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Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 6 templates: del empty params (4×); hyphenate params (5×);

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{{Short description|13th century classic of Kannada grammar}}{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
'''''Shabdamanidarpanam''''' ({{lang-kn|ಶಬ್ದಮಣಿದರ್ಪಣಂ}}), also spelled '''''Śabdamaṇidarpaṇam''''', is a comprehensive and authoritative work on [[Kannada grammar]] written by [[Kesiraja]] in 1260 CE.<ref name="E.P.Rice, page 111">E.P. Rice – pp 111</ref><ref name="History of the Kannada Literature -III">{{cite web |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history3.htm |title=History of the Kannada Literature -III |author= Dr. Jyotsna Kamat|access-date=2008-05-01}}</ref> This work, which literally means "Jewel-mirror of Grammar", remains to-date a comprehensive and authoritative work on Kannada grammar. The rules here are set forth in ''kanda'' metre and is followed by a prose commentary in ''vrutti'' (illustrative commentary by the author himself) and is considered a writing of high value.<ref name="E.P.Rice, page 111" /><ref name="omen">Sastri (1955), p359</ref> Though Kesiraja followed the model of Sanskrit grammar of the Katantra school and that of earlier writings on Kannada grammar, his work has an originality of its own.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1476</ref>

''Shabdamanidarpanam'' is the earliest extant work of its kind, and narrates scientifically the principles of [[old Kannada]] language and is a work of unique significance.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi, 1996">Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 5, Sahitya Akademi (1996), pp. 3929</ref>

==Mention of early poets==
The text of ''Sabdamanidarpanam'' starts with an invocation of the great Kannada poets of earlier generations who are considered as authorities by Kesiraja, as cited by him.

{{Quote|source=|The expert way (sumārgam) of Gajaga, Gunanandi, Manasija, [[Asaga]], Candrabhatta, [[Gunavarma_I|Gunavarma]], Srivijaya, Honna ([[Ponna_(poet)|Ponna]]), Hampa (Pampa), Sujanōttamsa – these provide the illustrative instances (''lakshya'') in this work.
In ''Shabdamanidarpanam'', about twenty poets and thirty works are cited, and almost every rule is explained with quotations. This work points out the Kannada language development in the preceding three centuries.|Kesiraja (translated)}}

==Grammar topics==

===Significance of grammar===
In the very beginning of the ''Shabdamanidarpanam'', in the preface section, Kesiraja explains the significance of Grammar in the context of a language and its learning:
{{Quote|source=|Through grammar (correct) words originate; through the words of that grammar, meaning (originates); through meaning the beholding of truth; through the beholding of truth, the desired final beatitude; this (final beatitude) is the fruit for the learned.| sūtra 10 of the Preface, ''Shabdamanidarpanam'' – Kesiraja <ref name="Kittel">A Grammar of the Kannada language in English, Ferdinand Kittel – pp. 4</ref>}}

===Adjectives===
In one of the aphorisms (''sūtra'') of ''Shabdamanidarpanam'', Kesiraja gives a list of forms ending in /-tu/ and /-du/ labelling them as ''guNavaachi'' (ಗುಣವಾಚಿ), the [[adjective]]s.<ref>''Word-structure in Dravidian'' – By R. Śrīhari, B. Ramakrishna Reddy, Dravidian University, pp. 28</ref>

===Lexicography===
''Shabdamanidarpanam'' is important from the view of [[lexicography]]. An attempt at lexicon-making is provided in several parts of the work. The work has the list of verbal roots and words containing ḷ and ḹ sounds. There is also a chapter called 'prayŌgasāra' where Kesiraja has quoted a number of rare words along with their meanings.<ref name="Mishra">Lexicography in India : Proceedings of the First National Conference on Dictionary Making in Indian Languages, By Bal Govind Misra, page 82</ref>

===Sound forms===
;Articulate sounds
{{quote|source=|By the wish of the individual soul, by means of suitable (vital) air, at the root of the navel, like a trumpet, the substance of sound (sabda- dravya) originates which is white (sveta, dhavala); its result is (articulate, aksharatmaka) sound (sabda); and: 'The body is the musical instrument, the tongue is the plectrum, the individual soul is the performer; on account of the operation of his mind (articulate) sound (sabda) originates which is of a white colour (dhavalavarna) and has the form of letters (aksharariipa).|[[Ferdinand Kittel]], translated from original ''Shabdamanidarpanam'' by Kesiraja.<ref name="Kittel"/>}}

;Inarticulate sounds
{{quote|Inarticulate (anaksharatmaka) sounds, as thunder from the clouds or the roar of the sea, have no representations in grammatical alphabets.|[[Ferdinand Kittel]], translated from original ''Shabdamanidarpana'' by Kesiraja.<ref name="Kittel" />}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
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*{{cite book |last= Rice|first=E.P. |title=Kannada Literature|orig-year=1921|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-206-0063-0}}
*{{cite book |last= Various|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 2|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1194-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |author=Various |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 5|publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1996 |isbn=81-260-1221-8}}
*{{cite book |author=Ferdinand Kittel |title=A grammar of the Kannada language in English : comprising the three dialects of the language (ancient, mediæval and modern) |publisher=Basel Mission Book and Tract Depository |location=Mangalore|orig-year=1903|date=1985 |isbn=3-7648-0898-5}}

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[[Category:Kannada grammar]]
[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:1260 books]]

Shabdamanidarpana - Revision history

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