuliya | Sufi Path | Sufism | Zikrs | Avradhs | Daily Wirdh | Thareeqush shukr |Kaleefa's of the tariqa | Sheikh Fassy | Ya Fassy | Sijl | Humaisara | Muridheens | Prostitute Entering Paradise |publisher=shazuli.com|access-date=2015-02-26}}</ref> Fassiyatush Shadhiliyya is widely practised in India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, [[Mauritius]] and Indonesia. The [[al-Fassi family|descendants]] of [[Imam Fassi]] who are Sheikhs of Fassiyatush Shadhiliyya who live in [[Makkah]] and in [[Jeddah]] visit to these countries frequently to train Ikhwan. The international leader of Fassiya ash Shadhiliyya (Sheikhus Sujjadah) is selected from the heirs of Qutbul Ujood and Najmul Ulema Sheikh Ajwad bin Abdallah al Fassi al Makki ash Shadhili is the present leader of the international Sufi order al Fassiya ash Shazuliya.

===Darqawiyya===
[[Image:humaithara on urus.jpg|right|thumb|150px|The Holy Dargah of Imam Shadhili, Humaithara, Egypt]]
The [[Darqawiyya]], a Moroccan branch of the Shadhili order, was founded in the late 18th century CE by [[Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi]]. Selections from the Letters of [[Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi|al-Darqawi]] have been translated by the Shadhili initiate Titus Burckhardt, and also by the scholar Aisha Bewley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fonsvitae.com/LETTERS.HTML|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426043450/http://www.fonsvitae.com/LETTERS.HTML|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 26, 2009|title=Fons Vitae books - Letters of a Sufi Master - Shaykh ad-Darqawi (trans. Titus Burckhardt) ( Darqawi, darqawa, al arabi al darqawi, addarqawi)|date=April 26, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Darqawi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060126142612/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Darqawi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 26, 2006|title=Darqawi.|date=January 26, 2006}}</ref> One of the first [[tariqa]]s to be established in the West was the 'Alawiya branch of the Darqawiyya,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tasawuf.ws/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617055106/http://tasawuf.ws/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 17, 2006|title=Tasawuf.ws :: Shaikh Ahmed Al-Alawi - The Spiritual Path in Islam -|date=June 17, 2006}}</ref> which was named after [[Ahmad al-Alawi|Ahmad ibn Mustafa al-'Alawi al-Mustaghanimi]], popularly known as Shaykh al-Alawi. "A significant book about him, written by [[Martin Lings]], is ''A Sufi Saint of the Twentieth Century''."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ikitab.com/index.php3?menu=describe&table=Book&cat=Books&id=3298|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218073432/http://www.ikitab.com/index.php3?menu=describe&table=Book&cat=Books&id=3298|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 18, 2005|title=iKitab.Com Islamic Bookstore - A Sufi Saint of the Twentieth Century : Shaikh Ahmad al-Alawi : His Spiritual Heritage and Legacy - MYST - Book|date=December 18, 2005}}</ref><ref name="godlas">Alan Godlas, "[http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismorders.html#Shadhili Sufism, Sufis, and Sufi Orders: Sufism's Many Paths]"</ref>

===Attasiyah===
The 'Attasiyah Order is a branch of the 'Alawi Order, founded by Umar bin Abdur Rahman bin Aqil al-Attas. It is centered in [[Yemen]] but also has centers in Pakistan, India, and [[Myanmar]]. The 'Alawiya order in Yemen has recently been studied by the anthropologist David Buchman. In his article "The Underground Friends of God and Their Adversaries: A Case Study and Survey of Sufism in Contemporary Yemen", Professor Buchman summarizes the results of his six-month period of fieldwork in Yemen. The article was originally published in the journal ''Yemen Update''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aiys.org/webdate/sufi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104101211/http://www.aiys.org/webdate/sufi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 4, 2006|title=sufi.html|date=January 4, 2006}}</ref><ref name="godlas"/>

===Darqawi Hashimiya===

The Darqawi-Alawi branch of the Shadili tariqa also established itself in Damascus and the Levant through Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani, the son of an Algerian qadi, who migrated to Damascus along with his spiritual guide Ibn Yallis. After the death of Ibn Yallis, Hashimi was authorized by Sheikh Ahmad al-'Alawi (see above [[Martin Lings]]), during a visit to Damascus in the early 1920s, and was made his deputy in Damascus. A biography of his life was published in English as ''Shaykh Muhammad al-Hashimi: His Life and Works''.

The most well known living spiritual guide of this branch of the Shadhili tariqa, especially to English-speakers, is [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller|Sheikh Nuh Ha Mim Keller]], an American scholar, author, and translator, who resides in Amman, Jordan. He was authorized by Sheikh Abd al Rahman Al Shaghouri, who was himself a student of Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani and the lead singer of his gatherings in Damascus. Advocating a holistic and erudite approach to Sufism, Nuh Keller and his students have played an instrumental role in broadening access to Islamic sciences through online education and high quality publications and translations of classical works. His tariqa is notable in attracting a large number of scholars, academics, and professionals.

[[Muhammad Said al-Jamal ar-Rifa'i|Sheikh Muhammad Sa'id al-Jamal]], another student of Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani and who died in 2015, had worked from the Haram al-Sharif or [[The Temple Mount]] in Jerusalem and was a mufti of the Hanbali Madhab. He was also a student of the spiritual guide and Shadhili Sheikh Abdur Rahman Abu al Risah of Halab of the Shadhili Yashruti line. He was a direct descendant of [[Muhammad]], through his ancestor Ahmad ar-Rifa`i. He wrote many books in both English and Arabic on Sufism, tafsir, and healing. His students from the US also established the University of Spiritual Healing and Sufism<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sufiuniversity.org/|title=Welcome · University of Spiritual Healing and Sufism|website=sufiuniversity.org}}</ref> which is devoted to the Sufi way of healing.

===Badawiyya===
Another branch of the Shadhilia which has groups in Egypt, Indonesia, Turkey and America is the Shadhilia-Batawia founded by Sheikh Ibrahim al-Batawi, for many years professor at al-Azhar. He was a confrere of Sheikh Abdu-l-Halim Mahmud, Shaikh al-Azhar, who was very influential in the revival of Sufism in Egypt. Sheikh Ibrahim's student, Sheikh Abdullah [[Nooruddeen Durkee]] has established the Shadhdhuliyyah-Baddawia order in the US. Sheikh Nooruddeen has translated and transliterated the Qur'an and has compiled two definitive books on the Shadhdhuliyyiah, Orisons and Origins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://greenmountainschool.org/tasawwuf.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228194826/http://greenmountainschool.org/tasawwuf.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 28, 2009|title=Bismillahi-r-Rahmani-r-Rahim : Green Mountain School : Tasawwuf|date=February 28, 2009}}</ref>

"Between October 17–26, 1999 the First International Shadhilian Festival occurred in Egypt. It concluded with a pilgrimage to the tomb of Abu 'l-Hasan al-Shadhili and involved Sufi gatherings of dhikr" and the singing of [[qasida]]s, or classical poetry.<ref name="godlas"/>

===Maryamiyya===
The Maryamiyya Order was founded by Swiss-German metaphysician [[Frithjof Schuon]], author of ''The Transcendent Unity of Religions'', among other influential books, as an outgrowth of the [[Ahmad al-Alawi|Alawiyya]] order. In 1946, the disciples of a group he led in Switzerland declared him to be an "independent master", spurring him to create his own order. In 1965, he began having visions of [[Mary in Islam|Maryam]] (as the Virgin Mary is known in Islam), who the Order is named after. The Maryamiyya Order was largely formed around [[Perennial philosophy]] and [[Neoplatonism]], and heavily influenced by [[Advaita Vedanta]] and Guénon's [[Traditionalist School]].<ref name="EMAH">{{cite book | first=Edward | last=Curtis | title=Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History | pages=361–362 | publisher =Infobase Publishing | year=2010}}</ref>

==Influence==
{{Expand section|date=December 2009}}

===On Christianity===
{{more citations needed|section|date=December 2020}}
{{further|Miguel Asín Palacios#John of the Cross}}
[[Miguel Asín Palacios]] has suggested that Ibn Abbad al-Rundi drew detailed connections between the teachings of [[Ibn Abbad al-Rundi]] and [[St. John of the Cross]], such as in the account of the [[Dark Night of the Soul|dark night of the soul]].{{Citation needed|date= May 2012}}

José Nieto, on the other hand, argues that these mystical doctrines are quite general, and that while similarities exist between the works of St. John and Ibn Abbad and other Shadhilis, these reflect independent development, not influence.<ref>José Nieto, ''Mystic Rebel Saint. A study of Saint John of the Cross'' (Geneva: Droz 1979) at 25–27. Cf., Swietlicki, ''Spanish Christian Cabala'' (1986) at 184.</ref>

==The Spiritual Chain==

Every tariqa must have a chain of transmission and authorization to be recognized as valid. Most of the chains start from Ali ibn Abi Talib and goes as 2 branches one through his son Hasan ibn Ali and another through Husayn ibn Ali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shazuli.com/spiritual-genealogy/|title=Spiritual Genealogy|date=8 February 2018|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref>
{{div col}}

* [[Muhammad]]
* [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
* [[Hasan ibn Ali|Imam Hasan]]
* Abu Muhammad Jabir ibn ’Abdullah
* Sa‘id al-Ghazawani
* Abu Muhammad Fath al-Su'ood
* Abu Muhammad Sa'eed
* Abul Qasim Ahmad ibn Marwani
* Sayyid Ishaq Ibrahim al-Basri
* Zayn al-Din al-Qazwini
* Shams al-Din
* Muhammad Taj al-Din
* Nur al-Din Abul Hasan ‘Ali
* Fakhr al-Din
* Tuqayy al-Din al-Fuqayr
* ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Madani al-‘Attar Az zayyat
* [[Abd as-Salam ibn Mashish al-Alami|Abd as-Salam ibn Mashish]]
* [[Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili|Abul Hasan al-Shadhili]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam}}
*[[Chishti]]
*[[Qadiriyya]]
*[[Wazifa Zarruqiyya]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.al-shadhili.com www.al-shadhili.com ''The Encyclopedia Of Teachings Of Al-Shadhili'']
* [http://www.untotheone.com ''Shadhili Tariqa''], Information on the tariqa of Sh. Nuh Keller.
* [http://www.shazuli.com/ Fassiya branch]
* [http://www.sufimaster.org Muhammad al-Jamal]
* [http://www.tasawuf.info/en/ The Shadhili Darqawi 'Alawi] branch
* [http://www.greenmountainschool.org/ The Shadhdhuli School for tranquility of being and illumination of hearts] Green Mountain branch, located in Charlottesville, Virginia
* [http://bewley.virtualave.net/habib.html A biography of Muhammad ibn al Habib] of the Darqawi branch
* [http://burhaniya.info/ Tariqa Burhaniya as Shadhiliya]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060815083316/http://www.fonsvitae.com/shadhili.html The Founders of the Shadhili Order]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080104062839/http://www.taybah.fr/ Nasheed group based in Avignon, France.]
* [http://www.baalawi.com Ba`alawi.com] Ba'alawi.com | The Definitive Resource for Islam and the Alawiyyen Ancestry.
* [http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismorders.html#Shadhili Shahdili section of Dr. Godlas' Sufism website. Discusses various Shadhili branches.]
* [https://www.cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-4438-9568-2 Ibn 'Ata' Allah, Muslim Sufi Saint and Gift of Heaven] by Abu Bakr Sirajuddin Cook.
* [https://sirajuddin.com.au/the-relevance-and-the-beauty-of-the-teaching-of-shaykh-ibn-ata-allah/ ''The Relevance and the Beauty of the Teaching of Shaykh Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah'']

{{Sufi}}
{{Zawiyas in Algeria}}
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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Shadhili order| ]]
[[Category:Sufism in Africa]]
[[Category:Sunni Sufi orders]]
[[Category:Moroccan Sufi orders]]

Shadhili - Revision history

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